1.

Whatdoy
oumeanbymootcour
t?Whatar
etheobj
ect
iveofmootcour
t?

Amootcour tcompet i
tionsimulatesacourtheari
ng(usual
lyanappealagainstafi
nal
decisi
on)
,inwhichpar t
ici
pant sanal
y seapr
oblem,resear
chtherel
evantlaw,prepar
e
writ
tensubmissions,andpr esentoralar
gument.amockcour ti
nwhichlawst udents
arguehypothet
icalcasesf orpracti
ce.–
Objectiv
e-Amootcour
tisarepl
i
caofr eal
cour
tpr
oceedi
ngs.Thepurposeofmoot
courtcompeti
ti
onsi
s t
omakest udent
sawareoft
hecourtproceedi
ngsrel
atedt
o
disputesbet
weenpart
ies.
Mooting helpsapersongainconf
idenceintalki
ngandpr esent
ingthei
rpointofview
toothers.Itai
dsinthedevel
opmentofaper son'sconf
idencetothepointwherethey
arenotaf r
aidtoquesti
onorspeakinfrontofother
sandcanef fect
ivel
yfi
ghtcases

2.Whatdoy
oumeanbymockt
ri
al?

Mockt r
ial
sallowstudentstopracti
celowercour
ttri
als.Theyrepr
esentaparty
,pr
epar
ea
casefortr
ial
andtryt hecasebefor
ejudges,whoareusuall
ylawprofessor
s,andev
enfrom
j
udici
ary.Mocktri
alinvol
vesawhol etr
ial
.

3.Whati
skeycont
entofMootcour
tfi
l
e?

 Coverpage.Thecov
erpageofeachwr
it
tensubmi
ssi
onofMemor
ial
must
havethefoll
owi nginformati
on:
 Tableofcontent s..
..
 Indexofauthoriti
es...
.
 Listofabbr
eviations...
.
 Statementofjurisdict
ion..
..
 Statementoffact s/Synopsisoff
act
s..
..
 Statementofissues....
 Summar yofar gument s.

 •Ar
gument
sadv
anced
•Prayer
 A coverpage consistsofthenameoft hemootcour tcompetit
ion,
thecour
t
beforewhicht hepar t
iesareappeari
ng,pet
it
ionno.-
--
--
,thenamesoft he
parti
es,whethery ouar et
heplaint
if
forthedefendant,y
ourteam codeandany
othernecessar ydetai
l.

ht
tps:
//www.
lawct
opus.
com/
moot
ing-
basi
cs-
draf
ti
ng-
a-moot
-cour
t-
memorial
/
 4.Whati
sjuri
sdi
cti
onofmootcour
t?–si
ncet
hisi
smockcour
t,t
her
eisnoj
uri
sdi
cti
on
ofmootcourt

5.Whatar
ethepower
sofj
udgesofmootcour
t?-t
heyar
eret
ir
edj
udges,
theydonot
hav
eanypowers

6.Wheref
rom t
hemootcourtprobl
emscome?-Gener
all
yfrom ther
eal
casesdeci
ded,
ther
enamesanddetai
lsarechangesandf
orlear
ningpointofvi
ewsome
compli
cat
ionsar
eal
soi nser
tedini
t.

7.Whati
sthedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenmootcour
tandcour
t?

Amootcour tisandarti
fici
alcourtpreparesfort
helawstudentswhereasacour
tisalway
s
establ
ishbyanactandi tisj
udicialprocess.I
namootcour tt
hestudentshav
etoargueonthe
l
awpoi ntonlywhereasi
nar eal
cour tthefi
li
ngs,
argumentsaredoneasperthel
awand
procedural
rules.

I
nacour tt
heJudgementi sfi
nal
lydel
iver
edonthebasi
soffactsandcircumstances.Whereasi
n
mootcourtonl
yargument sar
eheldandnojudgementwil
lbedeliv
ered.Inarealcourti
fther
eis
amisconductonthepartofanAdvocatehecanbetri
edforcontemptofcourttherei
snosuch
pr
ovisi
onorstri
ctappl
ianceoftherul
es.

Inareal
courtpr
acti
cetheAdvocatemusthavi
ngaregi
str
ati
onorasanadt
oappearbet
ween
cour
toflawwhereasinmootcourtthest
udent
shav
esupposedtoactasanadv
ocateanargue
thematt
er.

Judges-Judgesar
egener
all
yfr
om t
hef
acul
tyort
heper
sonshav
ingami
nimum knowl
edgeof
l
aw.

8.Nameofpar
ti
esi
ndi
ff
erentt
ypesofcase

Ty
peofdi
sput
e Fi
rst
/Aggr
iev
edPar
ty SecondPar
ty

Ci
vi
l Pl
aint
if
f Respondent

Cr
imi
nal Pr
osecut
ion Def
endant

Const
it
uti
onal Pet
it
ioner Respondent
 9.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyci
tat
ion?

Caseci
tati
on i
sasyst
em usedbylegalpr
ofessi
onalstoident
if
ypast 
courtcase 
deci
sions,
eit
her
i
nseri
esofbookscall
ed 
repor
ter
s or 
l
awr epor
ts.ci
tat
ionusuall
ycont
ainsthefol
lowi
ng
i
nfor
mation:

 Cour
tthati
ssuedt
hedeci
si
on

 Repor
tti
tl
e

 Vol
umenumber

 Page,
sect
ion,
orpar
agr
aphnumber

 Publ
i
cat
iony
ear

10.I
sappeall
iesagai
nstmootcour
tcase?

11.Whatdoy
ouknowaboutt
hehi
erar
chyofcour
tsunderj
udi
cial
syst
em ofI
ndi
a?

12.Whataretheessential
partsofaplai
nt?-ThePart
icul
arsOfAPlai
ntCanBeDiv
ided
I
ntoThreeImportantPartsSuchAs HeadingAndTitl
e,BodyOfThePlai
nt,
Rel
ief
Cl
aimed,signat
ureandv eri
fi
cat
ion.
 13.Whatdoy oumeanbywr it
tenstatement?-Awritt
enstatementis t
hest
atementof
thedef
endantinhisdefenceinwhi chheeit
heradmi t
st heclai
msordeniesthe
fact
sall
egedbyplantleafinhisplaint
.ThedefendantcanStateNewfactsofthe
caseandlegal
object
ionsagainsttheclai
m askedbythepl ai
nti
ff
.

14.Whatar
ethet
hreepar
tsofawr
it
tenst
atement
?–

 Thestat
ementshoulddenyoracceptt heal l
egat
ionsi
mposedon
hi
m.Anyallegati
onswhichar enotanswer edbythedefendantar
e
deemedtobeaccept edbythedef endant. 
 Thestat
ementmustcont ai
nt hev eri
fi
cationofthedefendantby
stat
ingt
hatthecontentwri
ttenint hestatementistr
ueand
corr
ectaspertheknowledgeoft hedef endant.
 

15.Whatdoy oumeanby“Pleadi
ng”?APleadingi
s af
ormaldocumenti
nwhichaparty
toalegalpr
oceedi
ng(esp. 
aciv
ill
awsuit)set
sfor
thorr
espondstoall
egat
ions,
clai
ms,denial
sordef
enses

Whatar
ethe3t
ypesofpl
eadi
ngs?
WHATARETHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDPLEADI
NGSI
NACI
VILLAWSUI
T?
 Compl
aint
:thel
awsui
tisi
nit
iat
edbyf
il
ingt
hecompl
aint
...
.
 Summons:
Asummonsi
sadocumentt
hatnot
if
iest
heper
sonorpar
tyt
hati
s
bei
ngdraggedtothecour
t..
..
 Answer
:theresponseoft
hedefendanti
nthel
awsui
tisr
efer
redt
oasan
answer
.
Dr
aft
ingi
swrit
inganylegaldocument
,itcanbepl
eadingforci
vi
lcour
torCompl
aintt
oa
Cr
imi
nalcour
torpeti
ti
oningbeforeHi
ghCourtordraf
tingaWill

16.Whatdoy
oumeanbyamendmentofpl
eadi
ngs?

I
ncer tai
ncircumstances,theparti
estothecasemayf eeltheneedt
oamendt he
pleadi
ngssubmi tt
edt othecourtforreasonsrangingfrom comingi
ntotheli
ght
ofnewi nfor
mat i
onwhi chwaspr evi
ouslyunknown, orfact
swhicharenecessary
forthedeterminat
ionoft hequesti
oni ncont
roversybetweenthepart
ies,among
otherreasons. 

Forr
easonsst
atedher
einbef
oreandother
s,t
hel
awprovi
desfortheamendment
ofpl
eadi
ngsbythepar
tiesunderOr
derVIRul
e17,whi
chi
sreproducedasbel
ow:
 “TheCour
tmayatanystageofthepr
oceedingsall
oweitherpar
tytoalt
eror
amendhispl
eadi
ngsinsuchmannerandonsucht ermsasmaybej ust
,andal
l
suchamendmentsshal
lbemadeasmaybenecessar yforthepurposeof
deter
mini
ngther
ealquest
ionsi
ncontr
oversybetweentheparti
es:

Providedthatnoappli
cati
onforamendmentshallbeall
owedaf t
erthet
ri
alhas
commenced, unl
esstheCourtcomestotheconclusi
onthatinspi
teofdue
di
ligence,
thepartycouldnothaver
aisedthematterbef
orethecommencement
oftri
al.

17.Whatdocument
sar
efi
l
esdur
ingi
nst
it
uti
onofsui
t?
Therearefouressenti
alsofasuit:
i
.Opposingparti
es,i.
e.,part
iest
othesui
t;
i
i.Subj
ect-
mat t
erindispute;
i
ii
.Causeofact i
on;and
i
v.Reli
ef

18.Whatdoy
oumeanbyaf
fi
dav
it-awr
? it
tendecl
arat
ionuponoat
hmade
bef
oreanaut
hor
izedof
fi
cial
.ORawr
it
tenst
atementsi
gnedbyaper
sonwho
swear
sthatt
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
str
ue.

19.Whatisapersont
owhom pr
oper
tyi
sduet
opassunderawi
l
lort
rustcal
l
ed?
-
benef
ici
ary

20.Whatdoy
oumeanby“
decr
ee,
orderandj
udgement
”?

Thef or
mal procl
amat i
onoftheadjudicati
onbyt hecour toflawexplai
ningtheright
s
ofthepar t
iesconcernedj
udgmentt hesuit,i
scalleddecr ee.Thelegalannouncement
ofthejudgementt akenbythecourt,defi
ningtherelat
ionshipoft hepart
ies,i
nthe
proceedings,i
scalledanorder
.Thet erm decr
eei sdefinedinSect i
on2(2)ofCodeof
Civi
lProcedure,1908. 
Adecreealway sfoll
owsjudgement  andisbasedupona
j
udgement .

Whati
sjudgementor
der
?
Thegroundsofanorderoradecr
eei
sstat
edbythejudgei
najudgement.I
tis 
the
for
malpronouncementordeli
ver
yoft
hefi
naldeci
sionoft
hecourtst
atedtothe
part
ies
I
sor
derandj
udgementsame?
Judgmentsf ormall
yendt hecourt'
shol dofthecase. I
tistheresultofan
adj
udicati
on( bal
ancingevidences).
 Ont heotherhand,thecourtjudgeist
heone
whopr ocl
aimsacour tor
der.Thisactuall
ytel
lsthelegalconnect
ionbetweent
he
i
nvolv
edpar t
iestoacour tcase.

Whatar
ethekeydi
ff
erencesbet
weenaj
udgmentandadecr
ee?
Judgementi sastat
ementgivenbyt hejudgewhichadjudi
catesal
ltheissues
concerningthel
awsuitandspecifi
estheright
sandliabi
li
ti
esofthepar t
ies.Adecr
ee
i
ssomet hi
ngwhichdeclar
estheconsequencesoft hesuitandspecif
icall
y
deter
mi nesther
ight
sandl i
abil
i
tiesoftheparti
es.

Compar
isonChar
t

BASI
SFOR
JUDGEMENT DECREE
COMPARI
SON

Meani
ng Judgementi sast atement Adecr eeissomet hi
ng
giv
enbyt hejudgewhi ch whichdeclarest he
adjudi
catesal lt
heissues consequencesoft hesuit
concerningthelawsuitand andspeci f
icall
y
specif
iest heri
ghtsand deter
mi nesther ightsand
l
iabil
it
iesoft hepart
ies. l
iabil
i
tiesoft hepar t
ies.

Def
inedi
n Secti
on2( 9)oft
heCodeof Sect
ion2(2)oft
heCode
Civ
ilProcedure,
1908. ofCi
v i
lPr
ocedure,
1908.

Nat
ure Fi
nal Prel
imi
nar
y,f
inal
orpart
ly
prel
i
minar
yandpart
ly
fi
nal
.

Par
toft
hesui
t Concl
udi
ngpar
t Oper
ati
ngpar
t

Passedi
n Bothci
vi
landcr
imi
nal Ci
vi
lcasesonl
y
cases

Appeal
abl
e No Yes
 BASI
SFOR
JUDGEMENT DECREE
COMPARI
SON

Sequence Fi
rst Second

Formal Desi
rabl
e Necessar
y
Expressi
on

Execut
ion Notcapabl
eofexecut
ion Capabl
eofexecut
ion

Essent
ialEl
ement
sofDecr
ee

 Formal Expr essionofAdj udicati

on.Hereadjudicat
ionrefer
st ot
he
j
udicialdet erminati
onoft hesui tonthemat ter
sofcont r
oversy.
 Ascertainmentofr i
ghtsofpar t
iestosuit,
conclusi
vely
.
 Rightsar etobedet er
mi nedwi threspecttoall
oranyoft he
mat t
ersi nt hedisputeinthesui t.
 Adjudicationhast obegi veninthesuit.
Essent
ialEl
ement
sofJudgement

 Aconci sestatementofthecase
 Pointsofdeterminat
ion
 Decision
 Reasonsf orthedecisi
on

Theessent
ial
element
sofanOr
der

(
i)Deci
sion

Theexpr
essi
ondeci
si
onr
egar
dst
hej
udi
cial
deci
sionordeci
sionbyt
he
cour
t.

(
ii
)ByCi
vi
lCour
t

Thedeci
sionmustbegi
venbyt
heCi
vi
lCour
t,andnotbyanyot
herbody
.
(
ii
i)For
malExpr
essi
on

Thedecisiondeli
veredbythecourtmustbeformall
yexpressedand,i
t
shouldbemadei npr eci
sewrit
ing,
andthelanguageusedmustbe
del
iberat
esot hattheexecut
ionofanordercouldbeeasyandpossibl
e.

(
iv)NotaDecr
ee

Theorderofthecour
tespeci
all
ynoti
ncludesthedecr
eefr
om itsambi
t,
andassuchofanyadjudicat
ionofadecree,
cannotbeanorderatt
he
samepoint.

“Decree”meanst heformal expressi

onofan  
adjudicati
onwhi ch,sofarasr egardsthe
Courtexpr essingi tconcl
usivelydetermines
therightsoft hepar ti
esconcer ningal
l orany 2.“Order
”meanstheformalexpr
essi
onof
ofthemat ter
si ncont r
oversyint hesuitandit anydecisi
onofaciv
ilcour
tthati
snota
maybeei therpreliminarydecreeorf i
nal decree.
decree.

Anappeal
canbemadeagai
nstev
erydecr
ee.

Anappeal
cannotbemadeagai
nstev
eryor
der
.

21.Whatdoy oumeanby“ j
udge”
?-Ajudgeis 
apersonwhopr esidesov ercourt
proceedi
ngs,ei
theral
oneorasapartofapanel ofj
udges.judge, 
publicoff
ici
al
vestedwit
htheauthori
tyt
ohear,
determine,
andpr esi
deov erlegalmat t
ersbrought
i
nacour tofl
aw

22.Whatdoy oumeanbydecreehol
derandjudgment–debtor?-decr
eepassedin
favourofpar
tyi
scall
eddecreehol
derandtheotherpart
yinthesuiti
sjudgment
debtorashehastoperf
orm aspert
heactmentioninthedecree.

23.Whatdoy oumeanby“part
icul
ars”?-'
Mater
ialfact
s'arepri
mar yorbasi
cf act
swhich
mustbepleadedbyt
heplainti
fforbythedefendantinsupportofthecasesetupby
hi
m eit
hertoprov
ehiscauseofact i
onordefence.'
Parti
cul
ars',ontheotherhand,
ar
e det
ail
sinsuppor
tofmat eri
alfactspl
eadedbyt heparty
 24.Whatiscrossexaminati
on?-Cr
oss-
ex ami nati
onconsist
si n i
nterr
ogati
ngt he
opposingpart
y'swi
tnesswhohasal readyt esti
fi
ed 
(i
.e.directexaminati
on).I
tmay
1
befol
lowedbyar e-
dir
ectexaminat
ion. .Thescopeofcr oss-examinat
ionischecki
ng
ordi
scredi
ti
ngthewitness'
stest
imony ,knowledge,orcredibil
it
yOR

Theex aminationofwitnessbyt headversepartyshall

becall
edhi
sCross-
Exami nat
ion.Inlaw,cr
oss-exami nat
ionis t
heinter
rogati
onofawit
nesscall
edby
one'sopponent .Thepurposeofcr oss-examinat
ionisnotsi
mplyt
oattackan
adversary,buttostr
engtheny ourowncase

25.Whatdoyoumeanbyt hewor d“ev

idence”
?-evi
dence,i
nlaw, 
anyofthemat eri
al
i
temsorassert
ionsoffactt
hatmaybesubmi t
tedtoacompet enttr
ibunalasa
meansofascert
aini
ngthetruthofanyall
egedmat t
eroffactunderi
nv est
igat
ion
bef
orei
t.

26.Whatdoy
oumeanbyr
epr
esent
ati
vesui
t?-

27.Whatdoy
oumeanby“
conv
eyanci
ng”
?

28.Whatdomeanbywr
it
?Agai
nstwhom wr
itcanbei
ssued?

29.Whatdoy
oumeanbyr
es-
judi
cat
a?Whet
herr
es-
judi
cat
ali
esf
ordeci
sionofmoot
cour
t?

30.Whati
sapowerofat
tor
ney
?

31.Whati
sappeal
?Whet
heri
tli
esf
orcasesofmootcour
t?

32.Whatdoy
oumeanbySt
ateBarcounci
landBarcounci
lofI
ndi
a?

33.Expl
ainv
ari
ousj
uri
sdi
cti
onofsupr
emeCour
t.

TheSupr
emeCourthasor
igi
nal
,appel
lat
eandadvisor
yjur
isdicti
on.I
tsexcl
usi
veori
ginal
j
uri
sdi
cti
oni
ncl
udesanydi
sputebetweentheCent
reandState(s)orbet
weenStat
esas
wellasmat tersconcer ni
ngenf orcementoff undament alri
ghtsofi ndivi
dual s.The
appell
atejurisdicti
onoft heSupremeCour tcanbei nvokedbyacer tif
icategr antedby
theHighCour tconcer nedinrespectofanyj udgment ,decree,orfinalorderofaHi gh
Court,i
nbot hci vi
landcr i
minalcases,involvi
ngsubst anti
alquestionsofl awast othe
i
nterpretati
onoft heConst i
tuti
onoranyl aw.Theappel l
atejurisdi
ctionoft heSupr eme
Courtcanal sobei nvokedt hr
ought heresiduarypowerofSpeci alLeav ePet it
ion,which
i
st obeex ercisedonl yi
ncaseswhenanysubst ant
ialquestionoflawi si nv olved,or
grossinjusti
cehasbeendone.Supr emeCour tdeci
sionsar ebindingonal l
Courts/Tri
bunal sint hecountryandactaspr ecedencef orlowercour ts.UnderAr ti
cle
141oft heConst i
tution,all
courtsinIndiaareboundt of oll
owt hedeci sionoft he
SupremeCour tast heruleoflaw.Further,Arti
cle142oft heConst itut
ionempower st
he
SupremeCour ttopassanyor derasmaybenecessar yfordoingcompl et ej usti
ce
betweent hepar ti
es.

Hi
ghcour
t-Hi
ghCour
tshav
ejuri
sdict
ionov
ert
heSt
atesi
nwhi
cht
heyar
elocat
ed.Ther
e
ar
eatpr
esent
,25Hi
ghCourt
sinIndia

34.Whatar
ePre-
tr
ial
prepar
ati
ons?Shoul
ditbemadebyabadv
ocat
ebef
oret
he
begi
nni
ngoft
hetri
alofacasei
ncivi
l-
matter
s?

35.Whati
sexami
nat
ion-
in-
chi
ef?

36.Whatdoy
oumeanbysui
t?

37.Whatdoy
oumeanbysummons?

38.Whati
sanex-
par
tedecr
ee?

39.Whoi
sani
ndi
gentper
son?

40.Def
inei
njuct
ion.

41.Whati
smeani
ngofi
nter
viewt
echni
que?

42.Whatt
hingsar
edemandedi
nrel
i
ef?
43.I
sdef
amat
ionofci
vi
lorcr
imi
nal
nat
ure?

44.Whi
chi
slawmaki
ngbody
?Whoi
sthef
ir
stl
awof
fi
ceroft
hegov
ernmentofI
ndi
a?

45.WhoisinIndi
anotanswer
abl
etoanycour
tofl
awf
ort
heexer
ciseoft
hepower
sand
dut
iesofhisof
fi
ce?

Answer
:Pr
esi
dentofI
ndi
a

46.WhydoI
ndi
anl
awy
erhav
etowearbandi
nst
eadoft
ie?

Answer
s:Bandi
samor
efor
mal
expr
essi
ont
hant
ie.I
tissi
ncet
hebr
it
isher
a

47.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenDecr
eeandor
der
.

48.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenDecr
eeandJudgment
.

49.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenRev
isi
onandAppeal

50.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenDi
vor
ceandSepar
ati
on

51.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenMagi
str
ateanddi
str
ictj
udge

52.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenGi
ftandWi
l
l

53.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenAr
ti
cle32and226