APA 7 Referencing Guide

Compiled by USQ Library

Disclaimer:

This guide is accurate at the time of publication (February 2020). For a comprehensive and current version of
the APA Referencing style check the USQ Online APA guide at: http://www.usq.edu.au/library/referencing/apa-
referencing-guide
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Table of Contents
APA Referencing Style ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Key Terms ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
When to cite ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
Reference components ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Paraphrasing ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
When to include page numbers .......................................................................................................................... 6
Direct quotes ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
In-text citation .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Formatting the reference list ................................................................................................................................... 7
Where do I find the information? ............................................................................................................................. 8
Books .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Journals .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Internet sources .................................................................................................................................................. 8
What if I can’t find an example of the source type I want to reference? .................................................................. 9
Additional help......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Reference list and in-text citations examples ........................................................................................................ 11
Variations in authors/creators ........................................................................................................................... 11
Variations in dates, editions, titles, DOIs and web addresses/URLs ................................................................. 16
Books and periodicals ....................................................................................................................................... 18
Web documents, websites and other electronic media ..................................................................................... 20
Government publications .................................................................................................................................. 22
Social media and blogs ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Legislation and legal authorities........................................................................................................................ 24
Non-government reports ................................................................................................................................... 25
Standards and patents ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Conference papers and proceedings ................................................................................................................ 27
Theses and dissertations .................................................................................................................................. 28
Audiovisual material .......................................................................................................................................... 29
Images, including tables, figures, graphs, maps, charts, datasets and test items............................................. 30
Computer Software and Apps ........................................................................................................................... 33
Personal communication .................................................................................................................................. 34
Pamphlet/brochure/fact sheet ........................................................................................................................... 34
Indigenous materials ......................................................................................................................................... 35
USQ teaching materials .................................................................................................................................... 35
Other ................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Sample Reference List .......................................................................................................................................... 38

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APA Referencing Style

Academic conventions and copyright law require that you acknowledge when you use the ideas of
others. In most cases, this means stating where (i.e. which book, journal article, website, etc.) you
sourced the idea or quotation.
As a university student, you are expected to read within your subject area/s, and to refer to such
writings within your assessment tasks. Referring to the writings of researchers in your subject area
shows your course examiner that:
 You have studied the topic
 You are aware of current knowledge within the topic, and
 You can use the ideas of others to develop and support an argument or point of view.
It also allows your reader to locate the source should they wish to access it themselves.

To clearly differentiate your own thoughts from those of the experts whose work you are referring
to, you need to provide a reference when you refer to the ideas or work of others. The reference, or
citation, must follow the conventions of the referencing style stipulated by your course examiner.

Most USQ courses require you to use APA, Harvard AGPS, or AGLC. Your course materials should
direct you to which one you need to use. If not, check with your course examiner.

This guide draws from:

 American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
 APA Style homepage (http://www.apastyle.org).
 APA Style blog (https://apastyle.apa.org/blog).
The aim of this guide is to provide basic referencing information. For more detailed information
about how to write, structure and publish to APA standards, refer to the Publication manual and/or
the APA Style blog.
University policy mandates the use of the APA Style defined by this referencing guide.

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Key Terms
 Bibliography
A bibliography is similar to a reference list, however, it can include resources used during
research that are not cited in the assignment. APA Style does not use a bibliography. Use a
reference list.
 Creative Commons (CC)
Creative Commons (CC) is an organisation that provides alternatives to standard copyright
licenses. A CC license allows creative work to be shared within specified parameters. Always
check what the specific CC license allows.
 DOI
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique name assigned by the International DOI
Foundation that provides a persistent link to a resource’s location on the Internet. When a
DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate the content.
 et al.
An abbreviation for ‘et alii’ which means and others.
 Hanging indent
APA requires the Reference list to be formatted with a hanging indent. This means that the
first line of each item in the list will be set to the left margin and subsequent lines will be
indented (half an inch, or five to seven spaces).
 In-text
Brief information about the source of your ideas. The in-text citation is provided where you
used the idea, usually in the same sentence. APA Style in-text citations include the author
and date of publication. Sometimes called ‘citation’ or ‘in-text reference.’
 Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is the expression of ideas and information in your own words. It involves
completely altering the sentence or paragraph structure. You must acknowledge the
source/s when you paraphrase.
 Periodical
A publication that is published at regular intervals, such as a journal, magazine, or
newspaper.
 Reference list
The reference list is where you provide the information necessary for your reader to identify
and retrieve the sources you used for your assignment. To format your reference list, follow
the guidelines under the heading ‘Formatting the reference list’ in this guide.
 Secondary citation
A secondary citation is used when you cite a work that you found cited in another source,
AND you cannot locate the original work. For guidelines on how to create a secondary
citation see ‘Authors citing other authors’ under the heading ‘Variations in authors/creators’
in this guide.
 URL
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a website address.

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When to cite
You need to include a citation every time you:
 Quote directly from someone else’s work.
 Paraphrase someone else’s ideas.
 Quote directly or paraphrase from your own previous work, including an assignment.
 Use an image.
 Use numerical data or datasets.

Citing your sources not only demonstrates that you are using the ideas from others in your field of
study – and hence reading in that area – but also allows the reader to identify and locate that source
for themselves.

Reference components
APA citations include four main components – who, when, what and where – which provides the
reader with the information required to locate the source.

When
What
Who (author/creator)

The Stronger Smarter Institute. (2010, March 9). Getting closer: Program 1; Elders and community

[Video]. Queensland Department of Education. http://mediasite.eq.edu.au/Mediasite/

Play/bb3dbc846b2a4426ae2f1256bca8cf7e

Where

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Abbreviations
The following abbreviations may be used when referencing in APA (American Psychological
Association, 2020, p. 306-7).

Abbreviation Book or publication part

ed. edition
Rev. ed. Revised edition
2nd ed. second edition
Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors)
Trans. Translator(s)
n.d. no date
p. (pp.) page (pages)
Vol. Volume (e.g. Vol. 4)
Vols. Volumes (e.g. Vols. 1-4)
No. Number
Pt. Part
Tech. Rep. Technical Report
Suppl. Supplement
ca. Circa
Sr., Jr. Senior, Junior (include only in reference list, not in-text)
… ellipses: use in place of omitted words
para. (paras.) Paragraph (paragraphs)

Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you summarise the ideas, concepts or words from the work of someone else,
or from your own previous work. Changing only a few words from someone else’s work does not
constitute paraphrasing. Paraphrasing involves completely altering the sentence structure and
rewriting the information in your own words.

When to include page numbers

According to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.), when
paraphrasing or referring to an idea in another work, you are not required to provide a page number
for paraphrased material. However, you may include page numbers when a work is particularly long
and it might be useful for the reader. If you choose to include page numbers, they should appear
after the year of publication, as shown in the following examples:
 Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little water (Kozeny, 1988, pp. 223-224).
 Kozeny (1988) found soil layers below the well tip contributed little (pp. 223-224).

Direct quotes
Quotations or quotes are when you use the exact words of someone else, or from your own
published or unpublished work. Quotations must be referenced with page numbers. For sources that
do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if possible, preceded by the abbreviation
‘para.’ (e.g. Broome & Davies, 1999, para. 5).
 Quotations of less than 40 words (approximately) should form part of the text and be designated

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with double quotation marks.

 e.g. Students receiving “additional information literacy training achieved higher grades
than students who did not attend any skills’ sessions” (Capel, 2002, p. 323).
 With quotations of 40 or more words DO NOT use quotation marks; begin the quotation on a
new line and indent it half an inch. Double-space the quotation.

Block quotation example:

A number of studies have explored the relationship between personality and culture.
Doi (1973) has postulated amae as a core concept of the Japanese personality. The root of this
word means “sweet,” and loosely translated, amae refers to the passive, childlike dependence of
one person on another. It is said to be rooted in mother-child relationships. (Matsumoto &
Juang, 2008, p. 278)

Note: The quotation above should be double-spaced.

 Quotes should be written exactly as they appears in the source (including spelling,
punctuation etc).
 Do not omit or alter citations embedded within the quote.
 A citation within the direct quote is not included in your Reference list unless cited
elsewhere in your work. In the example above, the 2008 publication (the source of the
quote) is included in the list of references but the 1973 work mentioned within the quote is
not, unless it is used as a source elsewhere in the work.

In-text citation
In general, USQ APA formatting requires work to be double-spaced including the headings,
quotations, references and figure captions. Triple- or quadruple-spacing may be applied in special
circumstances such as before and after displayed items. Single or one-and-a-half line spacing is never
used except inside tables or figures, or as directed. Refer to your course outline.
For works with more than one author, list the author names in the order they appear in the source.
For separate works from different authors, list them alphabetically, with each separated by a
semicolon. E.g. (Haddon, 1969; Larsen, 1971).
Use the author-date style method of citation for quotations (exact words of another author/creator)
and paraphrasing (summarising the words and ideas of someone else).
Note: Page numbers have not been included in in-text citations for paraphrased material in this APA
referencing guide. Please consult your course examiner and/or your course outline to determine
whether you are required to include (or omit) page numbers for paraphrased material.
Note: To reduce printing costs, reference examples shown in this guide are single spaced. The only
exception to this is the Sample Reference list which is double spaced and formatted with hanging
indents, as per APA requirements.

Formatting the reference list

 The reference list should include only the sources you cite in your submission.
 APA Style requires reference lists, not bibliographies.
 The reference list begins on a new page. The heading References is centred at the top of the
page in bold type.
 Double-space all reference entries (to assist with printing, reference examples shown in this

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guide are single spaced, with the exception of the Sample Reference List at the end of the
guide).
 The first line of every reference list entry should be flush left, and the second and subsequent
lines should be indented half an inch (five to seven spaces).
 Hyperlinks should be live if the work will be read or published online.
Note: Hyperlinks have been removed from all of the referencing examples shown in this guide.
 Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author as the letters appear
(e.g. M, Mac, MacD, Mc).
 For works with more than one author, list the author names in the order they appear in the
source.
 If more than one work by an author is cited, list these by earliest publication date first.
 If the list contains more than one item published by the same author(s) in the same year, add
lower case letters immediately after the year to distinguish them (e.g. 1983a, 1983b).
 If there is no author, the title moves to the author position (filed under the first significant word
of the title). If the title in this instance begins with numerals, spell them out.

Where do I find the information?

If you choose to download a citation for the source you are using, including using software such as
Endnote, be careful to check the accuracy of the citation before including it in your assignment
because errors in downloaded citations are common.

Books
 The title page of a book should provide:
o The title
o Subtitle
o Name of the author/s (or creator, editor, etc.)
o Publisher’s imprint (publisher’s name).
 The reverse of the title page (also known as verso-title, imprint or reverse-title page) provides a
lot more information, including:
o Publisher’s name
o Name of the editor, designer, photographer, etc., as appropriate
o Copyright notice (including the year of copyright)
o A list of editions and reprints
o Details of other volumes in a multi-volume work.

Journals
 The front page of a journal article should provide the information required for your citation but
you may also need to look in the database entry or journal table of contents. Look for:
o Title of the article
o Title of the journal
o Author/s
o When the article was published, including the year, volume and issue numbers
o A DOI (most recently published online articles will have a doi)
 Make a note of the URL if the article does not have a DOI.
 You also need the page range: the first and last page numbers.

Internet sources
 The goals of a citation for an online source are to credit the author/creator and to enable the

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reader to find the material.

o You are looking for the ‘who’ (author), ‘when’ (date) and ‘what’ (title) elements. There is
no standard place on a website to locate this information.
o For the ‘where’ element, direct readers as closely as possible to the information;
whenever possible, use the URL for the exact page.
o A URL replaces the name of the publisher typically provided for text references. For
websites where information may be updated regularly, also include a retrieval
statement, with date.
o If the source undergoes regular revision, the date for the most recent update should be
used.
o It is often appropriate to include additional information after the title of the work
(similar to including an edition number for a book). Sometimes this is included as part of
the title (e.g. a report number). This may include the format of the source.
o For sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if possible,
preceded by the abbreviation ‘para.’ (e.g. Broome & Davies, 1999, para. 5).

 To provide specific information from a website or web document within the text of an
assignment, you must provide both an in-text citation and an entry in the reference list. Use the
exact URL for the web page that has the information you are citing.
 The only time you provide the URL of the entire website is
o When you mention it in passing (e.g. Comprehensive information about the University
can be found at https://www.usq.edu.au/). In this instance, you include an in-text
citation only.
o When the specific information you are citing is on the home page. In this instance,
follow the guidelines for how to cite and reference a web page or web document.
 When citing specific information, create a reference following the guidelines for how to cite and
reference a web page or web document.

What if I can’t find an example of the source type I want to

reference?
This referencing guide includes examples for a wide range of source types however it does not
provide an example for every different source type that you may need to reference. If you are
unable to find an example for the source type, you need to:
 Think about your source type. Are there a few different types it might possibly be but you’re not
sure which of those it actually is? If so, have a look at the guidelines for each of the different
types it might be. The guidelines for creating the citation might be the same.
 E.g. The guidelines for how to reference a web page and how to reference a web
document are the same.
 Consider combining different elements from more than one example within the guide.
 E.g. To cite a newspaper article where you do not know who the author is, you will have
to follow guidelines for both of the following:
 No author, in the Author Variations section
 Newspaper article.

Additional help
Contact the Library or consult the following:

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 American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Call number 808.06615 PUB
 APA Style homepage: http://www.apastyle.org/
 APA Style blog (https://blog.apastyle.org).
While the Library is not responsible for checking lists of references we can refer you to our
referencing guides and the published manuals listed to help you ensure the accuracy of your
referencing.

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Reference list and in-text citations examples

Variations in authors/creators

This section includes guidelines for how to complete the author-date part of both the in-text and
reference list citation for a variety of different author types and combinations. Guidelines for
completing the full citation to be included in the reference list can be located in a different section of
this guide, depending on the source type of the material.

Type Components
Single author (Author Surname, Year)
In-text
Note: Include the author Examples:
surname and the year of
publication in every in- The environmental aspects of… (Calder, 2009)
text citation. Calder (2009) states that …

Author Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate

source type to complete citation.

Reference Example:

Calder, A. (2009). Compliance for green IT: A pocket guide.

IT Governance.

Two authors (Author A Surname & Author B Surname, Year)

Note: Include both Examples:
author surnames and the In-text
year of publication in The research challenges… (Bernstein & Tiegerman, 1989)
every in-text citation. Bernstein and Tiegerman (1989) have illustrated…
Cite the authors in the Author A Surname, Initial., & Author B Surname,
order they appear in the
Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type
source.
to complete citation.
Reference
Use ‘&’ when in brackets
and in the Reference list. Example:
Use ‘and’ in running text.
Bernstein, D. K., & Tiegerman, E. (1989). Language and
communication disorders in children (2nd ed.). Merrill.

Three to twenty (Author A Surname et al., Year)

authors
Example:
Note: Provide the first
author surname only, In-text (Curwen et al., 2000)
followed by “et al.” and
year of publication for (Author A Surname, Initial., Author B Surname, Initial., Author
every in-text citation. C Surname, Initial., Author D Surname, Initial., & Author
Reference
Include all author
E Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate
surnames and initials in source type to complete citation.
the Reference list
*Note: Authors A-E are presented above. If the source you
Cite the authors in the need to cite has more than five authors, follow the format
order they appear in the
source.
above and continue to add as many author names as
required, up to twenty (i.e. Authors F-T).

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Example:

Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive

behaviour therapy. Sage.

Twenty-one or (First Author Surname et al., Year)

more authors
In-text Examples:
Note: Provide the first
author surname only, Oliveros et al. (2019) discussed …
followed by “et al.” and Strategies aimed … (Oliveros et al., 2019).
year of publication for
every in-text citation. Author A Surname, Initial., Author B Surname, Initial., Author
C Surname, Initial., Author D Surname, Initial., Author E
Note: For the Reference
Surname, Initial., Author F Surname, Initial., Author G
list, include the first
nineteen author names, Surname, Initial., Author H Surname, Initial., Author I
followed by an ellipses Surname, Initial., Author J Surname, Initial., Author K
(…) and then the final Surname, Initial., Author L Surname, Initial., Author M
author’s name. Reference Surname, Initial., Author N Surname, Initial., Author O
Surname, Initial., Author P Surname, Initial., Author Q
Cite the authors in the
order they appear in the Surname, Initial., Author R Surname, Initial., Author S
source. Surname, Initial., … Author (Final) Surname, Initial.
(Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to
complete citation.

Examples:

Oliveros, C. H., Field, D. J., Ksepka, D. T., Barker, F. K.,

Aleixo, A., Andersen, M. J., Alstrom, P., Benz, B. W.,
Braun, E. L., Braun, M. J., Bravo, G. A., Brumfield, R. T.,
Chesser, R. T., Claramunt, S., Cracraft, J., Cuervo, A.
M., Derryberry, E. P., Glenn, T. C., Harvey, M. G., …
Faircloth, B. C. (2019). Earth history and the passerine
superradiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States, 116(16), 7916-7925.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813206116

Unknown author a) (Anonymous, Year)

b) (Title (shortened), Year)
a) Anonymous
If the work is signed
(“Title (shortened),” Year)
‘Anonymous’, treat it as if In-text
Examples:
‘Anonymous’ is the
author’s true name.
a) … as was argued (Anonymous, 1996)
This is the only time
Anonymous should be b) These effects can be seen in … (Psychological effects,
used. 1999)
Psychological effects (1999) illustrated that …
b) No author/editor
Move the title to the
The case aligns with … (“Psychotherapy,” 2019)
author position. In text,
use the first few words of
a) Anonymous. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate
the title, or the whole title
if short. source type to complete citation.
b) Title/Title. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source
If the title of the work is type to complete citation
italicised in the reference Reference
list, italicise the title in- Examples:
text. If the title is not
italicised in the reference a) Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors: A novel of politics.
list, use double quotation Random House.
marks around the title in-
text and use title case.

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b) Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction: A

survey of the psychological side of so-called
“designer drugs”. (1999). Chelsea House.

Psychotherapy. (2019). In Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychother
apy&oldid=929063603

Corporate (Group) (Organisation, Year)

author
Examples:
Note: Spell out all In-text
Corporate (Group) author a) Church laws would show … (Church of England, 1877)
names in full in the b) Nicotine has been shown … (Office of the Surgeon
reference list entry. General, 1988)
Abbreviations can be
c) Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2008) released …
used in-text. Use the full
Group Author name the (first citation in-text)
first time in-text, followed ABS (2008) information … (second and subsequent
by the abbreviation. citations)
Abbreviate the name for
second and subsequent Organisation. Subdivision Name. (Year). See guidelines for
in-text citations (refer to appropriate source type to complete citation.
example ‘c’).
Examples:
If a group author name
consists of multiple levels a) Church of England. (1877). The church in its divine
of Government agencies, constitution and office, and in its relations with the
provide only the most
specific level in the civil power: A charge delivered to the clergy of the
reference list entry. Reference Archdeaconry of Maidstone at the ordinary visitation
in May 1877; With notes (Talbot Collection of British
If individual author Pamphlets). https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/
names appear on the title pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t0qr5116j&view=1up&seq=11
or cover page of the
work, treat them as the
author and use the b) Office of the Surgeon General. (1988). The health
Group name in the consequence of smoking: Nicotine addiction; A report
source element of the of the Surgeon General (DHHS Publication No.
reference list entry. (CDC) 88-8406). Centre for Health Promotion and
Education, Office of Smoking and Health.
https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/nn/catalog/nlm:nl
muid-101584932X437-doc

c) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and

experimental development, higher education
organisations, Australia (cat. no. 8111.0).
https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8111.0

Multiple works by Example:

same author
In-text Studies suggest … (Clark, 2006a, Clark, 2006b, Clark, 2008)
Note: Arrange dates in
order (oldest to newest) Example:
in the Reference list. Use
suffixes after the year Reference Clark, A. (2006a, Autumn). Flying the flag for mainstream
when there are multiple Australia. Griffith Review, (11), 53-59.
publications from the
same year. The suffixes
Clark, A. (2006b). Teaching the nation: Politics and pedagogy
are assigned in the
reference list where in Australian history. Melbourne University Press.
these kinds of references
are listed in alphabetical Clark, A. (2008). History’s children: History wars in the

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order by title (article, classroom. UNSW Press.

chapter or complete
work).

Only use the year and

the suffix in the in-text
citation, even when the
reference list entry has a
more specific date (e.g.
Year and season).

Different authors Examples:

with same
surname a) A study found that … (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2013)
In-text Goldenberg and Goldenberg (2013) found …
a) Co-authors b) M. Reynolds (2012) states … but others disagree (H.
If co-authors share the Reynolds, 1987)
same surname, use the
standard author-date Examples:
method of citation in-text
b) Separate works a) Goldenberg, H., & Goldenberg, I. (2013). Family therapy:
If the authors of separate Reference An overview (8th ed.). BrooksCole, Cengage
works share the same
surname, use the Learning.
authors’ initials in-text.
b) Reynolds, H. (1987). Frontier. Allen & Unwin.

Reynolds, M. (2012). Hemingway: The 1930s through the

final years. W. W. Norton & Co.

Author as (Author Surname/Organisation, Year)

publisher
Example:
If the author of a work is In-text
also the publisher, omit (American Psychiatric Association, 2001)
the name from the
publisher element of the Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). See guidelines
reference list entry. for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Reference Example:

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and

statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Acknowledging (Author Surname, Year)

translators,
In-text Example:
compilers,
editors, revisers, Research in the field of environmental psychology… (Levy-
or illustrators Leboyer, 1979/1982)
If the author’s role
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title. (Initial. Surname, Role).
remains of primary
importance, editors, See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete
compilers, revisers, citation.
translators, or illustrators Reference
can also be Example:
acknowledged.
Use abbreviations such Levy-Leboyer, C. (1982). Psychology and environment (D.
as Ed., Comp., Rev., Cantor & I. Griffiths, Trans.). Sage. (Original work
Trans., Illus. published 1979).

(Editor Surname, Year)

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Edited In-text Examples:

book/collection
Roy (2006) states that …

Editor Surname, Initial. (Ed.). (Year). See guidelines for

appropriate source type to complete citation.
Reference Example:

Roy, M. J. (Ed.). (2006). Novel approaches to the diagnosis

and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (NATO
Security Through Science Series). IOS Press.

Authors citing Example:

other authors
(secondary
In-text Kelley (1978) stated … (as cited in Cauvin, 2018)
citation) Public history refers to … (Kelley, 1978, as cited in Cauvin,
2018)
You must acknowledge
both the primary and Author Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate
secondary source of source type to complete citation.
information in-text. To do
this, include the primary Example:
source first and then Reference
insert the words ‘as cited Cauvin, T. (2018). The rise of public history: An international
in’ before the secondary perspective. Historia Critica, 68, 3-26. https://doi.org/
source (the secondary
10.7440/histcrit68.2018.01
source is the one you are
reading).
In the Reference list, cite
the secondary source
only.

Titles such as Example:

Junior, Senior, In-text
Fourth Selling properties … (Grau, 2016)

The title is not included Example:

in-text. Include the title in
the reference list. Reference Grau, D., Sr. (2016). Buying, selling, and valuing financial
Use the following practices: the FP transitions M&A guide. Wiley.
abbreviations:
Sr for Senior
Jr for Junior
II for Second
III for Third, and so on.

Author Name Example:

Spelling
In-text a) Classroom teaching … (Chang et al. 2020)
a) When author given b) The relationship between … (Florez et al. 2019)
names are hyphenated,
c) Van de Poll (2013) warns that …
include a period after the
first initial, followed by a
Example:
hyphen and the second
initial (with no spaces Reference a) Chang, C.-J., Liu, C.-C., Wen, C.-T., Tseng, L.-W., Chang,
between these
elements). H.-Y., Chang, M.-H., Fan Chiang, S.-H., & Yang, C.-
W. (2020). The impact of light-weight inquiry with
b) When author computer simulations on science learning in
surnames are classrooms. Computers & Education. Advance online
hyphenated (e.g. Garcia-
publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/
Duque), write them as
they appear on the j.compedu.2019.103770
source.

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b) Florez, D., Garcia-Duque, C. E., & Osorio, J. C. (2019). Is

c) Two-part author technology (still) applied science? Technology in
surnames are also
Society. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/
written as they appear on
the source work. 10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101193

c) Van de Poll, E. (2013). Europe and the gospel: Past

influences, current developments, mission
challenges. Versita.

Variations in dates, editions, titles, DOIs and web addresses/URLs

Type Components
Specific dates (Author Surname, Year)
a) Year, use only the Examples:
year for books, journals In-text
and audiovisual material a) The environmental aspects of … (Calder, 2009)
b) Including the month b) Increased government support … (Clark, 2006)
or season, if a journal or
c) In the 1960s … (USQ, 2017)
newsletter does not use
volume numbers, include
a) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title. Publisher.
the month or season in
the reference list entry b) Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month/Season). Title.
c) Including the day, for Publisher.
dailies and weeklies, c) Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title. Publisher.
include the day in the
reference list entry. Examples:

In-text, provide the year Reference a) Calder, A. (2009). Compliance for a green IT: A pocket
only, even when specific guide. IT Governance.
dates are provided in the
reference list entry.
b) Clark, A. (2006, Autumn). Flying the flag for mainstream
Australia. Griffith Review, (11), 53-59.

c) USQ [@usqedu]. (2017, August 17). #throwbackthursday to

study in the 60’s and life before the internet
[Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/
p/BX4V9BIDKqu/

No publication a) (Author, n.d.)

date b) (Author, Estimated Year)
a) If the source does not In-Text Example:
include a date of
publication, use n.d. in a) Free copyright licenses … (Creative Commons, n.d.)
place of the year, which b) Lloyd Webber’s (ca. 1970) musical …
means ‘no date’.
a) Author Surname, Initial. (n.d.). Title. Publisher.
b) When the year is not
b) Author Surname, Initial. [ca. Estimated Year]. Title.
known but can be reliably
estimated, use ‘ca.’ (the Publisher.
abbreviation for circa)
before the date and use Example:
Reference
square brackets in the
Reference list. a) Creative Commons. (n.d.). Share your work.
https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/

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b) Lloyd Webber, A. [ca. 1970]. Jesus Christ superstar. Leeds

Music.

Editions (Author Surname, Year)

For 2nd or later editions, In-Text Example:
include the edition
number after the title, in The American Psychiatric Association (2001) states …
brackets.
Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Title (Edition).
Publisher.
Reference Example:

American Psychiatric Association. (2001). Diagnostic and

statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Titles (Author Surname, Year)

If a title has two subtitles, In-text Example:
use a colon between the
title and subtitle, and a Church laws would show … (Church of England, 1877)
semi-colon between the
subtitle and the second Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Article title:
subtitle. Subtitle; Second subtitle. See guidelines for appropriate
source type to complete citation.

Example:
Reference
Church of England. (1877). The church in its divine
constitution and office, and in its relations with the civil
power: A charge delivered to the clergy of the
Archdeaconry of Maidstone at the ordinary visitation in
May 1877; With notes (Talbot Collection of British
Pamphlets). https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/
pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t0qr5116j&view=1up&seq=11

DOIs and URLs (Author Surname, Year)

In-text
a) DOI, when a DOI is Examples:
available, no further
retrieval information is a) A study states that … (Radford, 2001)
required. The doi should b) MacLean (2014) states that …
be in URL format:
c) The survey found … (Brooks, 2002)
https://doi.org.xxx, with
no full stop.
a) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,
b) No DOI, If you
obtained the article Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Range.
through a USQ database, https://doi.org.xxx
treat the article as if it b) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,
were a print version: no Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Range.
URL required.
c) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,
c) No DOI, if you did not Reference
obtain the article via a Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Range. URL
USQ database, include
the direct URL to the Examples:
article, if available.
a) Radford, M. (2001). Aesthetic and religious awareness
among pupils: Similarities and differences. British
Journal of Music Education, 18, 151-159.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051701000249

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b) MacLean, M. (2014). Truth and reality in screening sports’

pasts: Sports films, public history and truthfulness.
Journal of Sport History 41(1), 47-54.

c) Brooks, R. G., Walsh, M., Mardon, R. E., Lewis, M., &

Clawson, A. (2002). The roles of nature and nurture in
the recruitment and retention of primary care
physicians in rural areas: A review of the literature.
Academic Medicine, 77(8), 790-798.
https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/20
02/08000/The_Roles_of_Nature_and_Nurture_in_the
_Recruitment.8.aspx

Various formats:
Books and periodicals

Type Components
Book (Author Surname, Year)
a) Print In-text Examples:
b) Online (DOI), if a DOI a) Abbott (2008) states that …
is available, always use b) A multidisciplinary approach … (Radanovic & Mansur,
the DOI
2011)
c) Online (no DOI), If
you obtained access via c) Film has its own conventions (Hughes-Warrington, 2007)
a USQ database, treat it d) Durant and Durant (2012) discuss …
like a print version (no e) In Lloyd Webber’s [ca. 1970] musical …
URL). Otherwise, use the
URL. a) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title (Edition). Publisher.
d) E-book on an b) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title. https://doi.org.xxx
eReader i.e. Kindle,
c) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title. Publisher Name. URL
Nook, Sony Reader
In the reference list, do d) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title [Version].
not include the format, https://doi.org.xxx / URL / Publisher.
platform or device. The e) Composer Surname, Initial. (Year). Title. Publisher.
only exception to this is
you include the format Examples:
(i.e. Ebook) when the
content differs from the Reference a) Abbott, H. P. (2008). The Cambridge introduction to
book or audiobook, or if narrative (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
you quote from the
ebook.
b) Radanovic, M., & Mansur, L. L. (2011). Language
In the source element of disturbances in adulthood: New advances from the
the reference, include the neurolinguistics perspective. Bentham Books.
publisher name and the https://doi.org/10.2174/97816080510831110101
DOI (preference) or URL
(i.e. where you
downloaded the book c) Hughes-Warrington, M. (2007). History goes to the movies:
from). Studying history on film. EPDF.PUB. https://epdf.pub/
history-goes-to-the-movies-studying-history-on-
e) Musical score film.html

d) Durant, W., & Durant, A. (2012). The lessons of history.

Simon & Schuster. https://www.amazon.com.au/
Lessons-History-Will-Durant-ebook/dp/B008GUIEYU

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e) Lloyd Webber, A. [ca. 1970]. Jesus Christ superstar. Leeds

Music.

Chapter in edited (Chapter Author Surname, Year)

books, including
In-text Examples:
dictionaries and
encyclopedias a) Morgan (1999) describes …
a) Print b) Jacobs and Hall (2002) consider the task …
b) Online c) The field of adult education … (Rubenson, 2010)
Note: individual chapters
may have their own DOI. Chapter Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of chapter or
c) Article from entry. In Author/Editor Initial. Surname (Role abbrev.),
encyclopedia Title of book (pp. Page Range of Chapter). Publisher.
OR
Subject / Term. (Year). Source Title. URL

Reference Examples:

a) Morgan, H. (1999). Nine years war. In W. J. McCormack

(Ed.), The Blackwell companion to modern Irish
culture (pp. 428-430). Blackwell Publishers.

c) Jacobs, G. M., & Hall, S. (2002). Implementing

cooperative learning. In J. C. Richards & W. A. Renandya
(Eds.), Methodology in language teaching: An anthology
of current practice (pp. 52-58). Cambridge University
Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/
CBO9780511667190.009

c) Rubenson, K. (2010). Adult education overview. In P.

Peterson, E. Baker, & B. McGaw (Eds.), International
Encyclopedia of Education (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1-11).
Elsevier.

Article in a (Author Surname, Year).

periodical
In-Text Examples:
Note: Include the issue
number for periodicals a) Coltheart and Prior (2006) discussed …
where available. b) MacLean (2014) states that …
c) Murray (2001) stated …
If the publication does
d) … was recently discovered … (Conor, 2018)
not use volume numbers,
include the month or e) The frogs are … (Beemster, 2008)
season with the year. f) Boyd (2010) reviewed Carey’s …
For daily or weekly g) Pedder and Opfer (2010) state that …
publications, include the
day and precede the Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,
page numbers with p. or Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Range.
pp.
Reference Examples:
a) Print journal
b) Online journal a) Coltheart, M., & Prior, M. (2006). Learning to read in
Include a doi if available. Australia. Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities,
If no doi, and the article
was obtained using USQ 11, 157-164.
databases, treat as from
a print journal. b) MacLean, M. (2014). Truth and reality in screening sports’
Otherwise, include URL. pasts: Sports films, public history and truthfulness.
c) Print newspaper Journal of Sport History 41(1), 47-54.
d) Online newspaper
e) Magazine

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f) Reviews and peer c) Murray, E. (2001, May 9). Refugee crisis! [Letter to the
commentary, identify the editor]. Weekend Australian, p. A13.
type of medium being
reviewed in square
brackets. d) Conor, L. (2018, November 6). Found: The earliest
If the details of the item European image of Aboriginal Australians. The
being reviewed are clear Conversation. https://theconversation.com/found-the-
from the title of the earliest-european-image-of-aboriginal-australians-
review, no additional
106176
explanatory information
is needed.
If the review is untitled, e) Beemster, M. (2008, December). Saving the Southern Bell
use the bracketed Frog. Australian Landcare, 27-29.
information as the title.
g) Abstract
f) Boyd, W. (2010, July 18). Man as an island [Review of the
h) Advance online
publication book William Golding, by J. Carey]. The New York
Times. http://www.nytimes.com/

g) Pedder, D., & Opfer, V. D. (2010). Planning and

organisation of teachers’ continuous professional
development in schools in England [Abstract].
Curriculum Journal, 21, 433-452. https://doi.org/
10.1080/09585176.2010.529652

h) Diecklemann, S., Buchel, C., Born, J., & Rasch, B. (2011).

Labile or stable: Opposing consequences for memory
when reactivated during waking and sleep. Nature
Neuroscience. Advance online publication.
http://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2744

Web documents, websites and other electronic media

The goals of a citation to an online source are to credit the author/creator and to enable the reader
to find the material.

When citing Internet sources, observe the following guidelines:

 Follow previous sections for format of who (author), when (date) and what (title) elements.
 For the ‘where’ element, direct readers as closely as possible to the information; whenever
possible, reference specific documents rather than the home or menu pages.
 The author of a website is usually the person or organisation responsible for the site.
 Include retrieval dates only when the source material is likely to change over time (e.g. Facebook
page, Twitter profile, a Google Map) and the webpage is not archived.
 If the source undergoes regular revision, the date for the most recent update should be used.
 It is often appropriate to include additional information after the title of the work (similar to
including an edition number for a book). Sometimes this is included as part of the title (e.g. a
report number).
 The medium or format can be entered after the title (before the full stop) in square brackets.
 When using direct quotes for sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph
number, if possible, preceded by the abbreviation ‘para.’ (e.g. Broome & Davies, 1999, para. 5).
Alternatively, provide a heading or section name, or a heading or section name with a paragraph
number.

When you are referring to specific information from a web page or web document within the text of
an assignment, you must provide an author-date citation.

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 If you are mentioning the website in passing, (e.g. Comprehensive information about the
University can be found at www.usq.edu.au), you do not need to include an entry in the
reference list. Include the URL of the home page of the website in-text, rather than the usual
author-date component.
 If you are citing specific information, create a reference following the guidelines for how to
cite and reference a web page or web document.
 If you cite information from more than one page within the same website, you will need to
create a separate item in your reference list for each.

Type Components
Website home Examples:
page
In-text a) Comprehensive information about the University of
a) Mentioning website Southern Queensland can be found on the website
in passing – In-text, (https://www.usq.edu.au/).
include the URL in
b) USQ offers flexible study options (USQ, 2019)
parentheses. A
reference list entry is not
a) No entry in the reference list
required.
b) Mentioning specific b) Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Title of
Reference
information available work. Website Name. Retrieved Month Day, Year,
on the home page. If the from URL
information is likely or
intended to change, Examples:
include the date you
retrieved the information. a) No entry in the reference list

If the author name and

b) University of Southern Queensland. (2019). Retrieved
the website name are the
same, omit the website September 9, 2019, from https://www.usq.edu.au/
name from the reference
list entry.

Web page (Author Surname, Year)

In-text
Page within a website. Example:
Include a retrieval date if Project work challenges …. (University of Southern
the information is likely or Queensland, 2020)
intended to change over
time. Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Title of the
work. Website Name. Retrieved Month Day, Year,
If the author name and
the website name are the from URL
Reference
same, omit the website
name from the reference Example:
list entry.
University of Southern Queensland. (2020). Overcoming
project management pitfalls. https://www.usq.edu.au/
research/regional-community-economic-
development/project-management-pitfalls
Web document (Author Surname, Year)
Treat the same as a web In-Text Example:
page.
Many students … (Hillman, 2005)
If there is a document
number (i.e. for a report), Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of the work. Website
and it is not formally a Name. URL
part of the title, it can be
included after the title, Reference

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within brackets. Do not Example:

use italics for a document
number. Hillman, K. (2005). The first year experience: The transition
from secondary school to university and TAFE in
Australia (Research Report 40). Australian Council for
Educational Research. https://research.acer.edu.au/
cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=lsay_resear
ch
Wiki (“Title of Wiki Topic,” Year)
Long topic titles can be In-text Example:
shortened in the in-text
citation. The Pemberton arrived … (“Irish Famine Orphan
In-text, use double Immigration,” 2014)
quotation marks around
the Title of Wiki Topic. Title of Wiki Topic. (Year, Month Day). In Title of Wiki.
If an archived version of Retrieved Month Day, Year from URL
a wiki page is available Reference
(as is the case with Example:
Wikipedia pages) cite the
archived version (no
Irish Famine Orphan Immigration. (2014, June 20). In
retrieval date is required). PROV Wiki. http://wiki.prov.vic.gov.au/
If there is no archived index.php?title=Irish_Famine_Orphan_Immigration&ol
version of the wiki page did=166067
you are citing, include the
URL and the date you
retrieved the information.

Government publications

Type Components
Reports (Government Department Name/Author Surname, Year)
Follow guidelines for In-text Example:
Corporate (Group)
Author and for Books, Higher education has … (Commonwealth Department of
with the inclusion of a Education, Science and Training, 2002)
Report or Reference
Recreational hunting… (RM Consulting Group, 2019)
Number if available.
Government Department Name. (Year). Title of report
For reports prepared for
the government (Reference Number). Publisher Name. DOI/URL
department, include Reference
individual author names Example:
only when they are
included on the cover or Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and
title page. In this Training. (2002). Striving for quality: Learning,
instance, include them as teaching and scholarship (DEST no.
authors and the 6891.HERC02A).
government department
as the publisher (unless
stated otherwise). RM Consulting Group (2019). Economic and social impacts
of recreational hunting and shooting: Final report.
If the author name and Australian Government Department of Health.
the publisher name are https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/
the same, omit the main/publishing.nsf/Content/economic-and-social-
publisher name from the
reference list entry. impacts-of-recreational-hunting-and-shooting

Australian Bureau (Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year).

of Statistics
In-text Example:

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Follow guidelines for Of the total … (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016)

Corporate (Group)
Author Australian Bureau of Statistics. (Year). Title (Catalogue
Number). URL.
Reference Example:

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and

experimental development, higher education
organisations, Australia (cat. no. 8111.0).
https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8111.0

Social media and blogs

 Retain any nonstandard spelling and capitalisation in the post and include hashtags and
emojis.
 Make a note of any audiovisual material included in the post (e.g. photographs, videos) in
square brackets after the title.

Type Components
Blog post (Author Surname/Alias, Year)
Note: If you are unable to In-text Example:
locate the author’s name,
use their handle/account Sinnamon (2019) states that …
name.
Author Surname/Alias, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of
post. Title of Blog. URL

Reference
Example:

Sinnamon, M. (2019, May 30). More historical Toowoomba

newspapers now available via Trove. SL Blogs.
Retrieved December 17, 2019 from
http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2019/05/30/more-
historical-toowoomba-newspapers-now-available-via-
trove/

Blog post (Author Surname/Alias, Year)

comment
In-text Example:
Note: If you are unable to
locate the author’s name, Others agree … (Marin, 2019).
use their handle/account
name. Author Surname/Alias, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Re: Blog
post title [Format]. URL.

Example:
Reference
Marin. (2019, May 6). Thank you, Michael, for your PSA
[Comment on the blog post “Feel a neck lump? See
your doctor”]. Mdbcancerjourney.
https://mdbcancerjourney.com/2019/05/06/feel-a-
neck-lump-see-your-doctor/#comment-2063

Facebook (Author Surname, Year)

Note: If you are unable to In-text Example:

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locate the author’s name, In a recent announcement … (Gillard, 2011)

use their handle/account
name. Author Surname, Initial [Account Name/Handle]. (Year,
Month Day). Content or caption of the post (up to 20
words) [Format]. Website Name. URL
Note any audiovisual
material included in the
Example:
post (e.g. photographs, Reference
videos) in square
Gillard, J. (2011, November 11). The PM has announced
brackets after the title.
the Labor Government is prepared to provide over $2
billion [Status update]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/juliagillard/posts/2636390
40354656

Instagram (Author Surname, Year)

Note: If you are unable to In-text Example:
locate the author’s name,
use their handle/account In the 60s … (USQ, 2017)
name.
Author Surname, Initial [Account Name/Handle]. (Year,
Month Day). Content or caption of the post (up to 20
words) [Format]. Website Name. URL

Example:
Reference
USQ [@usqedu]. (2017, August 17). #throwbackthursday to
study in the 60’s and life before the internet.
[Photograph]. Instagram.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BX4V9BIDKqu/

Twitter (Author Surname, Year)

Note: If you are unable to In-text Example:
locate the author’s name,
use their handle/account According to Pietsch (2018) …
name.
Author Surname, Initial [Account Name/Handle]. (Year,
Month Day). Content or caption of the post (up to 20
words) [Format]. Website Name. URL
Reference
Example:

Regional Universities Network [RegUniNet]. (2019,

December 18). On International #MigrantsDay, let’s
recognize @usqedu’s Niloofar Vaghefi [Image
attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/
search?q=%23agriculture&src=trend_click&pt=12070
61955900407808

Legislation and legal authorities

 The following examples are for the Australian jurisdiction only. For more comprehensive
information and other jurisdictions, see the Bluebook:

Columbia Law Review Association, Harvard Law Review Association, University of Pennsylvania
Law Review & Yale Law Journal. (2015). The bluebook: A uniform system of citation (20th ed.).
Harvard Law Review Association.

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Use the following Australian jurisdiction abbreviations:

Jurisdiction Abbreviation
Commonwealth Cth
Australian Capital Territory ACT
New South Wales NSW
Northern Territory NT
Queensland Qld
South Australia SA
Tasmania Tas
Victoria Vic
Western Australia WA

Type Components
Legislation: a) Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction Abbreviation)
Includes Acts and b) Title of Bill Year (Jurisdiction Abbreviation)
Bills
In-text Example:
a) Acts
Italicise the title of the a) … according to s 15 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991
Act. (Qld)
b) Bills b) The Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) …
Do not italicise the title.
a) Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction Abbreviation)
Subdivision (if relevant) (Country Abbreviation).
b) Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction Abbreviation)
Subdivision (if relevant) (Country Abbreviation).
Reference
Examples:

a) Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s 15 (Austl.).

b) Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) cl 5 (Austl.).

Legal authorities (Case Party v. Case Party, Year)

(cases) Case Party v. Case Party (Year)
In-text
Example:

In Mabo v. Queensland (1988), it was argued that …

Case Party v Case Party (Year) Volume Number Reporter

Abbreviation First Page (Country Abbreviation).
Reference
Note: The addition of a URL at the end of the citation if the
case was retrieved online is optional.

Example:

Mabo v Queensland (1988) 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).

Non-government reports
Treat reports as books or web documents, and include a report number where available.

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Type Components
Follow guidelines for (Author Surname/Organisation, Year)
Corporate (Group)
Author, and for Books, Examples:
with the inclusion of a In-text
Report or Reference a) Revenue was … (BHP Billiton, 2018)
Number if available. b) Emergency services … (Beyond Blue Ltd., 2018)
c) Aslin and Russell (2008) state that …
For online reports,
identify the publisher in
the source element of the Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Title (Report
reference unless the no.). Publisher Name. https://doi.org.xxx / URL
publisher is also
identified as the author. Examples:
a) Business a) BHP Billiton. (2018). BHP annual report 2018.
b) Society, group or https://www.bhp.com/-/media/documents/
committee Reference
investors/annual-reports/2018/
c) Technical or
research report bhpannualreport2018.pdf

b) Beyond Blue Ltd. (2018). Answering the call national

survey: Beyond Blue’s national mental health and
wellbeing study of police and emergency services;
Final report. http://resources.beyondblue.org.au/
prism/file?token=BL/1898

c) Aslin, H., & Russell, J. (2008). Social impacts of drought:

Review of literature. Australian Bureau of Agriculture
and Resource Economics and Sciences.
http://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/Documents/
socimpctdroughtlitrev2008-1.0.0.pdf

Standards and patents

Type Components
Standards (Name of Standards Organisation, Year)
In-text Example:

Dimensional requirements … (Standards Australia &

Standards New Zealand, 2018)

Name of Standards Organisation. (Year). Title of standard

(Standard number). Database Name. URL

Example:
Reference
Standards Australia & Standards New Zealand. (2018).
Office desks, office workstations and tables intended
to be used as office desks: Mechanical, dimensional
and general requirements and test methods (AS/NZS
444.2:2018). Standards Online Premium.
https://www.saiglobal.com/online/

Patents (Inventor, Year of Issue)

In-text Example:

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The invention … (Vandenbossche, 1977)

Inventor Surname, Inventor Initial. (Year of Issue). Patent

title (Patent No). Issuing Patent Office. URL.
Reference
Example:

Vandenbossche, B. E. (1977). Solar heater panel array

securing apparatus (Australian Patent No. 81947/75).
IP Australia. http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/
ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=1975
081947

Conference papers and proceedings

 When citing from a one-off proceeding, use the same format as for a book or book chapter.
 For regularly published proceedings use the same format as journal or periodical articles.

Type Components
Published papers (Author Surname, Year)
Capitalise the names of In-text Examples:
symposia, conferences,
and meetings. a) Information literacy can be … (Hughes, 2002)
b) Connectivity exists for … (Kozkovski & Van Strien,
a) One-off
2009)
b) Regularly published
a) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title. In Editor
Initial. Surname (Role abbrev.), Conference
Proceedings Title (pp. Page Range). Publisher.
b) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title. Conference
Proceedings Title, Volume Number(Issue Number),
Page Range. https://doi.org.xxx / URL

Examples:
Reference
a) Hughes, H. (2002). Information literacy with an
international focus. In K. Appleton, C. Macpherson,
& D. Orr (Eds.), International Lifelong Learning
Conference: Refereed papers from the 2nd
International Lifelong Learning Conference (pp. 208-
213). Central Queensland University Press.

b) Kozkovski, O., & Van Strien, S. (2009). Local

connectivity and quasi-conformal rigidity of non-
renormalizable polynomials. Proceedings of the
London Mathematical Society, 99, 275-296.
https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/pdn055

Unpublished (Author Surname, Year, Month)

paper
In-text Example:
The date provided in the
reference list entry a) … job strains were … (Liu et al., 2008)

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should be the full date a) Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month, Date Range).
range of the conference Paper title [Format]. Conference Title, Conference
rather than the specific
Location. DOI/URL
date the paper was
presented.
Example:
Reference
a) Liu, C., Wu, D., Fan, J., & Nauta, M. M. (2008,
November, 12-14). Does job complexity predict job
strains? [Paper presentation]. 8th Biannual
Conference of the European Academy of
Occupational Health Psychology, Valencia, Spain.

Theses and dissertations

Type Components
Online (Author Surname, Year)
a) Unpublished In-text Example:
b) Published – a) In his data structures thesis … (Swinton, 1984)
retrieved from a b) In a recent study … (Murray, 2008)
database
c) Recent studies (McDonald, 2007) suggest …
c) Published –
a) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation
retrieved from
the web [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name
of Institution issuing degree.

b) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation

Reference [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Institution issuing
degree]. Database Name.
c) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation
[Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Institution issuing
degree]. Archive Name. URL

Example:

a) Swinton, M. A. (1984). Family stress in phenylketonuria

[Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Auckland.

b) Murray, B. P. (2008). Prior knowledge, two teaching

approaches for metacognition: Main idea and
summarization strategies in reading (AAT 3302116)
[Doctoral dissertation, Fordham University]. ProQuest
Dissertations & Theses.

c) McDonald, J. (2007). The role of online discussion forums in

supporting learning in higher education [Doctoral
dissertation, University of Southern Queensland]. USQ
ePrints. https://eprints.usq.edu.au/3588/2/
McDonald_2007_whole.pdf

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Audiovisual material
 Indicate the format in square brackets (e.g. Film, TV series episode, Podcast, Artwork,
Photograph.)

Type Components
Film (Producer Surname, Year)
a) Film In-text Examples:
Treat the director as
author. If the director is a) The film’s central thesis … (Howard, 2001)
unknown, credit b) The documentary profiles … (Paor & Thompson, 2018,
someone in a similar role
1:36)
(e.g. producer).
c) Long-term memory is … (PsychExamReview, 2017)
b) Streaming video
Treat the individual or the Director Surname, Initial (Role). (Year). Title [Format].
group who uploaded the Studio / URL
video as the author. The
format in the reference Examples:
list entry is given as
‘video’ rather than Reference a) Howard, R. (Director). (2011). A beautiful mind [Film].
‘streaming video’ Universal Studios.

c) YouTube b) Paor, B., & Thompson, J. (Directors). (2018). Robert

Treat the individual or the
group who uploaded the Scheer: Above the fold; A profile of a legendary
video as the author journalist [Video]. Kanopy.
https://www.kanopy.com/
To include a direct quote
from an audiovisual c) PsychExamReview. (2017, March 5). Long-term memory
source, provide a time
stamp for the place in the (Intro Psych tutorial #73) [Video]. YouTube.
film or streaming video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK4TeETxwdM
etc. that the quote begins
(refer to example ‘b’)

TV or Radio (Author Surname, Year)

a) Program In-text Examples:
b) Series
If the series is broadcast a) Julie Bishop stated … (The Project, 2019)
over a number of years, b) (Gunton, 2009)
include this information in
c) The Queen was portrayed… (Caron & Morgan, 2019)
the date element of your
reference list entry (.e.g.
a) Author Surname, Initial. (Role). (Date Aired Year, Month
2010-2013).
c) Single episode in Day). Title [Format]. TV Network.
series b) Author Surname, Initial. (Role). (Year). Title of series [TV
Each separate episode series]. TV Network.
of a TV or Radio series c) Author Surname, Initial. (Role). (Date Aired Year, Month
will have its own title
Day). Title of episode (Season No., Episode No.)
(similar to each chapter
in an edited book). [TV series episode]. In Author Initial. Surname
Include the Director and (Role), Title of series. Production Company.
Writer in the author
element of your Examples:
reference list entry (or Reference
similar roles if these a) The Project. (2019, June 20). https://10play.com.au/
aren’t available). theproject

b) Gunton, M. (Executive producer). (2009). Life [TV

series]. BBC Natural History Unit.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00lbpcy

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c) Caron, B. (Director), & Morgan, P. (Writer). (2019,

November 17). Bubbikins. (Season 3, Episode 4)
[TV series episode]. In B. Caron, P. Martin, S.
Daldry, J. Jarrold, P. Lowhorpe, S. Donovan, J.
Hobbs, & C. Schwochow (Directors), The Crown.
Left Bank Pictures; Sony Pictures Television
Production UK.

Audio a) (Author Surname, Year)

b) Author Surname, Copyright Year/Recording Year,
a) Podcast episode In-text
Include the host in the
side/band/track no.)
Author element of your
Examples:
reference list entry.
Include the episode
a) The main factors … (Seega & Swan, 2008)
number after the title, if
available. b) “Bird on the wire” (Barnes & Cassar-Daley)
For video podcast use
[Video podcast] as the a) Author Surname, Initial. (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title
format. of podcast episode (Podcast Episode Number)
b) Recording from an [Format]. In Title of Podcast. Production Company.
album URL
(I.e. music).
b) Songwriter/Composer Surname, Initial. (Role). (Copyright
Include the composer
name if the recording is Year). Title of recording [Recorded by Artist Initial.
from a classical work, or Surname (if different from Songwriter)]. On Title of
the recording artist name Album [Format]. Music Label. (Year of Recording if
for non-classical works. different to copyright year)
Reference
Examples:

a) Swan, N. (Host). (2008, September 15). Closing the gap

in a generation [Audio podcast episode]. In Health
Report. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/
programs/healthreport/closing-the-gap-in-a-
generation/3184854

b) Barnes, J., & Cassar-Daley, T. (2005). Bird on the wire

[Song]. On Double Happiness. Liberation Music.

Images, including tables, figures, graphs, maps, charts, datasets and test items
 When referencing an image, treat it as you would a direct quote and include the page
number/s. If you are mentioning an image but not reproducing or adapting it in your paper,
follow the referencing guidelines for the type of source the image is displayed in.
 If you are reproducing or adapting an image, you have the right to use copyrighted material
in assignments, theses and other coursework, under the Fair Dealing provision of the
Copyright Act. Fair Dealing allows you to copy ‘reasonable portions’ of material for research,
study, criticism or review.
 If you wish to use more than a reasonable portion of a copyrighted work, you must obtain
written permission from the copyright owner.
 The in-text citation for reproduced or adapted images is in the form of a copyright
statement. The statement will vary slightly dependent on the type of source, but in general,
the information should appear in the following order:
 Title, author, year of publication, source, year or copyright, name of copyright holder
(permission statement if necessary).
 Include a reference list entry for the source of the image.

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 If you are unable to determine whether an image is copyrighted, assume that it is.
 For researchers who have questions about reproducing or adapting images or tables for
inclusion in publications, please contact your Research Librarian at
ResearchSupportTeam@usq.edu.au.

Type Components
Fair Dealing a) From [or Adapted from/Data in column 1 are from] Title
(copyrighted) of Book (Edition or Volume, p. Page Number), by
Author Initial. Surname, Year, Publisher (DOI or URL).
a) Book
b) Journal article
Copyright Year by Copyright Holder First Name
c) Website Surname.
b) From [or Adapted from/Data in column 1 are from] “Title
The medium or format of Article,” by Author Initial. Surname, Year, Title of
can be entered after the Journal, Volume(Issue), p. Page Number (DOI or URL).
title (before the full stop) In-text
Copyright Year by Copyright Holder First Name
in square brackets (for an
example, see Surname.
‘Presentation Slides’ c) From [or Adapted from/Data in column 1 are from] Title
below). of Web Page, by Author Initial. Surname, Year,
Website Name (DOI or URL). Copyright Year by
Place the copyright
Copyright Holder First Name Surname.
statement:
 at the end of the table Examples:
note if the image is a
table a) From Research Basics: Design to Data Analysis in 6
 at the end of the figure
caption if the image is a
Steps (p. 69), by J. V. Spickard, 2017, SAGE
figure (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/research-
 at the bottom of a slide basics/book244998). Copyright 2017 by SAGE
in a PowerPoint Publications.
presentation
b) From “Beyond the ANZAC Spirit: Commemorating
Civilian Experience of War,” by A. Atkinson-Phillips,
2018, Studies in Western Australian History, 32, p.
142). Copyright 2018 by Alison Atkinson-Phillips.

c) From 50 Meticulous Style Guides Every Startup Should

See Before Launching, by M. Stribley, n.d., Canva
(https://www.canva.com/learn/50-meticulous-style-
guides-every-startup-see-launching/). Copyright 2015
by Amanda Michiru.

Reference as usual for the source type where the image

was taken.
Reference Examples:

a) Spickard, J. V. (2017). Research basics: Design to data

analysis in 6 steps. SAGE.

b) Atkinson-Phillips, A. (2018). Beyond the ANZAC spirit:

Commemorating civilian experience of war. Studies
in Western Australian History, 32, 135-147.

c) Stribley, M. (n.d.). 50 meticulous style guides every

startup should see before launching. Canva.
https://www.canva.com/learn/50-meticulous-style-
guides-every-startup-see-launching/

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Reproducing with From [or Adapted from/Data in column 1 are from] Title of
permission Book (Edition or Volume, p. Page Number), by Author
In-text
Initial. Surname, Year, Publisher (DOI or URL). Copyright
Follow guidelines as
above, but include a
Year by Copyright Holder First Name Surname.
permission statement, Reprinted/Adapted with permission.
and comply with any
attribution request from Example:
the copyright holder.
From Research Basics: Design to Data Analysis in 6 Steps
Only include a (p. 69), by J. V. Spickard, 2017, SAGE
permissions statement if (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/research-
permission was sought basics/book244998). Copyright 2017 by SAGE
and granted.
Publications. Reprinted with permission.

Reference as usual for the source type where the image

was taken.
Reference
Example:

Spickard, J. V. (2017). Research basics: Design to data

analysis in 6 steps. SAGE.

Creative Follow guidelines as above for the appropriate source type,

Commons (CC) up to (not including) the Copyright statement. Instead of the
license Copyright statement, provide the Creative Commons
license abbreviation.

In-text Example:

From National Drug Strategy 2017-2026, by

Commonwealth Department of Health, 2017
(https://beta.health.gov.au/resources/publications/national-
drug-strategy-2017-2026). CC BY-4.0.

Example:
Reference
Commonwealth Department of Health. (2017). National
drug strategy 2017-2016. https://beta.health.gov.au/
resources/publications/national-drug-strategy-2017-
2026

Presentation (Author Surname/Organisation, Year)

slides
In-text Example:

Correct usage … (OWL at Purdue University, n.d.)

Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title

[Slide format]. Publisher. URL
Reference
Example:

OWL at Purdue University. (n.d.). Conquering the comma

[PowerPoint slides]. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/
general_writing/punctuation/conquering_the_comma
_presentation.html

Image Your in-text citation consists of providing an accurate and

(figure/table) you detailed description of the image, usually in the form of a
created yourself title.
In-text

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Example:

Table 1: Differences between Investor and Grower

Perspectives

You do not need an entry in the reference list, but you must
Reference include detailed information with the image in-text.

Personal (Photographer Initial. Surname, personal photograph,

photograph Month Day, Year)
In-text Example:

(M. A. Toby, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)

A personal photograph is a form of Personal

Communication and does not require an entry in the
Reference
Reference List.

Online photograph Follow guidelines above if reproducing image.

Otherwise:
In-Text
(Photographer Surname, Year)

Example:

The photograph depicts … (Schmidt, 1947)

Photographer Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title

[Photograph]. Website where photo was retrieved.
URL
Reference
Example:

Schmidt, K. (1947). Waterford Ferry after the 1947 floods

[Photograph]. Logan City Council Libraries.
https://logan.bibliocommons.com/item/show/49257409
8?active_tab=content_advisory

Computer Software and Apps

 If you mention standard software, programming languages or apps (but do not quote or
paraphrase from them) provide the name of the software (and the version number if
helpful) in-text. Reference list entries are not required.

 If you mention specialised software, programming languages or apps which your audience is
unlikely to be familiar with, include an in-text citation and reference list entry.

 If you quote or paraphrase from any software (standard or specialised) or apps, provide an
in-text citation and a reference list entry.

Type Components
Computer (Author Surname/Organisation, Year)
programs or
In-text Example:
software
Note: Italicise the name ClinTools statistical software … (Devilly, 2005)
of computer software or

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programming languages Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Title (Version)

in the reference list entry. [Computer Software/Language/Program]. Publisher. URL
Do not italicise them in-
text. Example:
Reference
Devilly, G. J. (2005). ClinTools Software for Windows
(Version 4) [Computer program]. Psytek.
http://www.clintools.com/

Apps (Author Surname, Year)

For apps where the In-text Example:
information you are using
is built in to the app, use 3D Engineering Animations + can be used … (Kokare,
the example here. 2019)
For apps that merely Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Title (Version)
provide access to
[Mobile app]. Site where app was downloaded. URL
external information (e.g.
Spotify), follow guidelines Reference Example:
for the type of source
being accessed (e.g. Kokare, V. (2019). 3D Engineering Animations + (Version
audio).
4.4) [Mobile app]. Google Play Store.
Italicise the name of apps https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.va
in the reference list entry. ibhavkokare.thirddimension&hl=en
Do not italicise them in-
text.

Personal communication
 Personal communication may be unpublished lecture notes, letters, memos, personal interviews,
telephone conversations, email or messages from non-archived discussion groups or bulletin
boards, posts or updates from social media accounts that are not publicly accessible, or
photographs, images, tables or data that you created yourself.
 Personal communications are usually non-recoverable from the reader’s perspective and are not
to be included in the Reference List, but should be cited in-text as they are referred to.
 Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as
possible.
 Lecture notes are treated as personal communication if they are unpublished (i.e. not copied and
distributed in print or on the Internet with the instructor’s permission).

Type Components
Personal (Correspondent Initial. Surname, personal communication,
Communication Month Day, Year)
In-text
a) General Examples:
b) Photograph
a) O. Sorenson (personal communication, May 29, 2018)
b) (M. A. Toby, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)
Reference No entry.

Pamphlet/brochure/fact sheet

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Type Components
a) Pamphlet or (Author Surname/Organisation, Year)
brochure
b) Fact sheet In-text Example:

a) The program is available … (USQ, 2019)

b) The Anti-Discrimination Board of NSW (2017) outline …

Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Title [Format].

Website Name. URL

Example:
Reference
a) University of Southern Queensland. (2019). Accelerated
entry pathways program (AEPP) – AEPP [Brochure].
https://www.usq.edu.au/handbook/2019/pdfs/AEPP.pdf

b) Anti-Discrimination Board of NSW. (2017). Unfair

treatment: Your rights [Fact sheet].
https://www.antidiscrimination.justice.nsw.gov.au/
Documents/unfair_treatment_Oct2017.pdf

Indigenous materials

Type Components

Consultation with University stakeholders is currently underway to discuss the inclusion of

Indigenous works in our USQ referencing guides. The purpose of this consultation will be to show
respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural beliefs and practices and to develop
referencing examples that give proper credit and acknowledgment to Indigenous people for their
role in the development of Indigenous cultural material. If you need assistance to reference
Indigenous works prior to the inclusion of examples in the USQ referencing guides, please contact
the Library.

USQ teaching materials

 StudyDesk resources:
o When citing books, book chapters, journal articles, webpages and other resources that can be
accessed independently of the StudyDesk platform (e.g. by members of the public), follow the
guidelines for the particular reference type in other areas of this guide.
o When citing resources that can only be accessed by USQ staff and students on StudyDesk,
follow the guidelines for the reference type in other areas of this guide. However, include the
StudyDesk homepage URL in the source component of the reference list entry. For example,
to cite a PowerPoint slide available only on StudyDesk, construct your reference list entry
using the example in the ‘Presentation Slides’ area of this guide and include the StudyDesk
homepage URL as the final component of your reference list entry.

Type Components
Lecture notes and (Faculty/Author Surname, Year)
handouts (Document Title, Year)
In-text
Note: These are treated Examples:

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like personal The financial focus of … (Lewis, 2011)

communication if they (EDC1300 Course Notes, 2011)
are your own notes or
unpublished. Lecture Faculty/Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Document title.
notes are considered
Name of Site. URL of StudyDesk homepage.
published if they have
been copied and
Example:
distributed in print or Reference
online with the
Lewis, M. (2011, April 12). EDC1300 Perspectives in
instructor’s permission.
education: Course notes [Lecture notes].
If author’s name is USQStudyDesk. https://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/
unknown, move the title
to the author position and EDC1300 Perspectives in education: Course notes [Lecture
italicise the title in-text.
notes]. (2011). USQStudyDesk.
https://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/

Customised Author Surname/Organisation, Year)

publications
In-text Example:
Note: In-text, give the
year of the original The staff resource … (Mishkin & Eakins, 2012/2012)
source first, followed by
the year of the custom Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Reading Title.
publication (separated by In Editor Initial. Editor Surname (Role), Course
a slash). publication title (Edition, pp. Page range). Publisher.
(Reprinted from Source title, Edition, pp. Page
In the reference list entry,
give details of the custom Range, Source Publisher).
publication first, followed
by the original source in Example:
parentheses. Reference
Mishkin, F. S., & Eakins, S. G. (2012). Overview of the
When using page financial system. In D. Pensiero & G. Adkins
numbers, use the page (Comps.), FIN8201 Finance for executives (pp. 55-
numbers of the book of 75). Pearson Australia. (Reprinted from Financial
readings. markets and institutions, 7th ed., pp. 55-75, by F. S.
Mishkin & S. G. Eakins, 2012, Pearson Education).

Recorded lecture (Author Surname, Year)

In-text
Follow guidelines for Example:
citing a podcast.
Reading strategies…. (Petersen, 2011)

Author Surname, Initial. (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title of

Reference podcast [Format]. Site Name. URL

Example:

Petersen, S. (Host). (2011, August 15). Classroom reading

pedagogy: Reading strategies [Video podcast].
USQStudyDesk. https://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/

Other online Identify the source type and follow guidelines for that type.
course material

Online course (Author Surname, Year)

reading In-text
Example:
a) When citing course
readings that can be The key to finding hope … (Bolles, 2013)
accessed independently A study states that … (Radford, 2001)
of the StudyDesk

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platform (e.g. by The tripartite model (Lynch, 2019)

members of the public),
follow the guidelines for
the particular reference
type in other areas of this
guide.

b) When citing resources

that can only be Identify the source type and follow guidelines for that type.
accessed by USQ staff Reference
and students on Example:
StudyDesk, follow the
guidelines for the a) Bolles, R. N. (2013). What color is your parachute?: A
reference type in other practical manual for job-hunters and career-
areas of this guide. changers. Ten Speed Press.
However, include the
StudyDesk homepage
URL in the source a) Radford, M. (2001). Aesthetic and religious awareness
component of the among pupils: Similarities and differences. British
reference list entry. Journal of Music Education, 18(2), 151-159.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051701000249

b) Lynch, B. (2019). MGT1000 Organisation behaviour and

management: Lecture 01.02 an introduction to self-
management [PowerPoint slides]. USQStudyDesk.
https://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/

Online forum or (Author Surname, Year)

discussion group
In-text Example:
post
If a full name is not Smith (2018) suggests …
available, use the
account name. Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of post
[Online forum]. Name of Site. URL of StudyDesk
Reference
homepage.

Example:

Smith, J. (2018, April 1). Module 2 discussion [Online

forum]. USQStudyDesk.
https://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/

Other

Type Components
Interview (Interviewee Surname, Year)
Identify the type of Examples:
source and follow
guidelines for citing In-text a) Schooling in the 30s … (Gammage, 1983)
that type (e.g. if the b) Nicholas-Borg (1991) states …
interview was
c) O. Sorenson (personal communication, May 29, 2018)
recorded and

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saved as a a) Interviewee Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format].

podcast, cite it as Name of Collection/Series (Reference number). Name of
you would a
Repository, Location.
podcast).
b) Interviewee Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title
a) Transcript of Reference [Format]. Name of Repository, Location.
recorded
interview Examples:
(recording not
accessible) a) Gammage, H. (1983, July 27). Helen Gammage interviewed by
Use date transcript Bill Gammage for the Australia 1938 oral history project
created. [Interview transcript]. Australia 1938 Oral History Project
b) Recorded and (ORAL TRC 2404 Int. no. 1150). National Library of
available in
Archive Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
c) Personal
If non-recoverable b) Nicholas-Borg, M. (1991, December 22). Manwel Nicholas-
for the reader, Borg interviewed by Barry York for the Maltese Australian
treat as a folklife and social history project [Interview]. National
personal
communication. Library of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

c) No entry

Press Release (Surname, Year)

In-text Example:

The plan provides … (Morrison & Hunt, 2019)

Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title [Press Release].

Publisher. DOI/URL
Reference Example:

Morrison, S., & Hunt, G. (2019, April 10). Boosting health

services in Tasmania [Press release]. Australian
Government Department of the Prime Minister and
Cabinet. https://www.pm.gov.au/media/boosting-health-
services-tasmania

Speech (Author Surname, Year)

For a speech you In-text Example:
attended, with no
available recording/ The Prime Minister stated … (Morrison, 2019)
transcript,
reference as a
personal
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of work where speech is
communication. from. Publisher. DOI/URL
Otherwise, Reference Example:
determine the
source type you
are referring to and Morrison, S. (2019, February 14). Statement to the House of
follow guidelines Representatives – Closing the gap 2019 [Speech
for referencing the transcript]. Australian Government Department of the Prime
source. Minister and Cabinet. https://www.pm.gov.au/media/
statement-house-representatives-closing-gap-2019

Manuscripts (Author Surname, Year)

a) Unpublished In-text Example:
manuscript
Include the a) Sports equipment was found … (Geisel, n.d.)
Department name b) As discussed in Nicholas-Borg (1969)

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and the University c) Studies show … (Diecklemann et al., 2011)

name if available.
b) Manuscript in a) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title. [Unpublished manuscript
an / Manuscript submitted for publication / Manuscript in
archive/repository
preparation]. Institution/University Department Name,
Follow up on these Institution/University Name.
if practical to
ensure you are Reference b) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title. Database Name/Archive
referring to the Name. DOI/URL
most current
version, possibly
the final c) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of article. Journal title.
publication. Advance online publication. DOI/URL

Example:

a) Geisel, T. S. (n.d.). All sorts of sports. [Unpublished

manuscript].

b) Nicholas-Borg, M. (1969). Papers of Manwel Nicholas-Borg,

1969-1991 (MS 8348) [Manuscript]. National Library of
Australia.

Your own (Your Surname, Year)

previous
In-text Example:
assignment
Smith (2018) states that …

Your Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of assignment. [Unpublished

manuscript]. Institution/University Department Name,
Institution/University Name.
Reference
Example:

Smith, J. (2018). MGT1000 Organisational behaviour and

management: Assignment 1. [Unpublished manuscript].
School of Management and Enterprise, University of
Southern Queensland.

Realia (Author Surname, Year)

Or
Follow guidelines
for books, but use
(“Title”, Year)
appropriate format In-text
Examples:
in square brackets.
For unknown
a) Activities such as … (Fractions are as Easy, 1985)
author, a shortened
title can be used in- b) (Zupelz – Orange, n.d.)
text. c) Hands-on activities … (Measuring Cylinders, n.d.)
a) Game
b) Flashcard Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Title [Format].
c) Realia Producer.
Or
Title [Format]. (Year). Producer.

Examples:
Reference
a) Fractions are as easy as pie: A game of common fractions
[Game]. (1985). Media materials.

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b) Zupelz – orange: Stimulating logical thinking; one puzzle at a

time [Flashcard]. (n.d.). Origo Education.

c) Measuring cylinders [Realia]. (n.d.). Gradplex.

Birth, death Example:

and marriage
In-text
certificates a) James was born in Mulgrave (“James Allister,” 1866)
b) They married in 1877 (“Owen Johnson and Elizabeth
a) Obtained from
Raymen,” 1877)
the holding
Repository
directly “Person’s Full Name”. (Year of event). Birth/Death/Marriage
b) Obtained from certificate of person’s Full Name/s, Month Day Year of
a subscription event (Reference number, Location of Register if different
database Reference
from Location of your source) [Description of source]. Site
Description of Name. DOI/URL
source should be
as accurate as
Examples:
possible so that the
reader may locate a) “James Allister”. (1866). Birth certificate of James Allister,
the same copy you January 27 1866 (Registration no. 16901/1866) [Digital
are citing. download]. Births Deaths and Marriages Victoria.
https://my.rio.bdm.vic.gov.au/efamily-
Common examples
for ‘description of history/5e12f7e75dd90523336dac5f/results?q=efamily
source’ include:
 certified copy b) “Owen Johnson and Elizabeth Raymen”. (1877). Marriage
 digital download certificate of Owen Johnson and Elizabeth Raymen,
 digitised copy February 11, 1877 (p78/jn1/085, London Metropolitan
 index
Archives) [Index]. Ancestry. https://www.ancestry.com/
 user-generated
tree
 database entry

Artwork (Artist Surname, Year)

In-text
a) In gallery Example:
b) In exhibition
a) In The Cypriot (Dobel, 1940) …
Unless it is an b) Time (Andrew, 2012) is an example …
important part of
your discussion, a a) Artist Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of artwork [Description].
simple description,
Name of Gallery, Gallery Location.
such as painting, Reference
installation, or b) Artist Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of artwork [Description].
sculpture, is Name of Gallery, Gallery Location.
adequate.
Dimensions and/or Example:
specifics of
materials are not a) Dobel, W. (1940). The Cypriot [oil on canvas]. Queensland Art
required. Gallery, Brisbane.

b) Andrew, B. (2012). Time [Mixed media print]. Queensland Art

Gallery and Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane.

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Sample Reference List

References

Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s 15 (Austl.).

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher education

organisations, Australia (cat. no. 8111.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8111.0

Bernstein, D. K., & Tiegerman, E. (1989). Language and communication disorders in children (2nd

ed.). Merrill.

Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training. (2002). Striving for quality:

Learning, teaching and scholarship (DEST no. 6891.HERC02A).

Hillman, K. (2005). The first year experience: The transition from secondary school to university and

TAFE in Australia (Research Report 40). Australian Council for Educational Research.

https://research.acer.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=lsay_research

Hughes-Warrington, M. (2007). History goes to the movies: Studying history on film. EPDF.PUB.

https://epdf.pub/history-goes-to-the-movies-studying-history-on-film.html

Jacobs, G. M., & Hall, S. (2002). Implementing cooperative learning. In J. C. Richards & W. A.

Renandya (Eds.), Methodology in language teaching: An anthology of current practice (pp. 52-

58). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667190.009

“James Allister”. (1866). Birth certificate of James Allister, January 27 1866 (Registration no.

16901/1866) [Digital download]. Births Deaths and Marriages Victoria.

https://my.rio.bdm.vic.gov.au/efamily-history/5e12f7e75dd90523336dac5f/results?q=efamily

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Lewis, M. (2011, April 12). EDC1300 Perspectives in education: Course notes [Lecture notes].

USQStudyDesk. https://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/

Oliveros, C. H., Field, D. J., Ksepka, D. T., Barker, F. K., Aleixo, A., Andersen, M. J., Alstrom, P.,

Benz, B. W., Braun, E. L., Braun, M. J., Bravo, G. A., Brumfield, R. T., Chesser, R. T.,

Claramunt, S., Cracraft, J., Cuervo, A. M., Derryberry, E. P., Glenn, T. C., Harvey, M. G., …

Faircloth, B. C. (2019). Earth history and the passerine superradiation. Proceedings of the

National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 116(16), 7916-7925.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813206116

Petersen, S. (2011). Classroom reading pedagogy: Reading strategies [Video podcast].

USQStudyDesk. https://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/

PsychExamReview. (2017, March 5). Long-term memory (Intro Psych tutorial #73) [Video].

YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK4TeETxwdM

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