Practical Research II
OUTPUT #4
Alba, John Benedict
Delos Reyes, Gayle Ashanti
San Jose, Levi Cris
Theme: Health Resiliency
Area: Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction
Topic: Natural disasters towards the community response: how resilient have communities
been?
Review of Related Literature
Disaster Risk, Resiliency Assessment, and Mitigation Practice
Windstorms are the deadliest hazard in the Philippines, killing over 31,000 people yearly. Public
and non-governmental agencies, as well as the Philippines National Red Cross, have
traditionally provided relief to disaster-affected people. But since 1995, the PNRC has
broadened its approach towards proactive risk reduction. The approach is called an
integrated community disaster planning program (ICDPP). It employs six steps:
Partnership with municipal and provincial government units, Community disaster action
team formation and training, Risk and resources mapping, Community mitigation
measures, Training and education, and Sustainability.
Although elements of the approach can be adapted to mitigate the effects of larger
disasters, ICDPP is best suited for reducing the impact of small-scale local hazards.
Mitigation has proven to be extremely popular and effective in reducing the vulnerability
of thousands of Filipinos to both natural hazards and health risks method of disaster
preparedness collaboration with local governments is critical to the success of the Red
Cross program.
A study created by Julio and Depra (2015) describes their assessment coming from
some of the communities in Tagum City in the province of Davao del Norte, Philippines
that have experienced flooding for the last few years. One of these communities is
Barangay Mankilam, which is one of the biggest barangays of Tagum City in terms of
population, land size, and income.
Their results showed that approximately a quarter of Barangay Mankilam’s population is
susceptible to flooding, in which some of which are agricultural areas in the
southwestern parts of the village. Floods in the village are happening 1 to 3 times a year
on average from December to February of the following year.
Despite these factors, the barangay has adapted by planning policies related to disaster
preparedness and implemented a cropping calendar and soil erosion mitigating
measures. The researchers recommend a study relating land use to susceptible
hazards, which is part of the gap between the existing literature and our proposed
research.
According to Wisner (2014) vulnerability is determined by a combination of social and
political factors. Where people live and work, wealth and health, quality of housing,
access to resources, class, gender, ethnicity, age, mobility, immigration status, and,
most importantly, access to information and knowledge all influence an individual’s and
a community’s vulnerability.
Another definition of vulnerability is used by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction (UNISDR) which applies the term to populations who are likely to experience
increased susceptibility to the impacts of hazards. By these criteria of Alcayna (2015),
the Philippines has numerous vulnerable populations—25 percent of the population is
living below the national poverty level; there are huge numbers of informal settlements
in coastal/flood-prone areas, especially in Metro Manila (37 percent of the population—
or more than 4 million—according to a 2007 estimate); the population is still largely
young, i.e., a third of the population is below 14 years;20 and over a million people are
displaced each year due to rapid-onset disasters. Further, those living in coastal
communities and poor urban communities are the most vulnerable. Disaster risk is a
product of a population’s vulnerability and exposure to a hazard. While disasters are
triggered by natural hazards, social factors have a significant role in people’s exposure
to risk. A UNISDR 2015 Global Assessment Report defines disaster risk as a function of
the particular hazard faced, the exposure of the population to that hazard, and the
population’s level of vulnerability.
As claimed by Bollettino (2017) a population’s resilience to disasters is a similarly
multifaceted concept. While some competing definitions of resilience are found in the
literature as well as frameworks for measuring it, the terms disaster preparedness,
resilience, vulnerability, and sustainability are sometimes conflated or used
interchangeably in the literature. We see resilience as a long-term concept that covers
the full disaster continuum and includes aspects of positive transformation that
enhances the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
RESEARCH GAP:
One of the greatest gaps identified in this research lies in mental health. A significant
portion of the population impacted by disasters expressed difficulties coping
psychologically with the trauma, plus the research and/or literature we have searched
have barely scratched the surface when it comes to the mental health of affected
people. In some regions, again those reporting the lowest levels of disaster resilience
(Visayas, MIMAROPA, Negros Island Region, and SOCCSKSARGEN), as much as a
third of the population expressed difficulties coping with trauma.
Yet, consistently, less than 1 percent of those surveyed, in every region of the
Philippines, reported having access to mental health services or being treated for
mental health issues. Just over a third felt that they were very prepared and knew how
to respond to a disaster. Those living in areas more frequently impacted by typhoons
cited the highest levels of preparedness and those with previous disaster experience
cited this as a reason for being prepared for future disasters. While a large percentage
of families claimed to have made explicit disaster management plans, a similarly high
number did not have an emergency go bag.
Most Filipinos felt self-reliant when it came to disasters. The majority of the population
focused on preparing food, drinking water, and clothing in anticipation for a disaster but
given adequate funds would choose to strengthen their homes and store more food,
water, flashlights, and cooking supplies. Access to communication technologies was
high (mobile phones, televisions, and radios) but participation in training was low. The
vast majority of Filipinos received their information from television and radio. Access to
the internet was regionally variable though most Filipinos did own mobile phones and
used these to access the internet. The Philippines is and will continue to be, a key
focus and area of study on disaster resilience and preparedness. With the anticipated
changes in weather patterns and sea level rise associated with global climate change,
researchers and policymakers will benefit from continuing to examine how Filipinos
cope with and prepare for future disasters.
-Vincenzo Bollettino, Tilly Alcayna, Krish Enriquez, Patrick Vinck (June 2018)
References:
Risk reduction in practice: a Philippines case study. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2022, from
https://www.preventionweb.net/files/728_7439.pdf
Jubilo, A., Depra, G. On-site flood resiliency assessment of Barangay Mankilam, Tagum City, Philippines.
(2015). PIChE Journal, Volume 16, No. 1, pp 41-47.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rose-Mendoza/publication/
349735502_PIChE_Journal_Vol_16_Feb2015_Optimum_experimental_parameters_on_arsenic_removal
_from_contaminated_waters_by_electrodialysis_77th_PIChE_Best_Paper/links/
603fb4c9299bf1e078541a1a/PIChE-Journal-Vol-16-Feb2015-Optimum-experimental-parameters-on-
arsenic-removal-from-contaminated-waters-by-electrodialysis-77th-PIChE-Best-Paper.pdf#page=41
(Retrieved October 23, 2022)
Paz-Alberto et al. Climate Change Vulnerability and Disaster Risk Assessment Using Remote Sensing
Technology and Adaptation Strategies for Resiliency and Disaster Risk Management in Selected Coastal
Municipalities of Zambales, Philippines. (2021, March). American Journal of Climate Change, Vol. 10, No.
1, pp 85-133. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2021.101005
Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T. and Davis, I., At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability, and
Disasters, second edition (Routledge, 2014). See: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/
Bollettino, V., Alcayna, T., Dy, P., & Vinck, P., Introduction to Socio-Ecological Resilience, 2017. See
Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Natural Hazard Science:
http://naturalhazardscience.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acr
efore/
Cadiz, A., Pascual C. and Evangelista, E. Disaster Resilience Level of Selected Barangays in Quezon
City. (2018, November 27). Asia Pacific Higher Education Research Journal. Volume 5, No. 2.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354576921_ARTICLE_INFORMATION_Disaster_Resilience_Le
vel_of_Selected_Barangays_in_Quezon_City_Philippines?
fbclid=IwAR0GR2MHe4jPnGh4nA0Jpk9g19ysRnnsOIq6ZMGPm3AsX2XLG79Kqb-Y7oE
Bollettino, Alcayna, Enriquez, & Patrick Vinck. (2018, June). PERCEPTIONS OF DISASTER
RESILIENCE AND PREPAREDNESS IN THE PHILIPPINES. Retrieved November 7, 2022, from
https://hhi.harvard.edu/files/humanitarianinitiative/files/prc-phillippine-report-final_0.pdf?
m=1607102956&fbclid=IwAR0bP455Rn1GgWxddHS1i31FX5HRxi_dhDhwCIe_HFJgpAahL52wRjDP7js
Survey of Related Literature
Title & Author Objectives Design Key findings Recommendation for
future studies
Natural Hazards, The objective of this Explanatory -people's lives and work, -Global Development
People’s study is how the Research wealth and health, quality of
Vulnerability, and vulnerability is Design housing, access to -Hazards & Disasters
determined by a resources, class, gender,
Disasters, second
combination of social ethnicity, age, mobility, -Environmental Studies
edition (Wisner, B., and political factors. immigration status, and,
Blaikie, P., Cannon, most importantly, access to
T. and Davis, I) information and knowledge
all influence an individual’s
and a community’s
vulnerability
On-site flood The study’s main Descriptive -The western part of -A study on land use
resiliency objective is to assess the Research Barangay Mankilam is very relating to hazards should
assessment of flood resilience of Design susceptible to flooding. be made.
Barangay Mankilam in
Barangay Mankilam,
Tagum City. -The barangay officials have -Regular training for
Tagum City, implemented disaster barangay personnel should
Philippines. (Jubilo, preparedness policies. be conducted
A., Depra, G.)
-Mankilam is near -Massive tree planting shall
watersheds in its western be done in western
and northwestern Mankilam.
boundaries.
Risk reduction in To reduce impacts of Case Study - An integrated, community- -Community-based disaster
practice: a natural disasters: PNRC based preparedness (ICDPP) is
Philippines case encourages people to approach to disaster best suited for reducing the
study collaborate in protecting preparedness impact of small-scale local
lives and resources on and mitigation has proved hazards, but elements can
which they depend and very be adapted to alleviate the
employs six steps is is popular and effective in effects of larger disasters.
called the Integrated reducing ICDPP is only a supplement
Community Disaster the vulnerability of to – not a substitute for –
Planning Programme. thousands of regional and national
Filipinos to both natural disaster management.
hazards
and health risks.
Introduction to Socio- the notion of resilience Descriptive -ability to prepare for and -Community Resilience
Ecological Resilience has grown into an Research adapt to the challenges When Disaster Strikes
(Bollettino, V., important concept for Design posed by natural hazards Security and Community
both scholars and Health in UK Flood Zones
Alcayna, T., Dy, P., &
practitioners working on -mechanism they have
Vinck, P.) disasters. This evolution developed to cope and
reflects a growing adapt to threats
interest in diverse
disciplines in a holistic
understanding of
complex systems,
including how societies
interact with their
environment
Climate Change To assess the climate Descriptive -Sea level rise occurred in -More efforts should be
Vulnerability and change vulnerability and Research Sta. Cruz and Masinloc exerted by the LGUs toward
Disaster Risk disaster risks in the four Design whereas sedimentation took the development and
municipalities (Sta. Cruz, place on the coastlines of maintenance of their own
Assessment Using
Candelaria, Masinloc, Candelaria and Palauig. disaster risk reduction
Remote Sensing and Palauig) of management measures and
Technology and Zambales and to -Additionally, Palauig was plans.
Adaptation Strategies determine the climate the most vulnerable to
for Resiliency and change community- flooding and storm surge -Further study must also be
Disaster Risk based adaptation (CBA) while Candelaria is the most done to conduct studies
Management in and ecosystem-based prone to landslides. with remote sensing and
adaptation (EBA) GIS in coastal resources.
Selected Coastal
strategies.
Municipalities of
Zambales,
Philippines. (Paz-
Alberto et al.)
Disaster Resilience This study aimed to Cross-Sectional - The participants - The results brought
Level of Selected explore the disaster Design encountered by the study should
Barangays in Quezon resilience of the various hazards be supported by the
barangays in Quezon with respect to their LGU of Quezon City
City (Cadiz, A.,
City, identify the locations and and its respective
Pascual C. and hazards in the exposure to risks. selected barangays.
Evangelista, E.) community as perceived Majority of the
by the participants; and hazards - A case study in the
determine the level of encountered by the lines of said topic
disaster resilience of the participants are should be made for
barangays. hydrometeorological further
, geological and understanding.
human-induced.
- Barangays should
promote disaster
mitigation activities.
Summary Table
Similarities Differences Observation
All studies have recommendations for In some studies that focused There is a lack of specific studies
further action toward disaster mitigation on some particular areas, and pertaining to community resiliency in other
and risk reduction management. similar recommendations, two areas, especially in rural or semi-rural
hold barangays as their main towns.
focus while 1 used
municipalities in Zambales.
All studies did not focus on individuals' However, one study did Recommendations should also mention
mental health or those specific groups of mention that socio-economic the impact of the disaster’s on a person’s
people in an area. factors such as gender, age, wellbeing and the dynamics of their
profession, and more community
inherence in an individual’s
and community’s vulnerability
towards disasters.
PR2 SCRIPT PRESENTATION
Goodmorning, today we are going to present the research gap and review of related literature
found in the literature and article related to our study.
With the THEME: Health Resiliency and AREA: Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction.
Our specific topic is: Natural Disasters towards the Community Response: how resilient have
communities been?
[Present summary ng mga literature na sinearch natin]
[Tapos, ano yung mga nagawa na]
[Then, identify ano yung mga di pa ginawa and the research gap]
(anong problema?)
- The problem is that we don’t give much attention to how the affected people are coping,
after all the relief operations and help, is it still enough to at least have some form of
recovery?
(anong gagawin natin sa research ganon baSTA YAN)
- we will try to identify the level of resiliency that is being gauged, as well as devise
possible recommendations based on our results
