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QUIZ 1: DEFINITION:
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The work or business of installing in buildings the
pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus for bringing
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in the water supply and removing liquid and
6 waterborne wastes
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PLUMBING SYSTEM 9
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Lecture 01 - WATER SUPPLY
Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez 10

PARTS OF BUILDING’S PLUMBING SYSTEM: BASIC FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING’S PLUMBING

SYSTEM:
The essential component is the FIXTURES: without
SUPPLY - the piping that brings the water to its them there is no need for the others.
points of use Providing water and drainage for sanitation
The chief criteria for designing a plumbing and potable water needs
FIXTURES - point-of-use receptacles that system are its number of fixtures, number of
receive the supply water and discharge the fixture units, supply main flow rate, and water Disposal of precipitation falling on the building.
waterborne wastes pressure at the highest fixture. This system is referred to as the stormwater
system
WASTE - the piping and venting that convey
the wastes and any associated gases from
its points of use to outside the building

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SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY: SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY: GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER:

SURFACE SOURCES: UNDERGROUND SOURCES:

Alkalinity
Lakes, Streams, Rivers Shallow Wells, Deep Wells, Artesian Wells,
Reservoirs, Run-off from roofs & paved areas Artesian Springs, Land Springs Caused by bicarbonate, carbonate, or
hydroxide components. Testing for
these components of water’s alkalinity is a
key to determining which treatments to use

GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER: CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER:

Hardness pH
The pH value is the starting point
for determining treatments for
Hard water inhibits the cleaning action of soaps A measure of the water’s hydrogen ion
corrosion control, chemical
and detergents, and it deposits scale on the concentration, as well as its relative acidity
dosages, and disinfection.
inside of hot water pipes and cooking utensils, or alkalinity.
thus wasting heating fuel and making utensils
unusable. Hardness, which is caused by
calcium and magnesium salts, can be
classified as temporary (carbonate) or
permanent (noncarbonate)

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WATER CONTAMINATION: WATER CONTAMINATION:

below 7 indicate increasing acidity
and corrosiveness
Rainwater - carbon dioxide, sulphur, and nitro
oxides (from air)
water in its natural state can have
a pH as low as 5.5, with 0 being the
Surface & Substrata Water Sources – inorganic
ultimate acidity
materials such as calcium, magnesium,
and sodium. These are responsible for water
hardness
higher than 7 indicate increasing
alkalinity, with 14 representing the
Organic matter from decaying vegetation,
ultimate alkalinity
animals, & untreated waste can provide
bacteria contamination causing typhoid,
cholera, & dysentery

WATER CONTAMINATION: WATER CONTAMINATION:

BOARD EXAM QUESTION:

What is the use of chlorine? Chlorination is the process used to destroy any
bacterial microbes before general
a. Water Disinfectant distribution to water mains

b. Water Purifier

c.

d.

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WATER CONTAMINATION: WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Sterilisation by injection Gravitational Distribution Gravitational Distribution – the water from

upland gathering grounds is impounded in a
adding 0.1-0.3 ppm Pumped Distribution reservoir. There are no pumping costs with
of chlorine after the this system
filtration process to
destroy organic
matter

WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Pumped Distribution – water extracted from a Ring Main Distribution – a preferred distribution Valves used in controlling or isolating
river is pumped into a settlement tank, as sections can be isolated with minimal distribution section:
subsequently filtered & chlorinated. disruption & more opportunity for water to
maintain a flow Stop Valve (globe type)

Gate or Sluice Valve

Drain Valve

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WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Stop Valve (globe type) Gate or Sluice Valve Drain Valve

Used to control the flow Used to control the flow Installed at the
of water at high of water on low lowest point in pipe
pressure. pressure installations. systems, boilers, and
The wheel head is storage vessels
To close the flow of rotated clockwise to
water the crutch head control the flow of
handle is rotated water
slowly in a clockwise
direction gradually
reducing the flow

WATER DISTRIBUTION: CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN:

METALS USED FOR VALVES: Service Pipe Service Pipe

Up to 100ºC - Brass Supply Pipe connection that is made to the main and is
50% zinc & 50% copper run to a stop valve near to the site
Distributing Pipe boundary of the building; maintenance is
More than 100ºC - Gun Metal the responsibility of the water company.
5% zinc, 85% copper, &
10% tin Pressure is usually between
50-70psi

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CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN:

Service Pipe Supply Pipe Distributing Pipe

The pipe that run from stop valve to, and into, any pipe (other than an overflow or flush pipe)
the building. Maintenance is the that conveys water from a storage cistern or
responsibility of the building owner from hot water apparatus

CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: STATIC PRESSURE

STATIC PRESSURE
STATIC PRESSURE Which has the One cubic foot of water
greater pressure? weighs 62.4 lb. Consider
a “cube” of water 1 ft
The pressure exerted at the bottom of a A or B square and 1 ft high. Its
stationary “head” of water is related directly
weight (62.4 lb) rests on
to its height.
a bottom area of 1 ft²
(144 in²).

The static pressure at the

bottom is 62.4/144 =
0.433 psi (3 kPa).

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BOARD EXAM QUESTION:

STATIC PRESSURE
Which is the highest pressure?
For 144feet and 1 inch² diameter
pipe.
a. 2nd floor

b. Underground
The static pressure at the bottom
is 62.4/1 = 62.4 psi
c. Ground Floor

d. At the Vertical Pipe

CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System

Distributing Pipe INDIRECT SYSTEM – from a cold storage cistern INDIRECT SYSTEM for
Residential Project
any pipe (other than an overflow or flush pipe) DIRECT SYSTEM – from the mains water pressure
that conveys water from a storage cistern or
from hot water apparatus

TYPES OF SYSTEMS USED:

Cold Water Supply System

Hot Water Supply System

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System

BOARD EXAM QUESTION:

INDIRECT SYSTEM for Multi- Which is an illegal thing to do………. INDIRECT SYSTEM: Advantages
storey Buildings
a. Booster pump directly getting water • The reserve of water in the cistern that may be
Suction Tank or Break Tank directly from water main then distributed called on against interruption of supply to
is used to provide an to the Townhouse units provide regular flow
additional buffer between
the street mains and the b. Tap directly from water main then • The air gap between the supply pipe and the
pumps that replenish the directly to the fixture units water level in the cistern acts as an effective
depleted water in the barrier to backflow into the mains supply,
storage tanks c. Provide a cistern then provide water to which can cause contamination
the townhouse units

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System

INDIRECT SYSTEM: Disadvantages DIRECT SYSTEM: DIRECT SYSTEM: from Water Main

• The considerable weight of a filled cistern has from Water Main Advantages:
to be supported at high level
• A uniformly high-pressure supply to all hot-
• The inconvenience of access to the cistern for and cold-water outlets
inspection and maintenance

• The possibility of the cistern overflowing

• Animals and insects may enter the cistern and

contaminate the water held in the open cistern

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System

DIRECT SYSTEM: from Water Main GENERAL CATEGORIES: GENERAL CATEGORIES:

Disadvantages: Storage (Tank-type) Storage (Tank-type)

Gas Water Heater
• Discontinuity of supply to all hot- and cold- Electric Water Heater consists of an insulated
water outlets if mains supply is interrupted water-storage tank and a
Instantaneous (Tankless) heating means, which
• The need for comparatively frequent In-line Type heats the fixed quantity
inspection, maintenance and repair of many Point-of-Use Type of water in the tank &
valves and controls to the system Multi-point stores it until it is needed
Single-point

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System

Gas Water Heater Electric Water Heater GENERAL CATEGORIES:

Instantaneous (Tankless)

In-line Type

instantly heat water as it

passes through on the
way to the hot water
fixture

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

GENERAL CATEGORIES: Water Meter Water Meter

Valves
Instantaneous Water System Valves Installed in buildings where
Tank Valves water use is measured
Point-of-use or local type Pumps

self-contained units that

are located close to the
fixture or fixtures requiring
hot waters

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

BOARD EXAM QUESTION:
Water Meter What is used to shut off flow of water during Valves
Valves maintenance?
Water System Valves Water System Valves
Tank Valves a. Angle Valve
Pumps Gate Valve
b. Gate Valve

c. Check Valve

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Gate Valve Gate Valve

Valves • operates by raising or • sometimes referred to as

lowering a metal gate a fullway gate valve as
into, or out of, the line of when it is fully open it
the pipework as the does not restrict flow
spindle is screwed down along the pipeline, unlike
or up the globe valve

• gate valve is used where

there is low pressure flow
in the pipeline, such as
that from cistern feed
systems

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Globe Valve

Valves • control or shut flow Valves

through a disc that is
Water System Valves lowered slowly by turning Water System Valves
a screwdown spindle to a
Globe Valve seating (they are also Check Valve
described as screw down
valves) An automatic valve
which permits liquid to
• commonly used in high flow in only one
pressure and hot water direction
pipework

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Valves Valves Valves

Water System Valves Water System Valves Water System Valves

Angle Valve Ball Valve Drain-and-Waste Valve

A valve for controlling A valve for regulating a valve used to drain

the flow of a liquid or the flow of fluids by a water or other liquid
air; the fluid leaves at movable ball which from a pipework
right angles to the fits in a spherical seat installation
direction in which it
enters the valve

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Valves Valves Valves

Water System Valves Water System Valves Water System Valves

Fixture Shutoff Valve Bib Tap Bib Tap

a simple water tap

for filling or emptying
vessels etc. whose
nozzle is bent
downwards

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Water Meter Valves Valves

Valves
Water System Valves Tank Valves (Float valves) Tank Valves (Float valves)
Tank Valves
Pumps Automatic flow control Types:
devices fitted to cisterns to Diaphragm
maintain an appropriate Portsmouth
volume of water Croydon

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Tank Valves (Float valves) Tank Valves (Float valves) Tank Valves (Float valves)

Diaphragm type Portsmouth type Croydon type

The least noisy as there is less friction between Have a piston moving horizontally Have a piston moving
moving parts vertically

Likely to be found in
very old installations

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

PUMPS
Water Meter Pumps
Valves
Centrifugal
Water System Valves a mechanical device for providing
Tank Valves the force to move mass materials in
• Best for moving large volumes of water at low-
Pumps liquid, granular or gaseous form, or
to-medium pressures
to compress gases
• good for steady flows, low-to-high discharge
pressures, and dirty, abrasive, or partly solid
Types:
liquids.
Centrifugal
Rotary
Reciprocating

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

BOARD EXAM QUESTION:
PUMPS PUMPS
What type of pipe is NOT recommended for
Rotary water line?
Reciprocating

• Best for moving viscous or high-pressure a. Copper

• Good for high discharge pressures and small
liquids; capacities, clean and clear liquids, and
b. Lead
pulsing flows
• good for steady flows, medium discharge
pressures, and small-to-medium capacities c. G.I.
• Not good where pulsing flows are undesirable.

• Not good for abrasive liquids

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

PIPING Piping Copper Piping

Consists of pipe or tubing and fittings Has strong resistance to corrosion

Called as “copper tubing” because of its thin

Types: wall

Copper Piping

Plastic Piping

Steel Piping

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Union Drop-ear Elbows
Copper Piping Copper Piping
Reducer Threaded Adapters
Fittings are soldered to the tubing and called Solder Types:
as “sweat joints” 90º Elbow Caps
29% tin + 71% lead @ 210ºC
(traditional application, prohibited) Reducing Elbow

63% tin + 37% lead @ 185ºC 45º Elbow

(for electrical application)
T-fittings Copper Fittings
99% tin + 1% copper @ 235ºC
(lead-free for water system) Reducing T-fittings

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Plastic Piping Plastic Piping Plastic Piping

the pipes & fittings are produced from synthetic lightweight PE (polyethylene)
resins derived from fossil fuels, such as coal &
petroleum cheaper than copper a flexible tubing that can be snaked through
walls and around corners
like copper, plastic piping does not present Types:
corrosion problems PE can bend without breaking when buried in
ABS settling soil, and is highly resistant to unusual soil
PVC conditions
CPVC
PB Typical diameters are 3/4, 1, 11/2, and 2 inches

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Plastic Piping Plastic Piping Plastic Piping

ABS (acrylonitrile-butadine-styrene) PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
PE (polyethylene)
a rigid black pipe that is fairly strong and a rigid white pipe that is strong & economical
Maximum Pressure = 40 psi at 100˚F
economical
it resists most acids & alkalis but not chlorinated
Maximum Temperature for nonpressure use =
Typical diameters are 11/4, 11/2, 2, 21/2, 3, 4, hydrocarbons & certain solvents
180˚F
and 6 inches
Typical diameters are 11/4, 11/2, 2, 21/2, 3, 4,
Used for low-pressure cold water underground
Maximum pressure = 40 psi at 100˚F and 6 inches
services
most common plastic piping for drains & vents

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Plastic Piping Plastic Piping Plastic Piping

PVC (polyvinyl chloride) CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) PB (polybutane)

Maximum Pressure = 40 psi at 100˚F a cream-colored rigid pipe that is very strong a flexible tubing that can also be snaked
and has a chemical resistance similar to PVC through walls and around corners
Maximum temperature for nonpressure use =
180˚F Common diameters are 1/2 and 3/4 inches Connections are usually compression type; it
cannot be solvent-welded
Used for cold water supply, drain, waste, vent, Maximum Pressure = 100 psi at 180˚F
and some process piping Typical diameters are 3/4, 1, 11/2, and 2 inches
Used for hot and cold water supply as well as
process piping Maximum Pressure = 40 psi at 180˚F

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Union Drop-ear Elbows
Plastic Piping: Disadvantages Plastic Piping: Disadvantages
Reducer Threaded Adapters
more easily cracked or crushed than copper or cannot withstand pressures above 100 psi
steel 90º Elbow Caps
pipes flex when water is turned off, making them
has high coefficient of expansion prone to fatigue-cracking over time, thus Reducing Elbow
require frequent support
brittle at low temperatures 45º Elbow
Usually not allowed for commercial plumbing
loses strength above 180˚ F T-fittings Plastic Fittings

Reducing T-fittings

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Plastic Piping Steel Piping Steel Piping

Fittings are connected to available in Galvanized pipe resists rust better, but black is
the tubing using fusion galvanized or black the finest piping if it is to be exposed to fire or
by solvent cement or by types in standard high temperatures
fusion machine (the most common),
extra heavy, & Common diameters are 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1,
double extra heavy 11/4, 1-1/2, 2, 2-1/2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12
weights inches

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Steel Piping Steel Piping: Advantages Steel Piping: Disadvantages

Connections are threaded Best for high temperatures, pressures, and Expensive
velocities
Heavy
Lowest coefficient of expansion
Brittle in very cold temperatures
The strongest piping; thus its lengths require the
least support

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Steel Piping: Fittings Steel Piping: Fittings Steel Piping: Fittings

Coupling

Plug Nipple Cap Elbow 45º Elbow

Reducer

Tee Union/Bushing

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Piping Requirement

Thermal Expansion: Point-of-Use Filtration Systems: Centralized Filtration Systems:

Deformation of pipe
shapes subjected to
thermal expansion

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BOARD EXAM QUESTION:

Common “Grades” of Water in Buildings: Common “Grades” of Water in Buildings:
What do you call liquid waste (without urine,
feces, or industrial waste) discharges into the Dark graywater (from washing machines with dirty
Potable water (usually treated, suitable for
sewer? diaper loads, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers;
drinking)
usually prohibited for reuse)
a. Gray Water
Rainwater
Clearwater (backwash water from reverse
b. Storm Water osmosis water treatment; condensation from a
Graywater (wastewater not from toilets or urinals)
cooling coil)
c. Black Water
Blackwater (water containing toilet or urinal
waste)
d. Ground Water

QUIZ: QUIZ:

Plumbing Symbols:

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