DSEU PUSA G; CAMPUS DsEU ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES PROJECT FILE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SECTION-B SEMESTER II 2 _ A IR. Green j @) ; ean u : y “S ee QO,’ PRES ENT B AMAN YADAV AMAN AJAY BHAGE BHAWUKH SHARMA DILBAG SINGH DEEPANSHU SINGH FAIZ HARASH PRATAP MOHAMMED UVESH VANSH MOGHA 1221081 1221070 1221052 1221176 1221227 AVA 1221236 1221280 1221422 11221762INTRODUCTION } In the 20th Century , the information and communication revolution has brought enormous changes in the way we organise our lives , our economies , industries and institution . At the same time , these have led to manifold problems including the problem of massive amount of hazardous waste and other wastes generated from electric products . } It constitutes a serious challenge to the modern societies and require coordinated effects to address it for achieving sustainable development .Liha Rapid growth of technology , upgradation of technical innovations , and and a high rate of obsolescence in the electronics industry have led to one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world which consist of end of life electrical and electronic equipment product such as: V Refrigerator , Washing machines , Computers and Printers , Televisions , Mobiles , Ipods etc. V Many of which contain toxic materials .WASTE? Electronics ar penouselioed 14% pellaices) IT Communications hnology 34% Consists of Ferrous & Non - ferrous Metals Plastics , Glass , Wood etc. Iron & Steel - 50 Plastics - 21 Non - ferrous metal - 13 Mercury , Arsenic , Lead etc.ASTE GENERATION IN INDI DVECTION BY INTERNATIONA ATION OF ELECTRONIC CVG MEH). [-l PROJEGTIO ASSOCIA HeCVC - 3 billion electronic and electrical appliances became WEEE in 2010. - Globally about to 20 - 50 million tonnes of E - Waste are disposed of each year . - Which accounts for 5 % of all Municipal Solid Waste . According to Comptroller and Auditor - General's ( CAG ) Report , over 7.2 MT of Industrial Hazardous Waste , 4 lakh Tonnes of electronic waste , 1.5 MT of Plastic waste , 1.7 MT of. medical waste and 48 MT of municipal waste are generated in the country annually . - CPCB has estimated that E - Waste exceeded 8 lakh tonnes mark in 2012 .Out of total E - Waste volume in India Television 68 % Desktop , Server 27% imports 2% Mobile 1% Despite 23 units currently registered with Govt . of India , Ministry of Environment and Forest / Central Pollution Control Board , as E - Waste recyclers / preprocessors the entire recycling process more or less still exists in the unorganised sector . FR uy tenet Sie ene mu jini ma passin ‘States/UTs wise e-waste dismantlingjrecycling capacity sont sumone stenoIt is estimated that more than 50MT E Waste is generated globally every year A report of the United Nations predicted that by 2020 , E - Waste from old computers would jump by 400 % on 2007 levels in China and by 500 % in India Additionally E - Waste from discarded mobile phones would be about seven times higher than 2007 levels in China and in India 18 timers higher by 2020 China already produces about 2.3 million tonnes of E - ‘Waste domestically second only to the US with about 3 million tonnes.GROWTH OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY IN INDIA The electronic market in India jumped from US $ 11.5 billion in 2004 to US $ 32 billion in 2009 making it one of the fastest growing electronic market worldwide with US $ 150 billion in 2010 India's low manufacturing costs , skilled labour , raw materials , availability of engineering skill and opportunity to meet demand in the populous Indian Market have contributed significantly India's large and growing middle class of 320-340 million has disposable income for consumer goodsINTRODUCTION + The management of rubber wastes is a great challenge due to the huge quantities of scrap tires and rubber goods added every year. This problem exists all over the world. + Land filling and stock piling, have undesirable environmental and public health attributes, and waste material resources. + Scrap tires provide breading sites for mosquitoes, which can spread diseases. Large tire piles often constitute fire hazards, creating acid smoke and leaving behind a hazardous oily residue. + Rubber waste is not biodegradable and was turned to thermosetting on vulcanization due to the presence of the so-called vulcanizing system in rubber mixes. + Consequently, it is difficult to recycle rubber waste or reuse it using the general methods used for thermoplastic materia + Thus, recycling of rubber waste is very important as material resources. + The present work represents new trends for utilization of rubber wastesRECLAMATION This process Converts the rubber powder into elastic-plastic materials. Reclamation was carried out by the mechano-chemical method. The rubber powder was processed in a Brabender premixer for 30 minutes at constant temperature (150°C) in presence of some chemicals such as pentachlorothiophenol, amines, metal chlorides and processing oils. The function of these chemicals is the cleavage of the sulfur crosslinks between rubber chains and the termination of the free radical chains formed as a result of bond cleavage. The produced reclaims were evaluated by determining the sol-gel fractions and Mooney viscosity. The data shown in table 1 revealed that the most Ly powerful reclaiming agent is phenyl hydrazine of concentration 1.5 Phr—S == Rubbers have become a mainstay in all our endeavors today. In fact, there is a whole industry dedicated to the production of rubber. Well, this isn’t surprising. After all, over 279 million tires get discarded each year. The funny thing is that this is not the only area where rubber gets applied to. Now, while rubber production can be synthetic — through unsaturated carbon — it can also be natural. In turn, the natural process maximizes latex present in some plants. You can bet that the continuous exploitation of plants is sure to affect the environment.STEP-BY-STEP PROGESS OF RUBBER RECYCLING Step 1: Collection of Rubber The first step is the collection of rubber products that you intend to recycle. In most cases, this is usually in the form of a tire, the major rubber product. In some cases, these materials come from landfills. In some other cases, people deposit it and send it to the reeycling center Step 2: Shredding the Rubber The next step involves shredding the rubber into pieces. Typically, a machine performs this function. Typically, most recycling companies use rotary shear shredder. It comes with two counter-rotating barbs that operate at high torque and low speed. It breaks it down. into pieces and makes it easier for processingStep 3: Sorting While it is step sorting, it involves \sier to call the next removing textile fibers and steel fibers from the rubber. ‘Typically, this occurs during the shredding process. And it occurs using magnets These magnets draw out the steel fibers from the whole bunch. On the other hand, there is a complex system that removes polyester fibers. This includes shaking screens, low vacuum suction, and wind sifters. Note that this process is very important as they constitute 30 percent of the whole bunch. Step 4: Devulcanization The next step involves making tire mulch from the old tires. The goal is to get the raw material to make new tire materials. However, keep in mind that this process does not cause the rubber to lose its insulation and elasticity capacity. This process then extends to the grounding of the mulch to granules.INTRODUCTION The word plastic had originated from “pliable” that can be defined as “easily shaped”. Plastics can be conveniently modified from one shape to another based on their desired functionality. Plastics are also known as polymers or a “long chains of monomers,” which are bonded to other identical subunits to form a polymer. Polymers can be of natural origins, such as cellulose as the basic subunits that make up plant cell walls and helps cells to adapt their functions. Cellulose is known as one of the most abundant biopolymers on earth. The first synthetic polymer was discovered around 1869 by John Wesley Hyatt . It was highly expensive as compared to polymeric materials. By properly treating cellulose polymer derived from cotton fiber with camphor, John Wesley invented a plastic that could be changed into various shapes and made to reproduce natural substances including linen, horn, and tortoiseshell that could be useful in plastics productionwhat is plastic made of ? The main ingredients in plastic come from oil and natural gas processing . Different molecules are used to make different types of plastic , giving them distinctive properties and chemical structures . Manufacturers also mix in additives to give specific products their desired qualities . These chemicals , such as colorants , plasticizers , Name - retardants , stabilizers , fillers , reinforcing fibers , and biocides sometimes contain hazardous substances , including lead , arsenic , and cadmium compounds , as well as BPA . Caltech chemists and their colleagues are designing molecules and nanoscale catalytic devices that may make it possible to produce plastic from chemicals derived from carbon dioxide rather than fossil fuels , with the goal of reducing the climate impact of plastic manufacturing . The oil is also processed into small polymer pelletsWIOW CGAL OP ROWG PLASTIC BECYCLING? Many consumer plastic products are imprinted with triangular recyclable symbols . But only two kinds of plastic commonly end up recycled : , PET or polyethylene terephthalate , and , HDPE or high - density polyethylene . Together , these account for a small fraction of all plastic waste . Plastics that are recyclable are typically downcycled rather than fully recycled . This means that they are turned into products of lesser value that often cannot be recycled again . ‘When plastic waste is turned into a more valuable product , such as clothing or shoes , that is called upcycling . Recycling results in a product of equivalent value that can be recycled multiple times . However , the number of times a plastic can be effectively recycled is currently limited . Chemical recycling is an emerging method that chemists are trying to develop . It would break plastics down into their basic , raw materials , sometimes through the use of customized enzymes , so that they can be remade and recycled an infinite number of times . Using similar approaches , polymers that are more L _ ———HOW BIG IS THE PLASTIC PROBLEM? Plastic is everywhere, from bags and single-use bottles and packages to car parts, pipes, and siding. Likewise, plastic waste is ubiquitous. It has been found, for example, in Arctic sea ice, beer, farm soil, trout and other wild freshwater fish, shrimp and other shellfish, songbirds and seabirds, human placentas, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, midoceanic atolls, sea caves, the air and rain, and national parks and wilderness areas. While the impact of plastic waste on sea life is well documented, scientists are just beginning to measure plastic’s effects on humans and human fertility, land ecosystems, and crops and other plants. The United States alone generated 35.7 million tons of plastic waste in 2018. Of that, 27 million tons was landfilled, 5.6 million tons incinerated, and three million tons, or 8.7 percent may have been recycled. (Some reports suggest that plastic scrap shipped abroad for recycling may instead end up in landfills and waterways.) Researchers estimate that nearly 7,000 million tons of virgin plastic have been manufactured around the world as of 2015. Of that, 9 percent may have been recycled, 12 percent has been incinerated, and the rest is in landfills, still in use, or in our environment. Globally, about one fourth of plastic waste is never collected.