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Domestic Violence: Consequences, Causes and Preventive Measures
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Indian Journal of Psychology and Education
July, 2022, Vol. 12, No.2, pp 40-43
Domestic Violence: Consequences, Causes and Preventive Measures
Anupam*; Kumar, P** and Kumar, J***
Abstract
Present study is envisioned to review consequences, causes and preventive measures of
domestic violence. Area of domestic violence is carefully chosen on the bases of findings of
several researches and insight of the researchers. As, domestic violence is the serious issue
for social reformers, academicians and researchers. Although, agencies/institutions of legal
services have been constituted across the globe to prevent domestic violence. Also, due to
increasing literacy rate, sensitizing programmes, research-based policies and NGOs efforts,
domestic violence is studied and tried to prevent. No doubt, all efforts are made but question
is that really, we flourished? Perhaps, no, even in view of innovation of technology,
manifestations of domestic violence are changed. If we consider a very small example, women
are not allowed to make phone calls and to attend phone calls. So, it realizes that why a
woman should go for legal services? Aged persons are forced to live in old age homes. Why
not we frame a module/psychological support system and awareness programmes or some
preventive measures at earliest period to throw this humiliation from the society? Therefore,
present research focused on all these issues and includes review-based findings in view of
different types, causes and preventive measures of domestic violence. Preventive measures are
needed to throw domestic violence from society.
Keywords: Domestic Violence, Preventive Measures.
Domestic violence is not limited to the illiterate There is blind belief that violent actions are an
person with lower socioeconomic status. It is also expression of love and it is desire to help the subject
found in well literate society with sound economic be a better person. Million of unsafe abortions are
status and in well settled family. Women and men performed worldwide upon women. In 2019,
both the genders suffer from domestic violence. But “National Crime Records Bureau” provided the report
women are more victimised to domestic violence. of registered rape cases in India claiming that
Most of the women experience some degree of everyday 88 cases are reported. Total Thirty Two
domestic violence. Researchers assume that domestic Thousand Thirty Three cases are registered in
violence mainly occurs with intimate partner, hence, 2019.This position or condition indicates the poor and
it is called“Intimate Partner Violence” (IPH).In 2012, vulnerable condition of women. Recently, on 16th
“World Health Organization opined that“any April, 2022, one incident occurred in Maharashtra
behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes, (India), a men killed his wife due to excess amount of
physical, psychological or sexual harm to those in the salt in ‘Khichdi’-an Indian food which is considered
relationship is called domestic violence”. Domestic light food. Therefore, present study is designed to
violence includes the process of reciprocal, anybody discuss types, causes and preventive measures of
may responsible for that depending on the situation. domestic violence.
In modern scenario, large number of studies have Review of literature reveals that domestic violence
focus on domestic violence or IPH.” has impact on several psychological and physical
The common types of domestic violence are physical attributes of a victim. Several researchers investigated
abuse, verbal abuse, psychological abuse, the severe adverse effect of domestic violence
unnecessary control, sexual abuse, violence regarding (Zlotnik et. al., 2006; Bosch et. al., 2017; Pickover et.
autonomy, violence due to dowry system. Moreover, al., 2017; Spencer et. al., 2017).Chiefly it manifests
it also includes the offence like incest, mutilation of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder,
private organs, rape abortion, molestation, unnatural generalize anxiety disorder, depression, many health-
sex, bride burning etc. Most of the countries in Asia related problems and compromising behaviour. It is
Continental considered wife beating is normal also studied that adverse effect may be mediated by
activity of home despite a strong legal system. temperamental traits and environmental factors.
Numbers of women are killed by their family Asadi and colleagues (2018) drawn the sample of
members in the name of honour. Women in Indian Iranian women and studied the socio-demographic
culture, do not perceive violence because of social measures which predict the “Intimate Partner
construct emphasizing the idea that a good woman Violence”. In conclusion, it was suggested that it is
never voiced to their in-laws and husband. Some vital challenge to formulate culture-based policies for
ancient writers consider the women the second reducing domestic violence to spread matrimonial
human being. Thus, wife is beating not seen as stability and peace in families.
violence if the woman does not perform her wifely In 2017, a document was published by Department of
duty. Violence is not restricted to women only but it Justice, United States which reports that domestic
is extended to children, aged persons and other family violence has not only its adverse effect on victim. It
members such as parents, siblings and in-laws etc. catches every person who is in the periphery of
victim like family members, relatives, friends and
*Research Scholar, Department of Psychology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, Email:
**Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Central University1of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, Email: pradeeppsy@cuh.ac.in
***Postgraduate Teacher, Department of School Education, Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, Email:
Anupam; Kumar, P and Kumar, J
others who are in social network. Stark (2007) experience of domestic violence. During this study,
introduced the term of “Context of Coercive Control” all types of domestic violence were included except
which suggests that abuser uses all steps and ways to sexual violence. It was also reported that domestic
perform domestic violence. Abuser tries to control violence is more common rural area as compare to in
victim’s physical, emotional and financial aspects. It urban area. It was also found that in most of the cases
is difficult to understand this dynamic, although it husband initiated violence. Domestic violence which
produces continuous fear and affects the well-being may be classified under the categories of physical
of family members. Sometimes it is found that the abuse, verbal abuse, psychological abuse,
end of relationship is not the end of abusive unnecessary control, sexual abuse, violence regarding
behaviour, in some cases violence manifests through autonomy, violence due to dowry system, and many
unwanted communications (phone calls, emails, more other types etc.
letters, text messages, unwanted approach, visited or Domestic violence also affects the life style of
waited outside home or workplace, damage property children and young people in the family.
etc.). Appropriate socialization and good relationships like
With regard to the large-scale studies, it is observed with parents, peers are considered the roots of
that in many cases domestic violence is not reported children’s learning. Domestic violence may influence
considering the cause of shame and loss of social the education and developmental aspects of children.
prestige. Sometimes social media spread the news of Katz (2016) argued that child may face the domestic
victim which may reduce the social esteem. Victim violence. Child may be forced for remain under
may not report the domestic violence because he/she continuous monitoring, financial abusing, verbal
expects that either it will be stopped or after reporting abusing and psychological abusing. Entire process is
abuser may trap or follow the victim. As per the based on coercive control. Lioyd in 2018, observed
report published in Times of India (04 May, 2020), the significant hostile effect of domestic violence.
the Gurgaon Police said that they received complaints Researcher claimed that it has negative impact on life
of domestic violence during lockdown till April 15. and educational process ofyoung children, children,
Complaints are received on women helpline number and young people. It was also studied that how
and few complaints are needed to medical intervention education system plays its vital role to tackle
also. Recently,Rajni Gupta (2020), Panipat’s Women domestic violence, and suggested that mainly
Protection and Child Marriage Prohibition Officer teachers can play vital role by using welfare services.
rescued a 38 years’ woman who was closed in a toilet Domestic violence happens for every person in any of
from last one year. Kaur and Gill (2020) studied the age(Sterne and Poole, 2010), some researchers
domestic violence against women from Panchkula reported that psychosocial development of children
district. They reported that socio demographic adversely affected when they are victimised to
variables are somewhat associated with manifestation domestic violence especially “physical abuse”
of domestic violence. These variables may be tapped (Harper et. al., 2018). Domestic violence in early
in terms of urban residence, older age, lower childhood produces emotional disturbances.
education and lower family income. Nidhi (2019) Separation anxiety is common in the victim of
conducted a study to find out the issues and domestic violence children than non-victim children.
challenges of domestic violence in rural Haryana. Researchers (Baker and Cunningham, 2009) also
Researcher revealed that types of domestic violence reported that pre-school children may manifest to
are found in terms of physical, sexual, economic, and domestic violence in different way. They may report
psychological. It was also found that women face the symptoms of withdraw, anxious, engagement in
several forms of domestic violence in view of various repetitive games, regressive behaviour, having
cast and cast lines. inhibited independence, sleep disturbances and
Haryana DGP Manoj Yadava (2020) gave the report tantrums or impaired understanding. Authors also
to The Indian Express and claimed that when corona argued that to identify the sign and symptoms of
period came in existence, 5,935 phone calls are domestic violence is not always easy.
received on women helpline number between the Moreover, the adverse effect of domestic violence is
time period of March, 25 to April, 20 in 2020 year. In not limited to pre-schooler or early childhood. Young
previous year and same time interval, 6,060 phone school children also affected by domestic violence.
calls were received, which suggests fall in domestic Calder and Ragan (2008) noted that domestic
violence. It was assumed that it may be occurred due violence manifested in their school’s related activities
to lack of alcohol supply during lockdown. Although, like absentees, lack of attention, concentration
the decline of number of calls was not significant, it difficulties, having sleep disturbances and low self-
was negligible change. Nadda and her colleagues esteem. They manifested the unpredictable behaviour,
(2018) investigated the occurrence rate of domestic aggression, anger and hyperactivity. Significant
violence among married women of Haryana. change also found in conduct of young school
Currently married females were taken in the sample. children. Some children who were victim of domestic
Researchers found that 37% women ever experience violence at home displayed hyper-vigilance and hyper
domestic violence whereas 28.9% women currently arousal at school, regularly watchful and fearful off
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Domestic Violence: Consequences, Causes and Preventive Measures
danger (Sterne and Poole, 2010). Domestic violence from his or her family (Garner et. al., 1997; Elster,
also affects the intellectual development, language 2007; Hunter et. al., 2011; Mandara et. al., 2012;
development and educational achievement. Shuffer et. al., 2012). Studies show the significant
Domestic violence also affects the life of young parental differences regarding socializing process.
people. Young people manifest the domestic violence Personality development of young children depends
in different forms. They realize symptoms of self- on their parenting styles.Some researchers concluded
blaming, self-harming, depression, suicide ideation, that emotional socialization within family
risky and criminal behaviours and substance abusing. environment plays a significant role in the
They also perform poor social network and development of gender stereotypes such as promotion
disaffection with education. Some researchers of gender identities, either boy may be tougher or girl
reported that regarding experience of domestic may be fragile (Garner et. al., 1997; Betello; 2017).
violence significant gender differences exist. Baldry For the implementation of intervention strategies and
(2007) reported that girls scored high on tendency to effective prevention we have to understand the nature
experience the domestic violence in the way of of domestic violence, its causes and its prevalence.
withdrawal, anxiety and depression whereas boys We should not concern with the determinants and
scored high on to externalize the symptom of consequences of domestic violence. But we should
domestic violence in the form violence against peers take into account the economic, social and cultural
and antisocial behaviour. factors related to domestic violence. When women
Causes and Preventive Measures are unable to access their parental home for support
Why this destructive scenario is happening? What are than an abused women thought that they have few
the roots of domestic violence? Is it thousand years alternatives such as running away or commuting
repressed mentality? What are the suicide. Some women maintain silence for honour of
techniques/strategies and preventive measures which their husband and family. There are some social
may be helpful to throw this hurtful sickness? There factors which deepen the violence such as
is a need to tackle these serious challenges. In case of dependence on married brother at their home
uneducated and semi-educated population, it is considered as stigma. What will happen if her
observed that usually families are not happy due to husband did not come to fetch her back? Divorce
the birth of girl child, sometimes women are targeted carries a great deal of social stigma. Limited
by saying that you are only responsible for the birth economic resources make the condition worst.
of girl child. Moreover, when couple is not capable to Women without alternative shelter and financial
offspring the baby due to any natural reason or due to support can’t exercise the legal option against
any kind of lacking, in that case only woman is violence.
considered responsible. In contrary, if woman is not Due to the sensitivity of cases against women,
mentally and physically preparing to produce child, in government established women police station. These
that case she may be pressurised by her family police stations make the police more accessible to
members. Even, if one child is behaving very well women. Government tries to control it but it is
then nobody will praise to his/her mother but if child generally unreported or imperceptible in the
is not in good direction, then solely blame is given to community sphere due to some social and family
his/her mother. beliefs. It is cognizable offence. Domestic violence is
Chiefly in rural regions, it appears that any type of crime under section 498A of Indian Panel Code,1860.
commercial loss, social loss, and even decease of Accused can be arrested without a warrant. As a
someone is also because of woman. Consequently, consequence of section 498A, a law is developed
peoples take the care from illiterate, fake and bastard regarding the constitutional rights define under article
“babas.” Women also face the violence due to 14,15,21 of constitution to grant for a remedy under
displacement of her husband or guardian. civil law which is intended to defend the women from
Displacement can be explained in terms of being sufferers of domestic violence and to prevent
psychological reaction in which a person displaces the incidence of domestic violence in the society.
the negative emotions from its original source to a Woman and child development department provides
less threatening person. In view of control type of facilities intended for the victims of domestic
violence, women are not allowed to make or receive violence such as alternative accommodations, child
phone calls, to select clothing styles or hairstyle. So, care services, counselling, income generation
there is a need to explore every type of violence- schemes and educational agendas. There should be a
based activities very meticulously. comprehensive law which includes act of physical,
Some researchers reported that socialization process psychological, emotional, sexual, and financial abuse
has central role in the occurring of domestic violence. that hurt or degrade the women. We should focus on
Such as how communications should occur at home. the economic capabilities of women because it
Healthy environmental context may facilitate to improves the status and respect for women outside
continue counters productive socialization processes marriage and family.
that may manifest toward violent relationship. Some Media should be used as medium of attitude change
studies reported that child’s emotions are developed toward victims of domestic violence. It should spread
42
Anupam; Kumar, P and Kumar, J
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