6.

DEVELOPING KARNATAKA COASTAL BIODIVERSITY INFORMATION SYSTEM

Preparation of Karnataka Coastal Biodiversity Information System

Under the KUDCEM project GIS base maps have already been developed which can be
used to develop Karnataka Coastal Biodiversity Information System by surveying the
Biodiversity components in the coastal areas. Karnataka Forest Department has also developed
Karnataka Biodiversity Information System (KBIS) with the help of ISRO for many forest
species of Western ghats. Using data from this KBIS, a comprehensive database of coastal
ecosystem of both fauna and flora can be developed for the use of State agencies involved in
the management and conservation of Biodiversity Resources.

The following steps were involved in developing the Karnataka Coastal Biodiversity
Information System.
• Collection of primary data of Fauna and Flora through survey in different habitats and
their characteristics
• Collection of primary information in a GIS compatible mode using Mobile mapping
unit / GPS instrument
• GIS Base map preparation for the Karnataka coast line from available sources
• Satellite Remote Sensing based data integration using IRS P6 RESOURCESAT LISS 4
Data for the entire Karnataka Coast line.
• Derived maps (Coastal geomorphology, Marine Geology, Coastal landuse, etc.,) from
the above satellite data and integration of the same into the GIS domain
• Collection of secondary data from various organisations (Forest and Fisheries Dept.,)
• Integration of the above secondary data with the data from other sources under GIS
• Analysis, validation and documentation of the data so collected before using for GIS
• Mapping of information of different themes on GIS System using KUDCEM base maps
• Developing Biodiversity Conservation values different habitats.

Using the database created above it was proposed to integrate the same into an
Information System to cater to wide varieties of decision making toolbox. This kind of an
information system was specifically customized under Karnataka biodiversity information
system which would cater to various requirements of forestry sector. A similar information
system focused on the coastal environment and their management is developed (KCBIS) which
would cater to all necessary requirements of coastal and marine resources.

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 The package would host a comprehensive GIS database on all coastal and marine
resources and would support decision making and strong information base for the decision
makers and planners. An upto date database is created which capture relevant information of
the Karnataka Coast accurately. Various additional information from other sources and also
through field traverses using mobile mapping unit / handheld GPS was used to gather the data
in a GIS compatible mode for further integration. A detailed database design standards is
worked out by ISRO specific to Karnataka and the same is created and integrated into the
KCBIS. The package so developed is according to the specification and requirement of the
Karnataka Biodiversity Board. This kind of an information system will serve a long way for
better monitoring and management of the coastal processes in the coastal Karnataka.

The following outputs are envisaged through the development of KCBIS:

a) At present the information on Coastal Biodiversity resources is very scanty and
available with the different institutions. Therefore KCBIS will help Karnataka
Biodiversity Board in collating and consolidation of the data to develop appropriate
management strategies for the state.
b) The KCBIS will help various agencies (Research, Academic, Administration and Local
bodies, Forest Dept., Biodiversity Board, NGOs etc.,) to develop and conserve
sustainable measures in the State.
c) KCBIS will act as a base line information data for further monitoring of the changes
with Biodiversity status in different eco-systems.
d) The package could also be built as a client-server tool to support access of the senior
level officers / decision makers for network-based access to the database and decision
support.
e) The package could generate varieties of customized outputs in the form of derived
maps, which could be viewed or printed for field verifications or for decision making.
f) The package could also support necessary spatial analysis based on the user criteria for
working out varieties of scenarios of conservation.
g) It would be possible for the user to derive maps of desired scale and plot the same for
use as required.
h) Since the package would be supporting Analysis, Query and Display / Plotting / Output
generation, there will be flexibility for the decision maker to choose them at will for
further use.

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 i) Provision is also made to update the database as an when new datasets are available.
This enables regular updating of the database and hence serves the requirements of the
up-to-date information in digital domain.

7. Formation of BMCs for Management of Biodiversity

The Karnataka Biodiversity Board has coordinated various agencies for all the
activities. It has prepared a Model People’s Biodiversity Register, guidelines to prepare
People’s Biodiversity Register, translation of Biodiversity Rules into Kannada.

Preparation of People’s Biodiversity Registers and Stakeholders Capacity Building

Flora Biodiversity Preparation of Fauna Biodiversity

Survey and KCBIS Survey and
Documentation Documentation

Database for PBRs Karnataka Capacity Building

Preparation and Biodiversit of General Public
Maintainence y Board

Formation of BMC Capacity Building

and Preparation of of BMC preparing
PBRs PBRs

7.1 Preparation of People’s Biodiversity Registers

Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) have been identified in the three coastal
districts by the Karnataka Biodiversity Board as per Government guidelines. Each of BMCs is
to carry out the preparation of People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) in corporating the
biodiversity of its area. All the teams were trained in the preparation of PBRs by EMPRI.

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7.2 Developing Stakeholders Capacity of BMCs and general public through training

As envisaged earlier in the project proposal, the awareness creation and capacity
building of bio-diversity stakeholders is very critical to develop Bio-diversity Management
System in the state including PBR’s preparation and establishment of BMC’s in
Gramapanchayats. Under this component was proposed to conduct awareness creation
programmes among the stakeholders in all the taluks of coastal districts by inviting
stakeholders from Grampanchayat’s, Village Forest Committee’s, Government Dept’s, NGO’s,
teachers, local body elected members, nati vaidya’s, fishermen, formers, small traders,
agricultural laborers, NTFP collectors, industrialists, and such other stakeholders.

In the awareness creation program, the stakeholders were exposed to the Biodiversity
Acts provisions including formation of Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC’s), duties
and power of BMC’s, benefit sharing mechanism, People Biodiversity Register (PBR)
preparation etc. The program was conducted at Taluk and Gram Panchayat level. The
resource persons were trained as Training of Trainers (ToT’s) on the training module and
teaching methods. Similarly there were second level training program for the elected BMC
members regarding institutional development, PBR surveys, data collection, documentation,
accountancy, book keeping, equity and biodiversity resource management and field visit.

EMPRI has taken up the training programme of various stakeholders by developing training
module on various topics on Biodiversity management, PBR preparation and carrying out
training.

7.3 Training Module Preparation:

A training module has been developed by EMPRI covering the various apects
Biodiversity. The training materials in Kannada, which is given to the participants covering
topics such as forestry, agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, wild life, flora and fauna of Coastal
area.

7.4 Conducting Awareness Programs on Bio-diversity Conservation and Management in

coastal districts of the state

The training on awareness on Biodiverstiy Management and PBR preparation were

conducted by EMPRI. Topics covered include
a. Creating awareness on provisions of Bio-diversity Act,2002 & Rules

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 b. Development of skills on identification of species, Inventrorisation & documentation of
Biological resources
c. Imparting skills on sustainable harvesting of biological resources & their regeneration
d. Social skills, community development, decision making, equitable benefit sharing &
accounting, etc
e. Value addition, marketing income generation
f. Conservation & species recovery techniques
g. Field Visit for skill identification & development & method of resource mapping
h. Methodology for preparation of people Bio-diversity Registers

8. Survey and Inventorying of Marine Ecosystem

World depends on self-sustaining biological systems that include many kinds of

organisms. This requires the preservation of variety of life, i.e., biological diversity or
biodiversity. Such efforts require inventory knowledge and an understanding of natural and
artificial changes in biodiversity. Our knowledge of biological diversity is still very poor, with
no more than 1/10 of the world’s species presently known (Langreth, 1995). Similarly, we are
only now beginning investigations to detect and quantify changes to understand the nature,
extent and ecological implications of changes in biodiversity. Thus, efforts are needed in
assessing taxonomic diversity and the processes that affect diversity.

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) signed at the UNCED “Earth Summit” in

Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, came into force in 1993, and has been ratified by more than 150
countries. Diversity is a fundamental concept of community ecology, having a long history in
both theoretical and applied studies (May, 1988). Human activities are rapidly reducing the
Earth’s biological diversity (Myers, 1979). Heywodd (1995) has found that physical
destruction of ecosystems is the most pervasive cause of biodiversity. Generally, it is reported
that the state of the world’s aquatic biodiversity is very precarious, the rate of loss being
alarmingly high (Philipp et al., 1995). In the sea, physical destruction of ecosystems caused by
the use of mobile fishing gears is equal or more important threat to biodiversity than that
caused by over-fishing and pollution. Marine organisms are the only major food resource of
mankind that is primarily supplied through direct harvest from wild populations. The
acceptance of large-scale harvests from the wild coupled with the invisibility of fishes creates a
unique situation in resource management. At the species level, the mixed fishery results in
inadvertent kill, for instance, of dolphins when fishing for tuna.

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 India with a land area of 2.2% of the Earth harbours over 1.2 lakh or more than 7.5% of
the world’s known species. As compared to the terrestrial biodiversity, less information is
available on marine biota. Marine life consists of a large number of species belonging to
various habitats. Various ecosystems are threatened because of developmental activities like
mining, dredging, reclamation, which resulted in disappearance of several marine organisms.
Only a fraction of the damage is known to science.

India has an 8,129 km long coastline and a continental shelf area of about 0.5 million
km2 and possesses rich and diverse marine biodiversity. Marine biodiversity in India has drawn
greater attention from the 18th century onwards. India is one among the 12 mega-biodiversity
countries and 25 hotspots of the richest and highly endangered eco-regions of the world (Myers
et al. 2000). However, major studies from India have been conducted only on the commercially
important organisms such as crustaceans, molluscs, holothurians and higher vertebrates. So far,
survey and inventorying of marine flora and fauna have been conducted only in selected
locations along the mainland coast where, some of the research institutions like CMFRI, ZSI,
NIO are based.

Coastal areas are some of the most productive and important habitats of the biosphere
including estuaries, backwaters and coastal wetlands. These areas are highly preferred for
setting up commerce, industry and military and establishments for residential purposes. Over
11,000 faunal (10,400 invertebrates and 625 vertebrates) and over 800 floral (624 algae, 50
mangroves, 32 angiosperms, 71 fungi, 14 lichens, 12 sea grass) species have been identified
from Indian coastal areas (Untawale et al, 2000, Anon, 2002, Venkataraman and Wafar, 2005).

During spring inter-monsoon period (March-May), the entire Arabian Sea has very low
primary productivity (14-21 mgC/m-2/d-1). During this period, the Arabian Sea attains typical
tropical structure. These periods have higher sea surface temperature (>28 0C), shallow mixed
layer depth at 20-30 m and strong stratification.

The entire Karnataka coastline is divided into nine equal sampling grids of 0.25o
starting from south to north. From each grid, flora and fauna were collected to cover the inter-
tidal, sub-tidal, estuarine and island ecosystems using the standard sampling procedures
explained below. The latitude and longitude of the sampling stations were fixed using portable
Global Positioning System (Garmin GPS, Model XL 12, USA) with an accuracy of + 10m.
Stations were marked using the GPS and the data were transferred after linking to a computer
using the software Garmin Map Source. Stations were marked on the map using the software.
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Samples were first sorted group-wise, labeled and preserved for identification. Specimens were
identified up to species level using standard procedure. Microscopic specimens were identified
with the help of light microscope. Photomicrographs of important specimens were taken using
digital camera.

8.1 a) Sampling of Phytoplankton and Seaweeds

Phytoplankton samples were collected from 56 sites spanning estuaries, inter-tidal and
island ecosystems in the nine grids. One litre of water collected from the surface, was fixed
with 2.0 ml Lugol’s iodine solution, mixed thoroughly and allowed to settle overnight in
measuring jars. Upper layer was siphoned out leaving 100 ml containing phytoplankton cells
settled to the bottom. The cell suspension was transferred in separate bottles and preserved with
a few drops of glycerin and 5% formalin for qualitative and quantitative studies.

Seaweeds or the macroscopic marine algae were collected from 48 inter-tidal as well as
estuarine stations and 12 stations from the island ecosystems along the Karnataka coast during
the low tide period. From the island ecosystems, seaweeds from the reef slope and subsurface
were collected using mask & snorkeling and SCUBA diving. Sea grasses were collected during
the low tide period from the estuarine, inter-tidal and island ecosystems using random sampling
method. The collected samples were preserved for further identification.

b) Sampling of Zooplankton

Zooplankton samples were collected using 0.5 m diameter conical plankton net of 0.33
mm mesh size. The plankton net is towed horizontally from the boat for 10 minutes using three
bridles (suspension lines), which are tied to the ring at equidistance. While making the
collections the speed of the vessel is maintained at 1 to 2 nautical miles per hour. After the 10
minutes haul, the net is taken out of water and is washed from outside by jetting seawater to
bring down all the plankton into the collecting bucket. After all the excess water is drained off
from the net and through the window of the collecting bucket, the bucket is carefully removed
from the net and the plankton, along with the water is poured into wide mouthed polythene
bottle of 250 ml capacity. The collected samples were preserved in 5% formaldehyde solution
for further identification.

c) Sampling of Benthic Organisms

Different tools and approaches were used for sampling benthic organisms depending on
the characteristics of different zones. Larger sedentary organisms were collected from the
beach and rocks using picking tools.
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 Shells and organisms washed ashore were also collected from surf zones at each
sampling locations. For collecting the organisms living buried, sediment samples were taken
from inter-tidal zone using a pipe corer of 8 cm diameter. Three distinct sampling locations
namely high-tide-line, mid-tide-line and low-tide-line were identified along the inter-tidal zone
of both mainland and islands. Uniformly 10 cores of 15 cm height were taken from each
location. Estuarine stations were relatively calmer and the boat used was small, lacking any
facility for shooting or hauling of sampling gear. Therefore, a small Van veen grab (18 cm x 20
cm) was used to collect sediments from the estuarine sampling stations. Two hauls were taken
to ensure representative sampling at each station. Sampling of sediments in the sea was carried
out onboard bigger vessels using a medium sized Petersen grab (33 cm x 33 cm). A single haul
was taken from each sea station.

d) Highlights of the Survey

Mangalore Research Centre of CMFRI has carried out a detailed field study to Survey,
inventorying and database creation of marine and coastal aquatic biodiversity in the three
coastal districts of Karnataka as part of the KUIDC project “Biodiversity Information and
Management System for coastal Karnataka”. The major highlights of the study are:
Karnataka state has a 300 km long coastline and is a frontline state in marine fisheries
development. Historically known as the ‘mackerel coast’, it has a continental shelf area
of 25,000 km2. About 80% of the shelf area lies between 0 and 72 m depth. Its
contribution to the total marine fish production of the country has varied from 6 to 14 %
annually.
Total of 62 phytoplankton species were observed along the Karnataka coast and out of
which 5 species were toxic capable of producing Paralytic Shell fish Poisoning (PSP) if
they bloom.
A total of 78 species of seaweeds and two species of sea grasses was observed from the
Karnataka coast. Intertidal rocks along the Islands registered fairly good flora of brown
seaweeds dominated by Sargassum ilicifolium, having economic importance for
extracting algin.
A total of 115 zooplankton species belonging to 56 families were recorded from the
Karnataka coast. Species such as Acartia clausii, Acrocalanus gibber, Euphausia
diomedeae, Euphausia sibogae, Nannocalanus minor, Nematoscelis gracilis,
Paracalanus aculeatus, Stylocheiron armatum and Pseudeuphausia latifrons were
widely distributed all along the coast.

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Generally, maximum zooplankton biodiversity was observed in the marine environment
compared to the estuaries as reported by earlier workers.
Six species of Demospongia sponges coming under six families were collected from the
coast.
Twenty-five species of sea anemones were collected and identified from the inter-tidal,
sea and island ecosystems along Karnataka coast.
Three species of bryozoans under the Order Cheilostomata were collected and
identified from the Karnataka coast.
Polychaetes were the most dominant of the benthic faunal groups recorded along the
Karnataka coast. Nearly 143 species of polychaetes belonging to 34 different families
were recorded in the present study.

From the Karnataka coast, a total of 234 species of molluscs was recorded belonging to
65 families and 132 genera, of which 145 are gastropods, 70 bivalves, 16 cephalopods,
a single species of polyplacophores and two species of scaphopods. The Class
Gastropoda accounted for 62% of the molluscan diversity followed by Bivalvia (30%);
Cephalopoda (7%) and Amphineura and Scaphopoda (1%).

Three threatened molluscan species, such as Tridacna maxima (giant clam), Lambis
chiragra (spider conch) and Placenta placenta (window pane oyster), included in the
wildlife protection act of India (1972) occur along the Karnataka coast.
A total of 33 species of shrimps, belonging six families 103 species of crabs belonging
to 18 families was collected from the coastal and marine zones of Karnataka. Penaeidae
was the largest family with 16 species.
The shrimps belonging to Rhynchocinetidae, Rhynchocinetes durbanensis was collected
from Netrani island, which is the first record of the species from the coast. This is a
commercially important ornamental species, which is having heavy demand all over the
world.
‘False rose shrimp’, Parapenaeus fiissuroides indicus, ‘Candy shrimp’ or ‘Camel
shrimp’, Rhynchocinetes durbanensis, ‘Doredotes shrimp’ Heterocarpoides levimana,
‘Hairy crab’ Portunus monomia gracillimanus and coral crabs, Carpilius convexus and
Carpilius maculates were recorded for the first time from the coast.

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During the present investigation, five species of starfishes were identified from inter-
tidal, island and sea collections. Two species of Sea urchins coming under two families
were collected and identified.. Only one species of sea cucumber, Holothuria
leucospilota was recorded from the coast.
Three hundred and ninety (390) marine fish species belonging to 24 orders and 118
families were collected and identified from the coast, which forms 15.3% of the marine
fishes reported from Indian coast.
Three species of sea turtles belonging to a single family have been recorded from the
Karnataka coast. Similarly, three species of sea snakes belonging to a single family was
recorded. The sea turtles are endangered animals whereas sea snakes are presently not
threatened.
Four species of whales, four species of dolphins and one species of porpoise are
generally seen along the Karnataka coast. The whale species, which are commonly seen
stranded along the coast, are Balaenoptera edeni, Balaenoptera musculus, Balaenoptera
physalus and Physeter macrocephalus (sperm whale).
The survey has revealed the existence of a rich fringing coral reef ecosystem
surrounding the Netrani Island located nearly 19 km away from the main land off
Murdeshwar.
A total of 89 coral associated fishes were recorded from the Netrani Island area in
which 27 species and 4 Genera were the new records from the Indian coast
Out of the nine grouper fish species identified from this island, two species viz.,
Cheilinus undulatus (endangered) and Rhincodon typus (vulnerable) are included in the
IUCN red list.
Fourteen coral species and four sponge species have been collected and identified from
this island. Small giant clams (Tridacna maxima) which are protected under the Indian
Wildlife (Protection) Act and included in the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book were
recorded.
The survey has also revealed evidence of anthropogenic threat to the fragile coral
ecosystem of Netrani Island.
Considering the uniqueness of the Netrani Island in terms of the coral and associated
biodiversity, it is strongly recommended to protect and conserve the Netrani Island
ecosystem as a Marine Protected Area (MPA) and as a place for ecotourism where
people can watch the fish and marine life in their natural habitat.

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 Summary of the taxonomic profile of the marine and coastal biodiversity of Karnataka

Sl. No Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

1 Dinoflagelllata 1 1 3 6 6
2 Foraminifera 1 1 5 8 11
3 Chrysophyta 1 5 13 40 57
4 Chlorophyta 1 1 4 14 25
5 Rhodophyta 1 8 13 21 30
6 Phaeophyta 1 1 5 14 21
7 Cyanophyta 1 2 2 2 2
8 Tracheophyta 1 1 2 2 2
9 Porifera 1 3 6 6 6
10 Cnidaria 3 12 36 54 73
11 Ctenophora 2 2 2 2 2
12 Nemertea 1 1 1 1 1
13 Ciliophora 2 2 3 3 3
14 Nematoda 1 1 2 4 4
15 Annelida 1 32 34 95 143
16 Mollusca 5 30 76 147 259
17 Bryozoa 1 2 2 3 3
18 Brachiopoda 1 1 1 1 1
19 Arthropoda 7 19 92 177 310
20 Echiura 1 1 2 2 2
21 Cheatognatha 1 1 2 2 5
22 Echinodermata 4 8 8 9 11
23 S.P.Protochoradata 1 2 3 5 6
24 C.Piscses 2 24 118 218 390
25 C.Reptilia 1 2 2 4 6
26 C.Mammalia 1 1 4 6 9
A total of 1,386 species has been identified from the Karnataka coast belonging to the
three Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae and Animalia. Total of 62 phytoplankton species, 78 sea
weeds and 2 seagrasss species were observed along the Karnataka coast. 115 species of
zooplankton belonging to 56 families were recorded from the coast. Mulki and Pavanje
estuaries was having the second highest phytoplankton diversity followed by Venkatapur
estuary.

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 Among bentic organisms polychaetes were the most dominant and nearly 143 species of
polychaetes belonging to 34 different families were recorded in the present study. A total of
234 specis of molluscs was recorded belonging to 65 families and 132 genera, of which 145 are
gastropods, 70 bivalves, 16 cephalopods, a single species of polyplacophores and two species
of scaphopods. A total of 33 species of shrimps, belonging 6 families and 103 species of crabs
beonging to 18 familes was collected from the coastal and marine zones. Penaeidae was the
largest family with 16 species.

The survey has revealed the existence of a rich fringing coral reef ecosystem
surrounding the Netrani Island located nearly 19 km away from the mainland off Murdeshwar.
Fourteen coral species and four sponge species were recorded from this island. Small giant
clam (Tridacna maxima) which is protected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act and
included in the IUCN Red Data Book was also recorded. A total of 89 coral associated fishes
was recorded from the Netrani Island area, in which 27 species and 4 Genera were new records
from the Indian waters.Three threatened molluscan species, viz., Tridacna maxima (giant
clam), Lambis chiragra (spider conch) and Placenta placenta (windowpane oyster), protected
under the wildlife protection act of India (1972) are found to occur along the Karnataka coast.
Karnataka coast is found to be very rich in fish diversity containing three hundred and ninety
(390) marine fish species belonging to 24 orders and 118 families, which forms 15.3% of the
marine fishes reported from Indian coast. Three species of shrimps, 3 species of crabs and 29
fish spcies are new records from Indian coast.

It is found that many of the coastal resources are facing overexploitation due to non-
sustainable methods of harvest and due to various human interventions. Management measures
like uniform closed season along the entire coast, mesh-size regulation are required for
conserving and replenishing the stock. Three species of sea snakes, 3 species of sea turtles and
9 species of marine mammals have been reported from this coast. All marine mammals are
included in the IUCN red list of endangered animals. Two species of fishes are included in the
IUCN list.

The following number of marine species in Karnataka are included in the IUCN Red list
of threatened species as per SSC (species survival commission) and protected under Indian
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

(EN=Endangered; VU=Vulnerable; LR=Lower Risk; DD=Data deficient; CD=Conservation

dependant; nt=near threatened; lc=least concern)

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Group IUCN Red list Categories Indian Wild life Act (1972)
Schedules
EN VU LR/nt LR/CD DD lc I III IV
Mammals 5 1 1 1 8
Turtles 1
Sea snakes 3
Elasmobranchs 8 11 3 2 2
Fin fishes 1 1 2
Molluscs 1 2
Sea cucumber 1
Corals 14
Sponges 4
The survey has also revealed evidence of anthropogenic threat to the fragile coral ecosystem of
Netrani Island has led to wide spread damage to corals and the associated flora and fauna.
Based on the present survey, it is recommended that Netrani Island Ecosystem be declared as a
marine reserve with regulated ecotourism activities.

8.2 Coral Ecosystem of Netrani Island

The Netrani Island is located nearly 19 km away from the main land off Murdeshwar.
Sea depth surrounding this island is 6 to 40 m with water visibility of 15-30 m. The CMFRI
survey team has carried out a detailed biodiversity survey in the sea surrounding this island.
The diving support for the study was given by the professional divers, M/s. Barracuda Diving
Services, Goa. During September-October 2002, a survey has been conducted on the
abundance and distribution of the fish Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) from this island
(Sluka and Lazarus, 20005). As per the information available to us, present survey is the first
detailed scientific investigation on the marine biodiversity of Netrani Island.

Our survey has revealed the existence of a rich fringing coral reef ecosystem
surrounding this island. The coral ecosystem was very rich in biodiversity with nudibranch,
schools of blue trigger fish, fusiliers, groupers, parrot fish, gobies, lion fish and scorpion fish.
A total of 89 coral associated fishes were recorded from the area in which 27 species and 4
Genera were the new records from the Indian coast. Out of the fishes studied, four fish Genus
were reported for the first time from Indian coast. Out of the nine grouper fish species
identified from this island, two species such as Cheilinus undulatus (endangered) and
Rhincodon typus (vulnerable) are included in the IUCN red list.

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 We have identified 14 coral species and 4 sponge species from this island. We have also
collected and identified 15 species of bivalves, 48 species of gastropods and 8 species of
nudibranchs from this island. Small giant clams (Tridacna maxima) which is protected under the
Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act and included in the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book as ‘Lower
Risk: Conservation Dependent’ species, was observed from this area. Two species of Palinurid
lobsters Panulrus polyphagus and P. versicolor and one species of shrimp, Rhynchocinetes
durbanensis, belonging to family Rhynchocinetidae were recorded from the area.

The occurrence of Humphead wrasse at Netrani is very significant. This is in the CITES
endangered species list as it has a low recruitment rate and is heavily exploited. This is one of
the largest coral reef fish and largest in the family Labridae and most highly sought after fish.
This specie is occurring in areas of high coral cover (Sadovy et al., 2003) and larger specimens
occur in areas of low coral cover. This is widely distributed throughout Indo-Pacific but at low
densities. The distribution of this species along the west coast of India was first studied by
Sluka and Lazarus (2005) when they observed five specimens at Vizhinjam-Muttom. The
present record is the first one north of Vizhinjam. Live reef fish trade has been the reason for
decline in the population of this species in areas of the Indo-Pacific and the biological and
ecological characteristics make it vulnerable. The fish grows up to 2.3 m in length.

List of coral associated fish fauna reported from Netrani Island.

Sl.
no. Scientific name Common Name
1 Acanthurus xanthopterus Yellowfin surgeonfish
2 Zebrasoma desjardinii Surgeonfish
3 Apogon aureus Ringtailed cardinalfish
4 Balistoides viridescens Titan triggerfish
5 Odonus niger Redtoothed trigger fish

21 Natica didyma 35 Cellana testudinaria

22 Natica maculosa 36 Clypidina notata
23 Natica picta 37 Planaxis similis
24 Natica rufa 38 Planaxis sulcatus
25 Nerita albicilla 39 Lambis Chiragra
26 Nerita oryzarum 40 Trochus erythraeus
27 Nerita polita 41 Trochus radiatus
28 Nerita squamulata 42 Trochus stellatus
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 29 Retina costata 43 Turbo brunneus
30 Oliva gibbosa 44 Turbo coronatus
Oliva (Oliva) amethystina
31 nebulosa 45 Turritella duplicata
Oliva (Oliva) mantichora
32 intricata 46 Turritella terebra
33 Cellana cernica 47 Turritella terebra cerea
34 Cellana radiata 48 Xancus pyrum
Tridacna clams are the largest living bivalve mollusc. Sessile in adulthood, its mantle
acts as a habitat for the symbiotic single celled dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthella). It is
included in the IUCN list as vulnerable. Tridacna have so far been reported from Andaman and
Lakshadweep islands and the present one is the first report outside these areas. Nudibranchs or
sea slugs are the most colourful creatures and soft-bodied snails. They occur world-wide in
nature and greatest variation has been seen in shallow tropical waters. They are carnivorous.
Some feed on sponges others on hydroids zooxanthella, others on bryozoans and some are
cannibals eating other sea slugs.

The present one is the first scientific report of the existence of corals from this area.
Coral reefs are one of the most productive shallow water sites in tropical waters. These are rich
in biological diversity and act as a reserve or preserving and protecting many valuable species.
The coral reefs are under threat world wide, mainly due to causes varying from climate change
and anthropogenic activities, which result in their destruction and disappearance. The present
threat to the coral ecosystem of Netrani Island is human in origin. Presently Netrani Island is
used by the Indian Navy for their practice and this has led to wide spread damage to corals. The
survey team could see dead corals lying on one side of the island. This will ultimately result in
the degradation of the habitat and will lead to loss of biological diversity. The presence of
hump head wrasse, tridacnid clams make Netrani a unique place in terms marine bio-diversity.
Therefore, it is strongly recommended to protect and conserve the Netrani Island ecosystem as
a Marine Protected Area (MPA) and as a place for ecotourism where people can watch the fish
and marine life in their natural habitat.

9. Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta : Odonate Survey of Coastal Karnataka

Information on diversity and distribution of various taxa at habitat, local and regional
scale is the key to biodiversity conservation, especially of lesser known taxa such as odonates

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(dragonflies and damselflies). Odonates are aquatic insects and are highly specialized for a
specific wetland habitat. Atglobal level, the streams and rivers of the Western Ghats are one of
the hyperdiverse areas for Odonates with 176 species and 68 endemics (Subramanian,2006).
Most of these endemics are recorded from Kodagu, Uttarakannada and Dakshinkannada
districts of Karnataka (Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan, 2002).

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 Recent research from different parts of the world has shown that insects like odonates
are good indicators of ecosystem health. Odonates are one of the widely recognized indicators
for monitoring wetland health (Samways, 1992). Methodologies for monitoring wetland health
using Odonates has been developed and currently being used in different parts of the world.
unfortunately, no such attempt has been made for Indian wetlands. This islargely due to
unavailability of information on distribution and habitat use of Odonate species. This in turn,
has seriously retarded the development of country wide wetland bio-monitoring programmes,
involving conservation managers, scientists, non governmental organizations and general
public.

The understanding on ecology, habitat use and diversity of Odonates of study districts
will generate baseline information on Odonate communities of different landuse types. This
understanding is crucial to know how Odonate communities change with landuse pattern. This
will also be very important step in developing a wetland bio-monitoring technique for our
wetlands. Since ecological information on many species of the Western Ghats is not available,
the knowledge generated through the proposed project will be new to science. This ecological
knowledge is very important for conservation riverine biodiversity of the Western Ghats.

Present study highlights the diversity, distribution and conservation threats to

dragonflies and damselflies of coastal districts of Karnataka.

Dragonflies and damselflies were sampled from 42 localities in Uttara Kannada, Udupi
and Mangalore districts during August to November, 2006.

In each locality different wetlands were surveyed between 9-13 hrs. Since it was very
difficult to estimate absolute abundance of different species, relative abundance of were
estimated. Species were categorized into different abundant classes. Habits and habitat of each
species were recorded in the field. Species which could not be identified in the field were
collected and stored in 70% ethyl alcohol for identification. All species were identified
following Fraser (1933-36).

During the study period, threats to wetland habitats in each locality were also recorded.
Threats recorded for each locality were classified into six broad categories and scored as
presence or absence. Sums of individual scores were used to rank threatened habitats and
localities.

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 A total of 52 species in 11 families were recorded in the study. Six of the species
recorded in the study were endemic to the Western Ghats. Study localities such as Mala,
Ramsamudra, Koyur and Kukke-Subramanya had high species and family diversity.

Species such as Pantala flavescens, Diplocodes trivialis, Orthetrum sabina (Libellulidae),

Rhynocypha bisignata (Chlorocyphidae) and Euphaea fraseri (Euphaeidae) were very wide spread
across localities. On the other hand, Dysphaea ethela (Euphaeidae), Epithemis mariae
(Libellulidae), Phylloneura westermanni and Prodasineura verticalis (Protoneuridae) were
recorded from only one locality. Families such as Libellulidae, Chlorocyphidae,
Coenagrionidae and Euphaeidae were most common across study sites. Rare families in the
study localities were Platystictidae, Lestidae and Protoneuridae.

a) Habitat distribution: Species richness across habitats shows that ponds, lakes and streams
have high species diversity. Beach was very poor in species. Species such as Orthetrum sabina,
O.pruinosum, Crocothemis servilla and Pantala flavescens (Libellulidae) were widespread
across habitats. On the other hand species such as Disparoneura quadrimaculata, Phylloneura
westermanni, Esme longistyla (Protoneuridae), Euphaea fraseri (Euphaeidae), Vestalis gracilis,
and V.apicalis (Calopterygidae) were restricted to one or two habitats.

The family Libellulidae which was most specious family (21 species) in the current
study uses lentic habitats. High species richness and wide geographic spread of this family is
probably related to its lentic habitat, which is widely available. This may be generalized to
infer that lentic habitats, though may increase species richness of an area, can potentially
encourage colonization of widespread generalists species such as libellulids.

Long term conservation of endemic odonates is directly linked to the conservation of

riverine ecosystem of the region. Recent studies have shown that inland wetlands of the region
are facing serious threats (Vijayan et al., 2005). Regional scale destruction of riverine habitats
by hydro-electric and irrigation projects threatens the survival of endemic odonates, which
depend on fast flowing torrential streams. Many of the endemic odonates such as Disparoneura
apicalis (Protoneuridae), Idionyx sps (Cordulidae) and Calocypha laidlawii (Chlorocyphidae)
are very narrowly distributed within the Western Ghats and destruction of alteration of a small
catchment essentially means extinction of these species. Local scale impacts on riverine
habitats such as check dams, draining of swamps, canalization, dumping of wastes and
pesticide pollution alters the quality of habitats and promotes the colonization of generalist
species such as libellulids. These small local scale habitat alterations are very wide spread
throughout the study area and are very difficult to assess its impact on the endemic Odonates.
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 Though the Odonate fauna of the Western Ghats is fairly well documented
taxonomically, the ecology of most of the species is poorly known. Larval stages of only 76
Indian species are known and full life history is worked out only for 15 species (Prasad and
Varshney, 1995). Detailed ecological information, especially of the endemic species is very
essential for long term conservation of the Odonates. Current conservation management
measures of the region need to consider the importance of riverine ecosystems. A conservation
management programme focusing on threatened Odonate habitats such as Myristica swamps
and forest streams are very essential for long term conservation.

Current study on dragonflies and damselflies of the coastal districts of the reported 52
species with 6 Western Ghats endemics. The study shows that lotic habitats such as stream and
rivers support habitat specialists and high levels of endemism. On the other hand, ponds, lakes
and paddy fields support wide spread generalist species. Agricultural expansion, riparian
deforestation and organic pollution are most wide spread threats to odonate habitats in the
study area.

Endemic species were restricted to streams, myristica swamps and rivers. No endemic
species were recorded from other habitats such as ponds, lakes, paddy fields and beaches

b) Threats to habitats: Assessment of threats to habitats indicates that agricultural expansion,

riparian deforestation and organic pollution are most wide spread threats. Composite threat
values of study sites shows that habitats at Koyur, Mala, Kukke-Subrmanya, Halladi and

Kodigathe are most threatened.

The Odonate fauna of coastal districts of Karnataka was extensively explored by Fraser
(1924, 1933-36). During the study, 52 species with 6 Western Ghats endemics were recorded.
The number of species reported from whole of Karnataka is about 130 (Subramanian,
unpublished). Since most of the Odonate species are highly seasonal with short flight periods, a
survey covering all the seasons would be needed to completely document the odonate diversity
of the region.

Frequency distribution of species shows that globally wide spread species such as
Pantala flavescens, Diplocodes trivialis, Orthetrum Sabina (Libellulidae) are most common in
all the study localities. In addition to this species such as Rhynocypha bisignata
(Chlorocyphidae) and Euphaea fraseri (Euphaeidae), which are restricted to the peninsular
India, are locally very common. On the other hand, narrow endemics such as Dysphaea ethela
(Euphaeidae), Epithemis mariae (Libellulidae) and Phylloneura westermanni were recorded

95
from only one locality. Highly restricted distribution of these species could be due to their
specific habitat requirement. Species such as Epithemis mariae (Libellulidae) and Phylloneura
westermanni are found only in Myristica swamps and Dysphaea ethela (Euphaeidae) in
unpolluted fast flowing rivers.

The observed pattern of high diversity in ponds and lakes is also reported from other
studies in the region (Subramanian & Sivaramakrishanan, 2002). Though, species diversity is
low in lotic habitats such as streams and rivers, they exhibit high levels of endemism. This
pattern is very prevalent throughout the Western Ghats and the biological reasons remain
elusive.
1. Draining of small patches of Myristica swamps needs to be immediately stopped

through forest department and local biodiversity committees.

2. Conservation of micro catchments through local biodiversity committees need to be

addressed immediately.
3. Illegal sand mining in rivers and streams need to be stopped immediately.

4. Local level biodiversity committees need to be sensitized about ecological services of

odonates.
5. A study covering all seasons is required comprehensively document the odonate fauna

of the region.

10. Bird Diversity Survey in Coastal Karnataka

Birds are very specific to their respective habitats and are also the key indicators of the
environment being susceptible to any change in the habitat or variation in the environment.
There are about 522 species of birds in Karnataka state. Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts
harbor about 366 bird species. UKalone is home to 424 species.

Dakshina Kannada district is divided into Mangalore, Bantwal, Puttur, Suliya,

Belthangady and Udupi district to Udupi, Karkala and Kundapura. Of these, Mangalore, Udupi
and Kundapur taluks span along the coast. Parts of Suliya, Puttur, Belthangady, Karkala,
Kundapura taluks lie in the Western Ghats.

The past literature survey reveals that there are about 366 species of birds in Dakshina
Kannada and Udupi districts. To name a few, the Great Pied Hornbill (Buceros bicornis),
Nilgiri Wood Pigeon (Columba elphinstonii), Blue Winged Parakeet (Psittacula columboides),

96
Southern Tree Pie (Dendrocitta leucogastra), Yellowed Browed Bulbul (Hypsipetes indicus)
etc are endemic to Western Ghats (Achar K. P. and Geetha Nayak, 2000).

The main landscape elements found in these two districts are: Evergreen, Semi-
evergreen and Deciduous forests, Scrub jungle, Bamboo brakes, Mangroves, Orchards,
Plantations such as Areca, Coconut, Rubber, Hopea, Acacia, Eucalyptus, Crop fields
interspersed with human habitation. The waterscapes found in these districts are: waterfalls,
streams, rivers, ponds, estuary and the sea. These kind of unique landscape and waterscape
elements harbour a large number of bird species, thus enriching the species diversity of the
district. The two districts boasts having Kudremukh National Park, Someshvara and
Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary along with several fragmented sacred groves with rich
biodiversity.

The past literature survey reveals that there are about 419 species of birds in
UKdistrict (Daniel’s RJ, 1987). Additionally, P. D. Sudarshan reports 3 more species. Recently
(2004-06) Vijay Mohan Raj adds up 2 more species (and now the list consolidates to 424
species.

The main landscape elements found in UKdistrict are: Evergreen, Semi-evergreen

and Deciduous forests, Scrub jungle, Bamboo brakes, Mangroves, Orchards, Plantations such
as Areca, Coconut, Acacia, Eucalyptus, Crop fields interspersed with human habitation. The
waterscapes found in these districts are: waterfalls, streams, rivers, ponds, estuary and the sea.
All the above contributes to the richness of bird communities. UKdistrict comprises of more
than 1 lakh ha. Of forested areas, having Anshi National Park, Dandelli Wildlife Sanctuary and
many excellent vast sacred groves with rich biodiversity. The field work was undertaken with
the objective to:

1. Understand the bird diversity at the three coastal districts (Dakshina annada, Udupi and

UK) of Karnatka

2. Assess their status and popultion.

3. Know the disturbances and problems faced by the avifauna.

Field guides, Binoculars and Geographical Positioning System (GPS) were used for
conducting this rapid survey in the three coastal districts.

The areas to be surveyed were visited and the various habitats were documented.
Totally 20 points (Udupi 3, Dakshina Kannada 8 and UK9 points) spanning to the three

97
districts were plotted. These points were laid at different habitat types; Landscapes like
Evergreen, Semi Evergreen and Deciduous forests, Arecanut, Mixed and Coconut Plantation;
Waterscapes like Mangrove, Seashore, River Tank and Reservoir.

a. At each location, GPS reading were taken to document the latitude and Longitude along
with altitude of that point.

b. The ecological parameters like the weather condition, habitat were documented.

c. The bird species of that region was surveyed by hour count and belt transect method to
understand the population of the same.

d. Additionally, all out search method was also adopted to prepare the check list of the birds
in that area.

e. Other parameters like the status of the bird (breeding or non-breeding), whether the bird is
common, rare, endangered or endemic were also documented.

a) Results of the Survey

Parameters considered for the survey were: Date, Time, Place, Taluk,District, Latitutde,
Logitude, Altitute, Weather, Habitat, Species, Individuals, Condition and Status of the bird
species documented during the study.
Totally about 1611 individuals of 92 species birds were documented during the one
hour study at each of the 23 locations. Many of the bird species especially raptors had locally
declined in the districts. Bay owl is the first report from the Uttara Kannda district. White
Bellied Sea Eagle, which has now become rate, was breeding at Mangalore taluk of Dakshina
Kannada district. Some of the endemic birds sighted during the study were Little spider-hunter,
Blue-winged parakeet, Malabar Trogon, Malabr Grey Hornbill, Great Black woodpecker and
common Hill-Myna. Some of the rate birds like White-bellied Sea-Eagle, Great horned owl,
Greater cormorant, Crested Serpent Eagle, Black-headed oriole, Quaker Tit-Babbler, Indian
Scimitar-Babbler, Eurasian Spoonbill, Brahminy Shelduck, Western Marsh-Harrier, Pallid
Harrier, Pacific Goldern-Plover, Oriental Pratincole, Green Imperial-Pigeon, Pompadour
Green-Pigeon also were newly reported for the unusual habitats. Vultures (King Vulture,
Eurasian Griffon, White Backed Vulture, Long Billed Vulture and Scavenger Vulture) that was
reported to be existing twenty years back had drastically declined.
The different landscape types like the forests, river, mangroves, sea and others,
topography and others, topography and other environmental factors have enriched the bird
diversity in all the three coastal districts. During the survey, interesting findings about the bird
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species and their habitats, status were documented. Vultures (King Vulture, Eurasian Griffon,
White Backed Vulture, Long Billed Vulture and Scavenger Vulture), that thrived well in these
three districts decades ago, has become locally extinct. White-bellied Sea Eagle, quite rately
sighted, was breeding at Mangalore of Dakshina Kannada district. Many of the rare and
endemic birds were also sighted during the survey.

It was noticed that, the decline in Vulture populations were due to the non-availablity of
food (as they scavenge on the carcas of animals) Another reason being the destruction of their
prime habitats like the tall trees, rocky areas,etc. On the contrary, the White-belled Sea Eagles
were found breeding due to the availability of proper roosting trees and food.

Many of the pristine forests, mangroves and river sides wer being disturved due to
anthropogenci pressures in the name of developments and agriculture. Birds like Hornbills,
Woodpeckers require tall trees for food and shlter, Wetland birds require good and less
disturbed water body. Shore birds like see gulls preper proper shore habitats and estuaries.
Many a times these estauries and shore also face anthropogenic problems, thus leading to the
disturbance in the population of shore birds.
About 68 species of birds were documented during the study of which few birds like
White-bellied Sea-Eagle, Great honred owl, Great cormorant, etc were also sighted. There are
still potential habitats that are pristine and preferred by the birds at these districts. Yet there are
many developmental pressures on these three coastal districts that could erode the habitats and
in turn depleting the unique bird population. The uniqueness and the rich avifauna must be
conserved by protecting their habitats.

b) Recommendations:
On the basis of the survey the following recommendations are made:
1. Protect the wetlands, mangroves, shores from any enroachments and developmental

activities.
2. Tall and old trees to be protected even if they are outside the protected areas.

3. Provide feeding ground (Caracas to be left at restricted area) for the vultures, so that the

population could be re-established.

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11. Survey of Butterfly Fauna of Coastal Karnataka

Butterflies are depicted as symbols in art since the times immemorial. They are among
the most fascinating and beautiful animals. Butterflies undoubtedly are the most attractive
among all insects. Vivid colours, shapes, sizes and patterns have fascinated man from Bronze
Age. Most butterflies are diurnal and hence, easy to observe. Butterflies are the subject for the
study for both biologists and the layman. Butterflies are primary consumers and so are
important in any ecosystem. The life cycle of butterflies are closely related to plants.
Relationship between any species of plants and butterfly is very specific. Plants and butterflies
have co-evolved together. Butterflies are sensitive to environmental changes and are indicators.

The order Lepidoptera is the second largest diverse group of insects. So far, 1,40,000
species have been described. Of them 17,200 species are butterflies (Rhaopalocera).
Lepidopterans have scales all over the body. Butterflies fly during the day, moths during night.
Butterflies at rest hold the wings vertically over the back. Moths, in contrast may either hold
the wings tent like over the back or wrap them around the body or extend them to the sides.
Virtually all butterflies have knob like clubs at the tip of the antennae. Moths lack antennal
clubs. The caterpillar has three pairs of walking legs and five pairs of prolegs.

Butterflies distribution:

Geographical area Family Species

World 5 17,200
India 5 1,500 (8%)
South India 5 330 (22%)
Western Ghats 5 285 (19%)
Coastal Karnataka 5 120 (8%)

Western Ghats and Himalayas hold maximum species of butterflies and these are
hotspots. The largest Indian butterfly is the common bird wing (19 cm at wing span) and
smallest is the grass jewel (1.5 cm at wing span). Colias hyale Cramer and Appias hippo are
endangered butterfly species.

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The survey was undertaken with the objectives to:-

1. To document butterfly species in Coastal Karnataka with respect to location, status,

abundance, seasonality, sightings and habitat preference.

2. To monitor butterfly species in restricted areas of Coastal Karnataka.

3. To suggest measures for monitoring and conservation of butterfly fauna in Coastal

Karnataka.

a) Attributes and characteristics:

Nine attributes of adult and five attributes of larva, viz., size, color, flight, flight height,
habitat, habit, activity, antennae and frequency of sightings for adult and color, pattern of color,
appendage, size and host plants for larva were cashew to request various of a butterfly species
for adult, in each attribute, three to eleven and for larva, two to six characteristics were
categorized to document variations in each attribute. These attributes and characteristics were
utilized to identify and distinguish species.

b) Results of the survey and recommendation:-

Species identified:

One hundred and three species of butterflies were recorded in coastal Karnataka
during 12 months. These species belonged to 5 families and 67 genera. Nine species could not
be identified. All butterflies except few were identified without killing them. The features,
attributes and characteristics together formed the basis, for identifying the specimens.
Maximum number of species belonged to Nymphalidae. Papilionidae and Pieridae. Both the
caterpillars and adult require specific plant and habitat. If either the plant or habitat is
remained, the butterfly is vulnerable to the changes. In coastal Karnataka, land development is
occurring rapidly. This will have definite adverse effects on the butterfly fauna. But the
authorities can do well to preserve habitats and plants of butterflies and other fauna in
designated stretches of land. In this report, larval and adult host plants of butterflies species are
not indicated as they have been listed by earlier workers. Further plants associated with
butterflies recorded during the current survey in coastal region, is already reported.

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c) Habitat preference:

A sample of data relating to habitat preference in butterflies sighted during study period
in coastal Karnataka is open space vegetation was the most preferred. Garden and roadside
vegetation were the next most preferred. Most sightings occurred in open space with sparse
vegetation, followed by roadside vegetation and gardens. These habitat patches met all
requirements of the butterflies in terms of oviposition, larval diet and adult shelter and food.

d) Abundance

Abundance is another ecological parameter that helps in understanding conservation

needs of butterflies. Common jay was the maximum number recorded (481). It was recorded
from all the locations surveyed. The numbers varied from 31 to 132 per location. The butterfly
was the most abundant in Gundya and the least at Bolanje, South Canara. Common Emigrant
was the next most abundant species. Pioneer (Arid) was the least abundant with 170 numbers.
Data on abundance would help in restoring populations of the least abundant butterfly species.

e) Diversity

Simpson and Shanon-Weiner indices were calculated to determine abundance of

species. Again Gundya recorded the maximum (3.70 by Simpson and 2.85 by Shanon-Weiner)
number of species diversity. Both Mangalore and Ankola represent built-up environments.
Further, time and location-specific observations are required to get reliable estimates of the
species richness or diversity of butterflies.

f) Niche breadth and niche overlap

Niche breadth is a quantitative attribute of the resources utilized or specialized by one

species compared to another. The niche breadth values were calculated for 15 species of
butterflies using the number of locations or area in which the species occurred. The niche
breadth values for common Jay were higher (4.78) during the first season (October-December)
compared to the other three seasons. Similarly the Indian Skipper (4.92) recorded higher niche
breadth during October-December compared to other three seasons and species of butterflies.
Higher niche breadth values for common Emigrant suggested that the species has specialized in
utilizing various resources.

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 Niche overlap values indicate how the species of butterflies are portioning the
resources. The niche overlap values were calculated for 15 species-pairs where overlap value of
1 indicated complete overlap between the species while, zero indicates no overlap. Danus
chrysippus and Danus genutia and Eurema hecabe and Eurema lecabe recorded higher values
of niche overlap.

During October 2005 to September 2006, 103 butterfly species were recorded from
coastal Karnataka and adjacent areas. Preliminary observations on detectability, species
richness, diversity and abundance, niche breadth and niche overlap have indicated coastal
stretch to have the potential of holding more butterfly species. The current vegetation needs to
be preserved. In addition, more land mass in one consolidated block needs to be preserved and
enriched with vegetation. Selected stretches of the coast need to be designated only to hold
biodiversity. Unique flora of coastal stretches like salt tolerant plants needs special attention to
preserve unique butterfly species.

12. Capacity Building of the Stakeholders on Conservation of Biological Resources,

Sustainable use of its components, fair and equitable sharing of benefits.

The EMPRI, Bangalore has prepared training module on biodiversity awarness and
Capacity building. The module includes.

1. Birds eye view of Biodiversity

2. Forest diversity

3. Plant diversity

4. Biodiversity hotspots

5. Wildlife diversity in Karnataka.

6. Butterfly and fisehries diversity

7. Biodiversity conservation Strategies.

The same has been distributed to the participants during the training. The EMPRI has
conducted the training programme for BMC members, Gramapanchayat, Taluk Panchayat and
Zillapanchayat level including the Govertnemnt servants, students of schools, Colleges and
teachers of all the districts of Coastal region on Biodiversity related issues, environmental
conservation and prepartion of People’s Biodversity Register.

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 The following training programmes were conducted by EMPRI on Biodiversity related
issues and PBR.

1. Training programmes conducted at Taluk level …….6 Nos……406 persons attended

2. Training programmes conducted at Gramapancyat level…13 Nos….657 persons

attended

3. Training programmes conducted on PBR …….18 Nos.…….. 796 persons attended

a)Training programmes conducted at Taluk level

Sl.No Date Place No. of Participants Composition

attended of trainees
1 26.9.2005 Sirsi TP 71 BMCs Gram Panchayat
Secretaries, Members, NGOS
2 27.9.2005 Bhatkal TP 71 - do-
3 28.9.2005 Honnavar 60 - do-
TP
4 19.11.2005 Ankola TP 96 - do-
5 25.11.2005 Kundapur 60 - do-
TP
6 26.11.2005 Karkala TP 48 - do-
Total 406
b) Training programmes conducted at Gram Panchayat level

Sl.No Date Place No. of Composition

Participants of trainees
attended
1 24.2.2006 Mugve GP, Honnavar taluk 56 BMC & GP members,
NGOs,teachers,
knowledgeable
individuals, students
2 25.2.2006 Kujalli GP, Kumta taluk 46 BMC & GP members,
NGOs,teachers,
knowledgeable
individuals, ZP & TP one
member each
3 10.3.2006 Thannerpantha GP, 43 BMC & GP members,
Belthangadi Taluk NGOs, knowledgeable
individuals
4 11.3.2006 Bellare GP, Sullia taluk 68 -do-
5 13.3.2006 Narimogru GP Puttur taluk 62 -do-

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 6 14.3.2006 Manjanadi GP, Mangalore 48 -do-
Tq
7 15.3.2006 Mudrangadi GP, Udupi Tq 65 -do-
8 16.3.2006 Marvanthe/Tekkate GPs, 47 -do-
Kundapur Tq
9 27.3.2006 Heggarni GP Siddapur Tq 58 -do- plus ZP & TP
member each
10 28.3.2006 Alkod GP Kumta Tq 40 BMC & GP members,
ZP member, RFO,
Knowledgeable
individuals
11 12.5.06 Uli GP, Bantwal Tq 67 -do-
12 20.6.06 Nandolli GP, Yellapur, 39 BMC & GP members;
Badasgaon Gp, Mundgod knowledgable
(prg at Yellapur) individuals inauguated
by DCF, Yellapur
13 21.6.06 Aloor Gp, Haliyal (Prg at 18 BMC & GP members,
Dandeli knowlegeable individuals
ACF, Dandeli
Total 657
c) Training programmes on PBR in three Coastal districts:

EMPRI has conducted eighteen training programmes on preparation of People’s Bio-

diversity Register in Dakshina.Kannada, Udupi and Uttara Kannada district. The details of the
programmes are as follows:

Sl.No Date Place No. of Composition of

Participants trainees
attended
1 Oct 4-5 2006 Koojalli & Alkod 49 BMC & GP members,
knowledgeable
individuals, NGOs
students
2 6/10/06 Bellambur (Ankola) 30 -do-
3 7/10/06 Majalli, Karwar 30 -do-
4 10/10-11 Bedasgaon 33 -do-
5 28/10/06 Nandolli 55 -do-
6 29/10/06 Alur, Huliyal 25 -do-
7 30/10/06 Gunda, Joida tq 36 -do-
8 31/10/06 Magna, Honnavar 35 -do-

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 9 Oct.15-16 -06 Marvanthe 53 BMC & GP members,
knowledgeable
individuals, NGOs
students
10 Oct 17-18, 06 Thaneerpantha 50 -do-
11 Nov. 3-4/06 Narimoguru 84 BMC members, Study
group, students,
NGOs.
12 Nov.6-7/06 Uli 55 -do-
13 Nov.8-9/06 Manjandi 64 -do-
14 Nov. 10-11/06 Madrangadi 76 -do-
15 Nov.12-13/06 Bellare 59 -do-
16 14.5.06 Sanur & Marne GPs, 40 BMC & GP members,
Karkal TP (2nd one day knowledgeable
program) individuals, NGOs
students; NGOs
students; inaugurated
by Hon.Minister Dr.
V.S. Acharya; Prof.
Madhav Gadgil as one
of resource persons.
17 Nov.16th Hulekal 29 BMc members, GP
Members
18 Nov. 17th Heggarni 42 BMC members, GP
Members
Total 796

13. Documentation of Biodiversity and associated Traditional knowledge in

the form of Peoples Biodiversity Registers through Biodiversity Management
Committees.
Formation of Biodiversity Management Committees has been taken up by the
Karnataka Biodiversity Board. Total 317 numbers of Biodiversity Management Committees
have been formed in the Coastal region as below:

Sl Name of the District BMCs formed

No
1 Dakshina Kannada 80
2 Udupi 49
3 Uttara Kannada 188
Grand Total 317
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 The documentation of Biodiversity and associated Traditional knowledge have been
taken up by the Karanataka Biodiversity Board through BMCs, knowledgeable persons,
Schools for Gramapanchayats.

The function of Biodiversity Management Committees is to prepare people’s

Biodiversity Register in consultation with the local people. The Register shall contain
comprehensive information on availability, knowledge of local biological resources, their
medicinal or any other use or any other traditional knoweldge associated with them.

The PBR will be the document to serve the following objetives:

1. Community regulation of access to biodiversity resources related to sustainable
harvests.
2. Promoting knowledge- based sustainable management of agriculture, livestock, fish,
forests and public health so as to enhance the quality of life of the community members
3. Opportunities to generate funds through the imposition of collection fees for access to
biodiversity resources.
4. Conserving valuable Resources
5. Value addition to biodiversity resources.
6. Recording of biodiversity related knowledge pertaining to resource management.
7. Recording of biodiversity related Knowledge, coupled with opportunities to generate
funds through imposition of collection fees for access to local knowledge.
8. Sharing the benefits of commercial application of local knowledge.
The PBR exercise is in progress in the following 18 BMCs

Sl.No Name of the No. of

Districts BMCs
1 Dakshinna Kannada 5
2 Uttara Kannada 8
3 Udupi 5
Total 18
Preparation of PBR Guidelines:

The PBR guidelines were prepared by a team of experts under the valuable guidance
and directions of Prof.Madhav Gadgil. The same has been printed by the Karnataka
Biodiversity Board and widely circulated to the cencerened, Govt. departments, BMCs,
Gramapanchyats, Zilla Panchayatas, Schools and Colleges. Field data collection formats have
been finalised and widely circulated.

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The Peoples Biodiversity Registers guidelines includes the

1. Biological Dieversity Act

2. Functions of People’s Biodiversity Registers
3. Biodiversity Information System
4. PBR process
5. Spreading Awareness
6. People’s concerns
7. Individual Biodiversity projects
8. Deploying Student Power
9. Managing the Information
10. Themes and Methods
11. Peoplescape
12. Mapping the Landscape
13. Sketching the Lifescape
14. Setting of the Study Site
15. Focal Issues
16. Landscape types and Sub-types
17. Focal Elements of Landscape/Waterscape
18. Focal Life Forms
19. Management
20. Knowledge

Peoples Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) preparation:

PBR excercises is laborious exercise involves lot of field work and discussion. The
PBRs finalisation is given to EMPRI the same will be submitted seperately.

The Peoples Biodiversity Registers is being prepared as follows:

Sl.No Name of the Districts No. of PBRs

1 Dakshinna Kannada 5
2 Uttara Kannada 8
3 Udupi 5
Total 18
Publication of Model PBR:

The Karnataka Biodiversity Board has taken up the printing of model PBR prepared by
a team of experts under the guidelines of Prof. Madhave Gadgil and same has been supplied to

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various BMCs for the preparation of PBRs. The training participants were also given to serve
as a guide (Copy enclosed)

Publication of Biodiversity Act and Rules:

The Karnataka Biodiversity Board has takenup the printing of Biological Diverstiy Act
2002 and Karnataka Biological Diversity Rules 2005 and supplied the same to the various
agencies. (Copy enclosed)

14. Karnataka Coastal Biodiversity Information System (KCBIS)

All the implementing agencies have completed the survey work and submitted the data
along with photographs, Maps etc to the Regional Remote Sensing Service Centre (RRSSC),
ISRO, Bangalore. The ISRO has incorporating the same and preparing the KCBIS system. The
work is under progress the system when complted will be installed after giving the
presentation.

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