ENERGY SYSTEM AND FIRE SAFETY
AP-327
NAME SALONI KARAK
CLASS 3RDYEAR A 5TH
SEM
ROLL NO. 03618001620
SUBMITTED AR. GANDHARVA
TO SWAMI
REPORT
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER
SUPPLY(UPS)
GROUNDING AND EARTHING
SYSTEM
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY(UPS)
• The purpose of a UPS is to provide emergency power (usually by a
lead/acid battery) to a load when it senses that the input power
source has failed
• They are different from emergency power systems or standby
generators because they provide near-instantaneous protection from
power interruption by using a battery
• UPS can be used to protect hardware like data centers, computers,
and other electrical equipment where an unexpected surge/sag can
cause serious problems like data loss, business disruption, and even
injuries or fatalities.
1. Offline/Standby Uninterruptible Power Supply
• The offline/standby UPS is the most basic out of the three. It provides
light surge protection and battery back-up.
• During normal operations, it gets its power from its main power
source (generally an AC outlet).
2. Online/Double Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply
• The online/double conversion UPS differs from the offline/standby as
the DC/AC inverter is always connected on.
• This means there will be no transfer time between the main power
source and battery, providing greater protection against spikes, sags,
electrical noise, and complete power failure.
3. Line-Interactive Uninterruptible Power Supply
The line-interactive UPS has a similar design to the offline/standby,
but with properties of an online/double conversion as well. The line-
interactive design can handle small under-voltages and over-
voltages (about 20% from its standard voltage)
GROUNDING AND EARTHING SYSTEM
• Earthing is defined as the process in
which the instantaneous discharge of the
electrical energy takes place by
transferring charges directly to the earth
through low resistance wire.
• To connect the metallic (conductive) Parts
of an Electric appliance or installations to
the earth (ground) is
called Earthing or Grounding.
• The word Bonding used for jointing two
wires (as well as conductors, pipes or
appliances together..
PURPOSE OF EARTHING
• To protect human lives as well as provide safety to electrical devices and
appliances from leakage current.
• To keep voltage as constant in the healthy phase (If fault occurs on any
one phase).
• To Protect Electric system and buildings form lighting.
• To serve as a return conductor in electric traction system and
communication.
• To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation systems.
ADVANTAGES OF EARTHING
• Earthing is the safe and the best method of offering safety. Metal can be
used in electrical installations without looking for its conductivity, proper
earthing ensures that metal does not transfer current.
• A sudden surge in voltage or overload does not harm the device and
person if proper earthing measures are done.
• It prevents the risk of fire hazards that could otherwise be caused by the
current leakage.
COMPONENTS OF EARTHING SYSTEM
• Earth Continuity Conductor
• Earthing Lead
• Earth Electrode
EARTH CONTINUITY CONDUCTOR
OR EARTH WIRE
• That part of the earthing system which
interconnects the overall metallic
parts of electrical installation e.g.
conduit, ducts, boxes, metallic shells
of the switches, distribution
boards, Switches, fuses, Regulating
and controlling devices,
• metallic parts of electrical machines
such as, motors, generators,
transformers and the
EARTHING LEAD OR EARTHING
JOINT
• The conductor wire connected
between earth continuity conductor
and earth electrode or earth plate is
called earthing joint or “Earthing
lead”.
• The point where earth continuity
conductor and earth electrode meet is
known as “connecting point” as
shown
• Earthing lead is the final part of the
earthing system which is connected to
the earth electrode (which is
underground) through earth
connecting point.
EARTHING ELECTRODE OR EARTH PLATE
• A metallic electrode or plate which is buried in the earth
(underground) and it is the last part of the electrical earthing system.
• In simple words, the final underground metallic (plate) part of the
earthing system which is connected with earthing lead is called earth
plate or earth electrode
Size of Earthing Electrode
Both copper and iron can be used as earthing electrode.
The size of earth electrode (In case of copper)
2×2 (two foot wide as well as in length) and 1/8 inch thickness.. I.e. 2’ x
2’ x 1/8″. (600x600x300 mm)
In case of Iron
2′ x2′ x ¼” = 600x600x6 mm
EARTH PLATE OR EARTH ELECTRODE SIZE FOR SMALL INSTALLATION
• In small installation, use metallic rod (diameter = 25mm (1inch) and length
2m (6ft) instead of earth plate for earthing system.
• The metallic pipe should be 2 meter below from the surface of ground.
• To maintain the moister condition, put 25mm (1inch) coal and lime mixture
around the earth plate.
TYPES OF EARTHING
PLATE EARTHING:
• In plate earthing system, a plate made up of either copper with
dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 3.18mm (i.e. 2ft x 2ft x 1/8 in) or galvanized
iron (GI) of dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 6.35 mm (2ft x 2ft x ¼ in) is buried
vertical in the earth (earth pit) which should not be less than 3m (10ft)
from the ground level.
• For proper earthing system, follow the above mentioned steps in the
(Earth Plate introduction) to maintain the moisture condition around the
earth electrode or earth plate.
TYPES OF EARTHING
PIPE EARTHING
• A galvanized steel and a perforated pipe of approved length and
diameter is placed vertically in a wet soil in this kind of system of
earthing.
• It is the most common system of earthing.
• The size of pipe to use depends on the magnitude of current and the
type of soil. The dimension of the pipe is usually 40mm (1.5in) in
diameter and 2.75m (9ft) in length for ordinary soil or greater for dry
and rocky soil.
• The moisture of the soil will determine the length of the pipe to be
buried but usually it should be 4.75m (15.5ft).
TYPES OF EARTHING
ROD EARTHING
• It is the same method as pipe earthing.
• A copper rod of 12.5mm (1/2 inch) diameter or 16mm (0.6in)
diameter of galvanized steel or hollow section 25mm (1inch)
of GI pipe of length above 2.5m (8.2 ft) are buried upright in
the earth manually or with the help of a pneumatic hammer.
• The length of embedded electrodes in the soil reduces earth
resistance to a desired value.
• In this method of earthing, the waterman (Galvanized GI) pipes are
used for earthing purpose.
• Make sure to check the resistance of GI pipes and use earthing
clamps to minimize the resistance for proper earthing connection.
