CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
[CLASS-12
YEAR-2022-23]
BY:- ARYAN THAKUR
NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Master ARYAN THAUR, a student of
class XII has successfully completed the research on the
project “TO STUDY SAPONIFICATION REACTION
FOR PREPARATION OF SOAP” under the guidance of
MR.VIVEK TIWARI (Chemistry Teacher) during the year
2022-23 in partial fulfillment of Chemistry Practical
Examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.
Signature of Chemistry Teacher Signature of External Examiner
Signature of Principal School Stamp
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this
project with success. Then I would like to thank my
chemistry teacher MR. VIVEK TIWARI, whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project
and make it full proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates
who have helped me a lot
PURPOSE
Is to create awareness among people to use natural soap
as it is made with rich natural oils, fats and butter that are
nourishing and moisturizing to our skin, high quality
ingredients such as organic oils will produce high quality
soap.
Also, artificial color and fragrance oils are available for
use in handmade soaps but natural colors and essential
oils are healthier choice.
Our skin is bombarded daily with foreign influences such
as scorching sun, drying winds, biting cold, weather dirt
and bacteria by using natural soaps we can preserve the
health of skin in a better way as we protect us from
various chemicals but are hazardous or not good for our
skin.
CONTENT
o INTRODUCTION
o AIM
o THEORY
o APARATUS REQUIRED
o MATERIALS REQUIRED
o PROCEDURE
o OBSERVATIONS
o RESULT
o PRECAUTIONS
o BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Soap is essential to our personal life. Soaps are made
from fats, oils or fatty acids. Soap is a sodium salt of
long chain fatty acids which have cleansing properties
in water. The most common process of making soap is
‘saponification’ in which triglycerides present in fats
and oil react with alkali such as NaOH and KOH to
form soap and glycerol. If NaOH is used as alkali, the
soap formed called hard soap and is used in washing
soap. If KOH is used as alkali the formed is soft soap
and used in some liquid hand soap and shaving creams.
There are many types of soaps:-
Guest soap
Beauty soap
Perfumed soap
Novelty soap
Medicated soap
AIM
To study saponification reaction for preparation of
soap.
To study cleansing action of soap in water.
To study about commercial soaps and natural soaps.
THEORY
A soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acids
containing 15 to 18 carbon atoms, e.g. paltmitic acid
(C17H31COOH), stearic acid(C17H35COOH).
Oil or fats (like castor oil, olive oil, palm oil) when
treated with sodium hydroxide solution, these oils/fats
gets converted into sodium salt of fatty acids (soap) and
glycerol. The reaction is known as saponification.
This reaction is accompanied by evolution of heat;
hence it is exothermic in nature.
Common salt is added to mixture to make soap come
out of solution. Common salt precipitates out all soap
from aqueous solution. Actually, when it is added to
solution, then solubility of soap present in it decreases,
due to which all soap separates out from solution in
form of a solid. This process is called salting of soap.
NACL Na + Cl
C17H35COONa⇌C17H35COO + Na
Excess of Na+ will help in formation of soap. Fats and
oils are esters that are commonly used.
APARATUS
REQUIRED
Measuring cylinders
Beaker
Blue and red litmus papers
Glass rods
Iron stand
Spatula
Hot plate
Filter funnel
Filter paper
MATERIALS
REQUIRED
Coconut oil
NaOH solution
Common salt
PROCEDURE
1. Take a measuring cylinder.
2. Take beaker containing coconut oil and pour 25 ml
of coconut oil into measuring cylinder.
3. Next transfer into a 250 ml beaker
4. Now take beaker containing 20% NaOH solution
5. Pour 30 ml 20% NaOH into another measuring
cylinder
6. Transfer it into beaker containing coconut oil
7. Vigorously stir mixture using a glass rod
8. Take beaker containing mixture and place it on a hot
plate
9. Heat beaker using hot plate till mixture becomes a
whitish paste.
10. Remove beaker from flame and allow it to cool.
11. Take a red litmus paper and dip it in suspension
formed, red litmus paper changes color to blue,
indicating that soap suspension is basic in nature.
12. Take a 15g of common salt. Add it into suspension
and stir it with a glass rod
13. After adding common salt, soap is precipitated out
as a solid
14. Take a filter funnel and place filter paper in it
15. Fix it in a stand and place a beaker blow the funnel
16. Pour contents of beaker into funnel over a glass rod
and filter contents of beaker
17. After filtration, soap is left behind in filter paper.
18. Transfer soap into another filter paper using a
spatula then dry it by pressing with another filter
paper.
19. Therefore, our soap is prepared.
OBSERVATIONS
1. When 20% NaOH solution was added to beaker
containing vegetable oil, is was observed that
beaker was warm when touched from outside
2. The red litmus paper changes color to blue when
dipped in suspension. Blue litmus paper was not
affected by suspension.
3. Adding common salt, the soap in suspension form
precipitated out as solid.
4. After adding common salt, the soap in suspension
form precipitated out as solid
RESULT
The whitish suspension formed is made up of soap
and glycerol. The process of formation of soap is
called saponification.
Test using red and blue litmus papers shows that soap
suspension is basic in nature.
In conclusion, the soap is successfully prepared
which on precipitation are made observed and
recorded.
It can be concluded soap is also good cleaning
agent but decrease in effectiveness as it used in
hard water.
The quantity of soap formed depends on amount of
reagents used.
The sodium chloride is used for purposes of salting
out and help in crystallization of soap.
PRECAUTIONS
Stir the reaction mixture carefully so that it does not
spill out.
Use a wire gauge to heat the reaction mixture.
Let the soap set and float on the spent lye before
removing it from the beaker.
Sodium hydroxide is hydroscopic in nature.
Therefore, store it in an air-tight container.
Sodium hydroxide is highly corrosive in nature.
Therefore, handle it carefully.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. N.C.E.R.T chemistry book
2. Comprehensive chemistry lab manual
3. Google
