What is a cell?

animal

microscopic structure that is the basic unit of all living things

small room

small structure that creates living things

2. What is the function of the cell wall?

tells the cell what to do

lets water pass in and out

lets molecules pass in and out

gives the plant structure and support

3. Which cell structure has a cell's genetic material?

organelle

nucleus

cell envelope

cytoplasm

4. Which structure is made up of fats and proteins and surrounds a cell?

plasma membrane

cell wall

cell envelope

cytoplasm

5. Which cell structure stores food, nutrients, and waste?

vacuole

cell membrane

vacuum

cell body
6. What type of cells have membranes?

plant cells

animal cells

all cells

algae cells

7. What are the differences between plants and animal cells?

Animal cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and one large vacuole.

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and one large vacuole.

Plant cells are eukaryotic, and animal cells are prokaryotic.

Animal cells are eukaryotic, and plant cells are prokaryotic.

8. Ribosomes are found

on smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

in the nucleus.

on the Golgi apparatus.

on rough endoplasmic reticulum.

9. is the gel-like substance found in a cell.

Cytoplasm

Chlorophyll

Water

10. Which organelle may be absent in eukaryotic cells?

nucleus

mitochondria

plasma membrane

chloroplast

11. Which structure is not in a prokaryotic cell?

plasma membrane

nucleus

genetic material

12. A substance has to pass through various parts of a plant cell before reaching the nucleus. Which of
the following shows the correct order of these parts?

cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm

cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm

cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall

13. Structure X of a cell is missing. This results in the lack of control of the activities that take place in the
cell. Part X is likely the

nucleus.

cytoplasm.

chloroplast.

cell membrane.

14. Explain the importance of the cytoskeleton for animal cells.

The cytoskeleton in eukaryotes is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm; they
maintain cell shape which is important for animal cells that lack cell walls.

15. Draw a plant cell and name 7 parts of it.

cell wall

cell membrane

nucleus

nuclear membrane

large vacuole containing cell sap

cytoplasm

chloroplast
mitochondrion

starch grain inside chloroplast

membrane around

Cell Structure Vocabulary

Instructions: Use the word bank to complete each statement about cell structure.

Word Bank: chloroplast; cell membrane; endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi bodies; vacuole; organelles;
lysosomes; cell wall; cytoplasm; cell; mitochondria; nucleolus; nucleus; ribosome

1. The jellylike substance between the cell membrane and the organelles that supports the cell and
allows the parts to move is called .

2. A(n) is the smallest functional and structural unit of all organisms.

3. are tiny structures inside cells that carry out specific functions.

4. The is the control center of the cell. It directs the cells activities.

5. The is a flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell from the environment
outside a cell.

6. A(n) is what gives plant cells a rigid shape.

7. A part in a plant cell that uses sunlight to make food is called a(n) .

8. are rod-shaped cell structures that produce most of the energy needed to carry out
the cell's functions.

9. The organelles that package cellular substances for export are .

10. Organelles called contain enzymes, which break down worn-out or damaged
organelles, waste materials, and foreign invaders in the cell.

11. A(n) is a cell structure where proteins are manufactured.

12. The is a cell structure that creates a maze of passageways where protein
and other materials are moved from one side of the cell to the other.

13. A structure in a cell that stores food, water or wastes is called a(n)

.
14. Most cells have a(n) in the center of the nucleus which stores materials to make
ribosomes

Photosynthesis is

the green material in plants that traps energy from sunlight and uses it to break down water molecules
into atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.

the growth tissue that produces the xylem and phloem.

the process by which green plants use chemicals from the environment and energy from the Sun to
make their own food.

2. Photosynthesis is an instance of

homeostasis.

reproduction.

metabolism.

growth and development.

cell structure.

3. The first step in photosynthesis is the

absorption of light energy.

synthesis of water.

production of oxygen.

formation of ATP.

4. In a typical plant, which factor is NOT necessary for photosynthesis?

chlorophyll

light

oxygen

carbon dioxide

5. In photosynthesis, water undergoes , while carbon dioxide undergoes .

oxidation; reduction

reduction; oxidation
no change; oxidation

none of the above

6. Oxygen made during photosynthesis results from the

absorption of light.

splitting of water molecules.

mitochondrial membranes.

splitting of carbon dioxide molecules.

7. Many plants are excellent at photosynthesis because they

have few mesophyll cells in their leaves.

are equipped with many leaves that have many mesophyll cells, which in turn have many chloroplasts.

are able to transform light energy into heat energy for cellular work.

can carry out photosynthesis in their roots, stems, flowers as well as their leaves.

produce an abundant supply of oxygen that is an important input for photosynthesis.

8. What is the equation for photosynthesis?

sunlight+CO2+H2O---> glucose+O2+energy

9. Many people say that people depend on plants as much as plants depend on people. Using your
knowledge of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, explain why this statement is true.

In order for photosynthesis to occur, plants need sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. When plants use
the carbon dioxide that is readily available to them in the environment to undergo photosynthesis, one
of their byproducts is releasing oxygen gas back into the atmosphere. Humans need oxygen gas into
order to breathe (cellular respiration). After cellular respiration has occurred in humans, they release
carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. Thus these two processes are related in that they are
practically the opposite of each other

10. Draw a picture of a chloroplast. Be sure to label the parts that are significant to photosynthesis and
give me a brief explanation of each part.

Stroma- the space outside the thylakoid membrane

Granum- a stack of thylakoids

Thylakoids- sac like structures that are made of protein and the pigment chlorophyll
The units of heredity that determine which traits, or characteristics, that children inherit from their
parents are

muscles.

genes.

birth.

zygote.

2. In your own words, explain Mendel's law of segregation.

The two alleles for a trait must separate when gametes are formed.

A parent randomly passes only one allele for each trait to each offspring.

3. Suppose there is a man heterozygous for brown hair (Bb), his wife is homozygous for blond hair (bb),
and their neighbor is homozygous for brown hair (BB). The couple's baby has blond hair. Using your
knowledge of heredity, can the baby be the neighbor's kid? Explain.

Table 2x2

No. The neighbor can only pass down the dominant allele for brown hair. Therefore, the husband, who
also carries the recessive gene for blond hair, fathered the baby.

4. What are the alternative forms of genes?

alleles

genotypes

phenotypes

inherited patterns

traits

5. Mendel's law of dominance states that

an organism will always be stronger than its parents.

only the alleles from the male parent will appear in the phenotype of the offspring.

traits will disappear from phenotypes during the dominant generation and reappear during the recessive
generation.

if an organism inherits two different alleles, only the dominant one will show up in its phenotype.
6. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism. It is the actual genes that code for a particular trait. A
phenotype is the actual expression of those genes. It is what the trait looks like.

7. When Mendel crossed pea plants, he termed the first generation of offspring as the first filial from
Latin meaning "son."

8. What is the term for the breeding of parents when only one trait is being investigated?

law of segregation

monohybrid cross

dihybrid cross

Punnett square

9. An individual who has two exact copies of an allele is heterozygous.

True

False

10. When considering different genotypes, what are the three conditions that can exist according to
Mendel's law of segregation?

The three conditions are homozygous dominant (BB), heterozygous (Bb), an

Which is a function of the plasma membrane?

breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foods

stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates

keeps the cell wall in place

regulates which materials enter and leave the cell

2. Explain the plasma membrane.

The plasma membrane consists of a bilayer of phospholipids with various proteins attached to it; the
phospholipid tails in the interior of the membrane are hydrophobic and the phospholipid heads, the
exterior proteins and any carbohydrate chains are hydrophilic; the specific functions of a membrane
depend on the kinds of phospholipids and proteins present.

3. What is the main function of a selectively permeable membrane?

store water
store chemicals

break down molecules within the cell

regulate what enters and leaves the cell

4. The plasma membrane is described as being fluid mosaic. What does this mean?

This means that the plasma membrane has only membrane proteins and it is watery

This means that the plasma membrane has different types of phospholipids, which are hydrophilic

This means that the plasma membrane is made of water that has phospholipids that float in it

This means that proteins, which are embedded in the plasma membrane, are able to drift about in the
membrane

This means that plasma membrane produces a large amount of water

5. In a cell, water always moves to reach an equal concentration on both sides of the membrane.

True

False

6. What are the two types of transport proteins? Explain how they allow materials to cross the plasma
membrane.

The two transport proteins are carrier and channel proteins. Channel proteins are embedded in the cell
membrane and have a pore for materials to cross. Carrier proteins can change shape to move material
from one side of the membrane to the other.

7. What structure allows the plasma membrane to be attached to fibers in the extracellular matrix (ECM)
and to microfilaments in the cell's cytoplasm?

aquaporin

collagen fiber

connecting glycoprotein

integrin

none of the above

8. What are the two parts of the cell membrane that serve as sites of cell recognition?

peripheral and integral membrane proteins

glycolipids and glycoproteins of the membrane

hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends of the membrane lipids

9. Plasmodesmata are the structures found in plant cell membranes that allow for intra and intercellular
communication.

10. Which type of protein could be most easily removed from the cell membrane during a laboratory
experiment?

integral proteins

channel proteins

gated channel proteins

peripheral proteins

What is homeostasis?

fluctuation between very high and low values

ingestion of enough food to satisfy hunger

tendency of the body to maintain a stable environment

ability to remain within certain limited ranges

2. How does negative feedback lead to homeostasis?

Negative feedback is the body's way of returning a deviation back to normal. For example, if the body is
infected by a microorganism, negative feedback attempts to "burn it out" by inducing a fever. This
increase in body temperature is an attempt to kill the invader and return to normal body functioning.
Negative feedback returns the body back to its homeostatic condition.

3. Which statement about positive feedback is false?

Positive feedback is observed more readily than negative feedback.

Positive feedback reaches a limit at which it terminates quickly.

Positive feedback amplifies the response.

Positive feedback is exemplified by sexual behavior.

positive feedback

negative feedback

homeostasis

feedforward information

5. You are standing in line at a movie theater anxiously awaiting the opening of your favorite superhero
movie. After an hour, you see the ticket taker moving towards the podium. With what has observing this
action provided you?

error signal

positive feedback

negative feedback

feedforward information

6. Which structure does an elephant use to maintain an internal homeostatic environment?

tail

tusks

trunk

ears

7. Which scenario is an example of a negative feedback response?

a mouse running away from a predator

a baby shivering because it is cold

a plant bending toward a light source

a flower growing in a nutrient-rich soil

8. The frame of reference an organism's body uses to determine if there has been a deviation from
normal processes is a set point.

9. The main mammalian body systems that are involved with the maintenance of a homeostatic
environment include the nervous system and the endocrine system.
10. What is an effector, and how is it related to homeostasis?

An effector is a part of an organism's body that effects changes when homeostasis has been disrupted.
For example, muscles contract and relax very quickly to generate heat when the body is cold. Cells that
produce acids within the stomachs of many organisms are also examples of effectors. Effectors are
considered controlled systems because they respond to the input of different hormones and other
chemicals. They also are controlled by other regulatory systems that process and integrate information
from all the senses and then produce the appropriate respo