Life Processes Life is a characteristic which distinguishes living organisms from non-living objects. Various characteristics of living organisms Include movement, breathing, growin etc. However, not every ‘atintion of life considers all of these properties to be essential ‘Movement aver very small scales wil be invisible to the naked ey {oc example, movements of molecules. The Invisible movement of ‘molecules is. however necessary for the existence.of. life. in fact. rey {nfgt some cel and hat is partly why tee is a. controversy about ‘whether they are Iving-or-noo-ling, ‘What criteria do we use to decide something is alive? Living organisms are well organised structures, which show ‘movements that may be visible or invisible. Tey-have. tissues, tissues consists of cls, ells have smaller components in them and. ‘0 on, If these order breaks down the organism will fo Joager be alve. Solving creatures must keep repairing and maintaining their ¢ siructures are made_up.of molecules, meni is basic to ling “The study of ife processes is essential in. understanding the basic processes of the body. This study Gives Us information regarding the functioning of cell How the food that we eat is diges assimilated in the body? How does the body derive eneray for the ‘work? How are various metabolic processes interrelated? “Answer to such basic questions can only be derived by a systematic ‘study of various ie processes. WHAT ARE LIFE PROCESSES? absorbed and mal day-to-day Life. processes canbe definad as the basic functions performed by living organisms in order io mainian ther ife on earth. Those life processes include sutaitian, INCLUDES ‘What are Life Processes? Nutrition > Mode of Nutrition AAutotrophic Nutrition Photosynthesis, Heterotrophie Nutrition How Do Organisms Obtain Their Nutrition? Nutrition Jin Human Beings Alimentary Canal Respiration > Respiration in Plants Respiration in Animals > “Human Respiratory System & vvyyy Human Diaphragm Mechariism of Breathing ‘Transportation > Transportation in Human Beings > Functions of Blood > Human Circulatory System > Human Heart > Blood Pressure > Lymphatic System > Transportation in Pants Excretion > Excretion in Human Beings, > Nephron (Uriniferous Tubule) > Mechanism of Exeration > Excretion in Plants Quick Recap AssignmentDepending on the complexity of these carbon sources, diferent organisms use different modes of nutrition. ‘Those sources of energy are broken down in the body of living organisms and converted to a uniform source of eneray that can be used for their metabolic activities, order to maintain life is known as Metabolis: NUTRITION isthe of intake and utlization of nutrients by an organism, ‘A nutrient can be defined as a subsianes BA organism obtains from its surroundings and uses it ae a ‘source of energy for biosynthesis of its body constituents. We need nutrients to grow, develop, synthesize protoin and to maintain state of order in our body. How do living beings get their food? Living organiems use different modes of nutrition to fulfil their requirements of nutrients (energy and materials). Based upon these different modes of nutrition, they can be categorised as Autotrophs (Producers) = The sable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances ising light or chemical energy. ©-g-, Gleen plants, algae and some bacteria _ = Shap It is the characteristic of plants and algae which prepare their food by the process of photosynthesis. It is the process by which plant cells. containing chlorephyll produce carbohydrates like gkicose from carbon dioxide and water, by using light energy. Photosynthesis avert light energy captured from ‘the.sun.into.chemicaeneray (carbohydrates) with the help of chlorophyll pigment, water and CO; Oxygen |s released as a by-product during this process. ‘The process of photosynthesis can be represented as : co, + 12,0 SRM. Cyt, + 8021 + GHZO a amuee teeters he Photosynthetic organisms trap solar energy and form ATP (Adenosine tiohosphate) and NADPH (Nicotinamide _Sdonna sinucloote pnosphaie) rich toy uve ac enorGy SBUreas 1 MaKe eafbonydratag em carbohydrates a in the form of starch in plants and glycogen in many vertebrates and serves as intoral ene How the plants obtain carbon dioxide?eee Stomata : Plants obiain carbon dioxide through tiny pores called stomata. These are microscopic pore Complexes which occur in the epidermis of leaves and other soft parts of the plants. Each stomala consists _ota'stomatal aperture. and two surrounding Sviard celle. Gust calls ae the. only. 2pidexmal-calls nant 3 Se ee ee ray tineer hen tra wal, Guard calls can urcieros TE changes. The opening and coeing of the eiornetal para ie a furcaion ofthe guard Cal. Thay see thar, causing tho stomatal pore to open..On the toss ot urgiy, the guard coll ESS ced lending Wo dows of tom 1: (A) Opened stomata, (B) Closed stomata ‘Stomata help in gaseous exchange (O, and CO,) between leaves and atmosphere during photosynthesis, Site of Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis occurs in green parts of the plants like leaves and green stems. the leat nas n_both surfaces) which are covered by waxy cuticle, ‘The intoral layers of the leaf are made up of mesophyll celle rich in Chiordplasis are the cel organelles that Barfomn phalosythesis. Structurally chlGroplasts are. double mombrane ‘structures called thylakoids. These Ars preeaneWi ths SOTA of ot chloroplast ether ina st ouuaeyraM) or sings: Stromal Iameliae cone: the wo grana. the membranes conta graen pigment Mowe called cROFEPRYT WME Huo a as the light energy and converts it into chemical Chloroplast, Plant cel Fig. 2: Internal structure of a leafCore) Activity-14 Chlorophyll Is necessary for photosynthesis = Procedure : () Destarch the loaves of a potted plant (having Variegated leaves) by keeping it in a dark room {or three days so that all the starch gets used up. (i) Take out the plant and keep it in Bright sunlight for 82 days: (it) Pluck a leaf and mari the green and non-green areas by placing a rice paper on it (@) Put the J6aflin. bolting water fer 5-10 minutes and then immerse it in alcohol heated with the help of water bath. (©) Pour dilute todine solution over the colourless let leaf, 1nd observe the change in colour of the ‘Observation : The part of leaf that is marked as gféen areas tums bluish black on adding iodine solution Bt ascaraso nk Cae th pao tal at ard 2 for esraea, af Fig. 3 : Variegated leaf (a) before and (b) after starch test Conclusion : From above observation, we can conclude that starch is produced during photosynthesis in the presence of chlorophyll. Therefore, chlorophyll is necessary for the process of photosynthesis.(i) Now place each plant on separate glass plate and keep a watch glass containing potassium hydroxide by the side of one plant as shown in setup (a). Activity-1.2 Carbon dioxide Is necessary for photosynthesis, Procedure : (i) Take two healthy potted plant and keep them in a dark room to destarch them. (id) Cover both plants with bell jars and seal the bottom of jars with vaseline to make them air. tight. () Place the plants in sunlight for about two hours. (Now pluck a leaf from each plant and tost the same for starch as in the above activity. Observation : The leaf of plant in set-up (b) has synthesized starch that turns blue-black while the leaf of plant in set-up (2) do not show blue-black colour as starch has not been synthesised, Bell Jor potassium hhyaroxdce oy Fig. 4 : Experiment set-up (a) with potassium hydroxide (b) without potassium hydroxide Conclusion : The bell jar in set-up (a) do niébconiais. carbon dioxide as jt absorbed by potassium hydroxide ‘whereas the bell jar in set-up (6) eontain.carbon dioxide as potassium hydroxide is not present int. Theretore, carbon diokide Is nevessary for photoynihesis fonn of sucrose in plants ‘Autotrophs need other materials like itrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium for building their body. These lare also taken up from the sail. Nitrogen is an essential element used in the synthesis of proteins and other compounds. This is taken up in he form of inorganic nitrates of nitrites of it ¥S taken up as organic compounds which have been propared by atone Which term is used for the biological catalysts present in human body? Solution : Enzymes Example 2 ‘Mention the material required for photosynthesis which is obtained by plants through their roots.BH Lite Proceasae Biology ~ Giese X (Lever 1. In plants, the carbohydrates which are not utilised are stored in the form of, (1) Glycogen ey Starch () Glycolipid (@) Phospholipid 2. In terrestrial plants, water used in photosynthesis is taken up by the (1) Flowers Pr Roots (@) Aerial leaves: (@) Green stoms 3. Microorganisms that do not show any molecular movernent in them, until they infect some cells are: @rviruses @) Bacteria @) Archaebacteria (@) Eubacteria 4. Identify the correct matching pair of form of organic food synthesized, stored and transported in plants, from the following, Form of food Form of food Form of food synthesized ‘stored transported (1) Sucrose Glucose ‘Starch “27 Glucose Starch Sucrose @) Glucose Sucrose ‘Starch @) Sucrose Glycogen Glucose 5. Which of the following events does not occur exclusively during light reaction of photosynthesis? (1) Photolysis of water @) Conversion of light energy into chemical eneray (@) Absorption of solar energy AB Reduction of CO, Us ey (We (Ze (et “suv Heterotrophic Nutrition It Is a kind of nutrition in which the orgsnidms derive energy from the intake and digestion of the organic ‘substances prepared by autotrophs and ether organic sources. ‘Organisms which depend on organie'siitistances prepared by autotrophs and other organic sources are called heterotrophs. ‘There are four main types of heterotrophic nutrition, which are as follows. 4 Holozole nutrition : In this mode of nutrition, an organism takes the complex organic food materials into te body by the process of Ingestion. The ingested food Into the body cols of the organism for assimilation (er utlizalion of absorbed food nutrients) and or juction. Tho Grotguied rel unabecrtie Bart of Wie falta eed hee os Bon of os ona be as eee calls ‘eqestion. This is also known as animaltike nutrition. 2g., Amoeba, human beings, ete. ‘Saprophytic nutrition : In this mode of nutrition, organisms derive thelr nutrients trom dead and decaying Stains tratier, Such onganierns fyealccown the Wood mater custo Tae dy ated Teor abeore he digested food material. The organisms having saprophytic mode of nutrition are called saprophytes. 6-g., Fungi, like bread mi mushrooms. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offco : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, Now Duihi-110005 Ph.011-476294583. Parasitic nutrition : In this mode of nution, living on or ‘without killing ther. 2.9.. Cuscuta (amar-bel), ticks, lice, leeches and tapeworms. 4. Symbiotic nutrition : When two organisms are mutually benefited by living in close association with each Sher, ey are cated Symbianbs ore this Roos oF RONNON ie KNSUT-Bs SOMNDSUS RUNS 2-9. Lichen ; It's @ symbiotic association of pholpeynihetc algae oF cyanobacteria. and fund. How Do Organisms Obtain Their Nutrition? ‘Since the food and the way itis obtained differ, the digestive system is different in various organisms. In single- colled organisms, the food may be taken in by the entire body surtace. But as the complexity of the organism increases, different parts become specialised to perform different functions. Mode of Nutrition In Single-Celled Organism ee ST See we ve ivi row Sebago bees dean tia tom Been oe nt Pe Sey © ar aes ag cee cece anaes oe aes ol as a on » oe oo Stroron he ase tod ives ma ne anamam > { caeS\ocic eckt-6 Formed which gots accumulated inthe muscle cells leading to craimpe. Glucose — e+ 2 Pyruvate + vray alee “cathe, tear Later, when there is sufficont SUppIy of xy. the lactic acid is completely oxidised info CO, and waterDifference between Aerobic and Anaeroble Respiration Respiration in Plants During respiration. plants obtain O, from the atmosphere and release CO,. The exchange of gases occurs through the minute pores called stomata present on the surface of leaves 2 ta ure that all cells are in eon CO, and ©. 3n_ The direction of diffusion depends upon the ‘environmental conditions ahd requirements of the plant. Duting-daytima CO, aenerated during respiration is ul ‘the plants for the process: 6f photosynthesis. Thus. O, release ig the major event when there Ts sis occuring, CO, generated during fospiration Ts eliminated. Thus, CO, Fafease is the major event at ng Exchange of gases in plants can occur across the surface of foots and sims as wall, via root hairs and. lenticels, o the soll particles is absorbed By 120 5 “Bother col oF the Toot By GMUsion”Simlary, CO, lifuscs out rom root cals nthe soil. Root hairs ‘and absorption of water Increase surtace area for gaseous exchange. Gidst.narts ot oe root ‘aod stam do-not have hairs. They are covered “a3 bark Barkchas Uny openings called antisera which help. Carbon dioxide is exhaled during breathing? Procedure : (i) Take two test tube A and'B and pour some freshly prepared lime water in each tube. i) Now blow air in tube B through the lime water with the help of glass tube and observe, (il) In tost tube A, pass air through lime water with the holp of a pichkari and obsorve. < Ruppor Tube tune. esttube containing =)a Observation : The lime water in test tube B tums milky In less time showing that we exhale carbon dioxide Whereas the lime water in test tube A takes a long time to turn milky. Conelusion : The lime water Is a solution of calcium hydroxide, It combines with CO, to form a white precipitate of calcium carbonate, This also shows that expired air contains more concentration of CO, than the atmospheric air Example 7 : What is the common stop in both aerobic and anaerobie respiration? Solution : Glycolysis, Example 8 Where does the breakdown of pyruvate take place in presence of oxygen? Solution: Mitochondria, Respiration in Animals ‘Terrestrial animals use the oxygen availabiglin tie atmosphere for respiratich, but the animals that live in wator need to use the oxygen dissolved in water. Since the amountof dissabad.estcan is falty-lowas.comnared ‘ate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster a In terestial organisms. Fish : In fish, branchial respiration occurs thOUgN ils which serve as respifatory organs, Fishes take in water i mouth and force it th water) diffuses into the blood capillaries is, and reaches different body parts through cireulation.. Similarly, CO, diffuses out from gille into wator ‘due to the difference in its concentration by the process of diffusion. Fig. 11 = Branchial respiration in fish. A.gils in bony fish (after removing operculum), B-Pathway of wator movement in a cartilaginous fich Human Respiratory System In human beings, many organs take part in the process of respiration which are known as organs of respiratory system. The main organs of human respiratory system are nostrils, nasal passage (cavity), pharynx, larynx trachea, bronchi and lungs.Fig. 12: Human respiratory organs 4. Nostrils or external nares : There is a pair of small, oval apertures present at the lower end of the nose land just above the mouth. Aicie-inhaled-theauigh nasizis Nasal Chambers : A oaic of nasal chambers are enclosed in the nasal cavity and are present above the palate. These are separated by a nasal septum. Fine hair and mucus secreting cells are present in the ning of-nasal chambers which help in fitering the ait Pharynx : Phan is a common passeg6 for the air we inhale and the-food we.eal- The pharynx: leads into trachea or wind pipe through a alt ie aperture called food. glotis gots covered by a small i Larynx (Larynx ie the sound producing @rgan/and contains yoSal corde. These cords are made up of elastic foros. Lannie alsa knew ae The eSB (i) Unti puberty there file difference In the sizeof the larynx in males and females, Thereafter. it grows, larger and becomes prominent in maigs, thareiore, iis called Adam's apple. (il) During expiration, air is forced out of unas which vibrates vocal cords and produce sound, and results inepocer™ 0) in women and children, ine, yoe8i canis are usually shorier and thinner. So their voice is of high ae (In men, the vocal cords are usually longer and thicker. So their voice is of low pitch. (¥) In females, the length of the vocal cords is al ‘and in males i is abo 5. Trachea : The larynx leads into a long tube called trachea or wind pipe. (The trachea is about 10 cm tong in humans, supported by C-shaped incomplete rings of hyaline sadilage (i) Tnase cartilaginous rings ensure that the air passage does not collapse during inspiration. PE Lee err ta rho, ei ea an as SSSR ray —Brenghl. The walt of broncht are slap sunnoriad i carlaninaus ings, The terory ea a ree pom cela gna ee ee ee Sea a rai pom beet am are lungs. _ Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110005 Ph.011-47623456_ss 7. Ribs, inter-costal muscles and diaphragm = (There are 12 pairs of ribs in human beings. (i) Ribs are bony and cartilaginous structures that form the wall of thoracie cavity. (ii) One end of rib is attached to the vertebral column while gther end is attached to the sternum (breast oy TH Te wa ‘siruoture called rib cage. (W) Ribs protect lungs and heart ” with specialised muscles, These are called inter-costal muscles and present in the ‘Bib ate pia es i smeialoe museies ——_—_ (00 These muscies help in the outward and inward movement of tbe. (08) At the bottom ofthe thoracic cavity, there ia m large muscular lap. Thin is called diaphmagen. Normally itis dome shaped. But during Innalalon, W becomes Rat = 8. Lungs : The lungs are soft, spongy and elastic organs which are pinkish in colour. A pair of lungs lie in the thoracie cavly, one on elfier aide of the heart. Govering of tne lange are the pleural membranes. “The eft ung is slighty longer and narrow than the right and has @ concavily where the hear lex Between the lungs. Lung receives bronchi which divide into numerous bronchioles. The bronchisies ther subdivide and gradualy lead to a HUTESDEl reaplraltay bronchicles, wfleh futher Sve Tes 10 alvectar ducts Alveolar ducts finaly terminate in bMTOOT-TRE-SUCETTSS calcd aiveolt. Phe, alveol: have Tot OH Wal Conciting of quemous eptnglum. TRESREDI Ht lunos provides TEES burTER® tor gosense exchance. Fig. 19: Intemal structure of lungSince, the exchange of gases occurs due to diffusion, a respiratory surface must have following characteristics. * ° it must be thinand permeable to respiratory gases (0, and CO,). it must be moist either with water or mucus. it must be highiv vascular and have targe surface area. it must be disactiy.or-indiractly in contact with source of oxuaen (air or water). ‘The number of alveoli in human lungs has been estimated to be approximately 300 million exposing a surface area of nearly 80 m?, fy times more than the surface area of our body. ‘The total surface area of our body is 1.6 m#. The wall of the alveoll has an extensive network of blood aries in ‘0 that the exchange of gases takes place easily, Thus, each.aluaolus may be called 9 miniature tung where eychange of gases Jakas place. Hence, we see that alveall are designed to maximise the exchange of gases. They are far more permeable ‘and vascular than the skin. The total alveolar surtace available for gas exchange, far excpeds the general body surface. So, lungs replace the skin very effectively in mammals as respiratory organs. Diaphragm 1 2. Diaphragm is the characteristic of ‘cuaancts the thorax ‘The most important function of the Giaptifagm in mainmals is to aid in respiration. mamfhals. It io @ highly Musculae dome-shaped partition elevated 9. Puncturing of danhraom results in sicosine ofBreatting ards feta Mechanism of Breathing « A Breathing involves the intake of akygen int6 the respiratory traict and elimination of CO, from the body. ‘The intake of oxvoen fich pit is-calied inhalation ar inapiration. The elimination of CO, rich air is called exhalation or expiration. Inhalation During inhalation the inter-costal muscles pull he nbs ouwasdly and at the same time, diaphragm becomes fiat * Due to these movements, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and crnales alow ocessuse area Inside the cavity We know that air always moves from an area of its high pressure to an area ofits low pressure. So, uler aupoaphere rushes ino tne thoracle costa {taae) HIG aT ER Exhalation During exhalation the iatei-costal muscles pull the cbs inwardly and at the same time, diaphragm again becomes dome shaped Due to these movements, the volume of thoracic cavity decreases, As a resuit a high pressure area |e created inside the cavity. © We know that air always moves from an area of its high pressure to an (2. So, fi from thoracic cavity (lungs) moves outside the Tesprratory tractDiaphragen “ Fig. 14 : (A) Inspiration, (8) Expiration © During the breathing cycle, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be abso! When the body size of the animal is large, the diffusion pressure alone cannot take care of oxygen delivery to all parts of the body. Instoad, respiratory pigments In blood tako up oxygen from the air in the lungs ‘nd carry it to the tissues which are doficiant in oxygen. (human beings, the cespiratory pioment is haemoglobin that helps in transport of ©, and CO, via blood tis prosont in tho RECs. It has a very high affinity for oxygen. One molecule of haemoglobin combines. with four molecules of oxygen, during ‘exyhaemogiobin. CO, is also transporiod In chemical combination with haemoglobin in RBCs in the formY OT EERBEMMINGASemoglobin. Carbon dioxide Is more soluble in water than oxygen and hence is majOMy WaEPOMEC TT We CREONER Tan in our blood e., plasma, Difference between Breathing and Respiration Example 9: ‘Mention the significance of cartilaginous rings present in our trachea and bronchi Solution : ‘The cartilaginous rings ensure that the air passage does not collapse during inspiration. Example 1 ‘Name the process by which plants exchange gases like GO, and O, through stomata, Solution Dittusion.Biology = Class X (aver) | (1) It provides carbon dioxide to animals g“Ttiberates energy, () Iliberates oxygen @) Allof these 15. Respiratory pigment found in humans is (etiam pimp (8) Bilverdin (4) Urochrome 16. In plants, exchange of gases occurs across the surface of (1) Roots and stems only @) Stems and leaves only (8) Leaves only y-Sems, leaves and roots 17. The opening and closing of stomata is a function of rd calls (@) Air spaces (@) Vascular bundle (4) Stomatal pore: 18. Rate of breathing in an acuatic organism (1) Is much slower than that seen in terrestrial organism (“FM's much faster than that seen in terrestrial organism {@) 18 not related to that of tereatial organism (@) Equals to that seen in terrestrial organism 49, In which ofthe folowing process CO, la released? @) Giycotysis: @) Photosynthosia (G?-Aconol fermentation (@) Lactic acid fermentation [@er War (Wat “or “st “rr “suv ‘TRANSPORTATION Plants and animals are made up of millions of calls. Every cell requires oxygen, water and food. These substances are taken from outside ahd are distributed to various parts of the body. Several waste products are released as a result of metabolic processes which are further removed from the body. The collection and distribution of the nutrients and waste substances require transportation ‘Transportation can be defined a8 a life process in which a substance absorbed or synthesised in one part ofthe body is moved — ‘The methods of transportation are different in various organisms. Unicellular Organism : In unicellular oF land Paramecium ete. transportation is performed TroUa eytosTasmic streaming (The movement of the urd Su plasm) within a plant aera LOSTSSenis Seeming Che movernert of the HUT SUBUNNEE Tevtonteern) Multicellular Organism : The methods of transportation are different for multicellular animals and plants le — Circulatory system Sntiestiaine: organism —[ Annet assy yen Pranic — Condecting ayziem (ylem and Phicern) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456,rs ‘Transportation in Human Beings In human beings, various substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, hormones, excretory products etc. are transported by the blood. The blood circulates in the body and reaches each and every organ through the blood circulatory system which consists of bioac the heacand blood vessels, Blood (1) Blood Is @ fluid connect (2) The two main components of blood are plasma and blood cells or corpuscles Plasma = 11 ts_ slightly alkaline, non-living, intercellular pale yellow went of the biood, About 90-82% of plasma is toad OP NaISE Th ploema eoveral SRGSHE ona hotGans SiEsEMGes He aswalved euch ae proteine, guicoee, cholesterol, urea, hormones, vitaming and inorganic salts. Plasma transports food, carbon digxide and lrogenous wastes in dissolved form, tissue. Blood Corpuscies. Ennnrocytes Teurevtes Thrombocytes, "ee Red Blood Corpuscies Write Blood Corpuscies Piatolots (Transport respiratory (Protects trom (Help in blood gases such as ©, &CO,) ‘diseases) ‘cloting) Agrandiocytes Granulocytes Lymphoores —Monboytes _Eosinopnits aah Noutophils (Provide (Phagocytosis) (Assadiated (Release chemicals. (Phagocytosis) Jmnenunity) with allergy) for inflammation) Functions of Blood Holps in transport of food materiis.and respiratory gases: b. Helps in transport of hormones, excratory etter and salts. ——— ©. Helps in maintaining body temperature (Thermoregulation). 1d. Helps in defence against infection: Example 1 ‘Name the respiratory pigment present in the red blood corpuscles. Solution: Haemoglobin. Example 12 : ‘Mention the function of blood plasma. Solution : Transports food, CO, and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form,aa NTO Human Circulatory System Human circulatory system consists of two parts : Heart and blood vessels, Blood vessels ‘These are of three types Arteries = ‘except the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood to lungs. Te-prassuire of blood is high in arieries sathesa have thick muscular, olast (i) Veins : These are thin wallod, vassals which camry deorvacnated blood from differant hadwacgans to thg.heedt except pulmonary veine which cary oxygenated blood 10 the left rium of heart. These have alves which ensure that tie blood lows oniy in one direction Difference between Arteries and Veins (i) Capiltaries : Zmena arg fine bised vessels, occuring at the Iermninals ot atassand.uaia. These are thin, ee ne ee ee TS a ae oS tnd surrounding cells takes place across their init Walls” TFe-CapManos Thon join togather 10 form vena that carry the Blood aa he groans or tissues. These are made up of a single. laverobsquamaus, ‘epithelial cole called >&) Its @ conical muscular organ which les in between the two lungs. 2. itis as big as our fst 3. Its weight Is about 300 g In adult males and about 250 g in adult femalas, 4 lower chambers are called Yantricles and these pump blood to lungs and to the entire body. 8. These chambers are separated by partons callad.sania (sing. septum). 6. The openings between the atria and ventricles are guarded by attle-ventricular valves. They prevent backilow of blood when ventricles contract. 7. Somilunascatues are found atthe nointa.where the.nulmonary artery and aorta leave the heart. These valves prevent blood from getting back into ventricles.© han wails cf ata vont TS RE SS Saree ne Yonuicies are ther ©. Rach semilunar snllunar cusps =) Se L Sel nee, Nec Carne a ” lone Fig. 15 The human heart How Heart Functions? ‘The heart beats all the time throughout the life of an individual. Heart best is the rhythmic contraction Aiuainla) and relaxation (diastole) of haart muscles. Tho rate of hoart beat mn a huey SER TE Oo tor minute, PubaSnany vals atte onjgenclsa blood from te lunge: Onygerated blood enter tne RCE Sf the heart when the Muscles of alta are relaxed. The atria then contracts; while the ventricles relax 20 that the biood te trancforred to the loft vonricl, When the muscular ventricles contract, oxygenated blood fe poured Into the largest artery of the body, called aorta. Thus, oxygen is distributed to all parts of the body. Large veins called vena cava colléct deoxygenated blood from varioUs parts of the body-and pour it into t fight atrium, as it relaxes. As the Tight alnum oor rar S-Which in tums pumpe it to the lunge for oxygenation. Pulmonay Carnes blood from heart to the. in pied called double cifculation: It comprises of pulmonary and syst iation Flow of blood Ruimoneny cicuntion: sama Fig SS set, Systemic crcutation , Haag, Seay pints tearYou must have also heard about a machine callod the “pace maker’, which is insertod in a heart patient whose heart doos not beat normally. “Pace maker” (the machine) takes the placo of the specialised ‘tnuscle cals hat lolli baait boat” Nanarat pacemmater ls SA node SeHieaea ae SET ne Suess oe SS + The separation of the right side and the left side of the heart is useful to prevent oxygenated and ds ‘exyganatad blood from mixing, 10n allows a highly efficient supply of exygen to the body. This is sof in animale that require for examph io maintain Animals that do not use energy for this purpose, their body temperature depends on the: ture of ‘amphibians or many repties have twee-chambered heart and can tolerate some mixing of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. 4 Fishes, on the other hand, have only ‘and the blood is pumped to the ails TOFBHgenation and passes directly to rest of the body. Thus, biood goes only once through the heart in tho RORTUHING ORS SS OT passage Brcagh ths BOO ora lo Caled alnala cssulaian- On the other hand, it goes through the heart twice during each cycle in other vertebrates. Blood Pressure © Inet wall of a vessel is called blood pressure. © “The pressure fe much greater in arteries than in veins: “The pressure of blood ingide the artery durt tolle pressure ard GESSaES in onary QE PORTS Goss Sale ania re es © The normai systolic pressure is about 120 mm of Hg and diastolic pressure I= 80 mm of Hg. |. 18 : Mod&UFémont of blodd pressure using sphygmomanometor + Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called sphygmomanometer. + High blood pressure is also called hypertension and is caused by the constriction of arterioles, which ‘Fitane-rrimereavuc TaSnscIeeTS DSP TG MeEan load to the rupture of an artory and internal Biooding. Example 13 ‘Mention the main function of arteries. Solution : Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various organs of the body.ee Lymphatic System ‘The lymphatic system is an accessory circulatory system present in close association with the blood circulatory system. Il essentially comprises of Lymphatic capillaries, Lymphatic vessels (produce lymphocytes). Lymph Is a colourless fuld similar to the plasma of blood. It contains dass proteins than blood and Jacks BCs, andpiatelets How is lymph formed? nen blood Hows tough tne capitaios. outs amount of pisrna-prluin. ald toot cats ence, out ou ‘rae aga hs la cate A SS Pa i an ae ee, Ceee ee eee ee ee eee Eee he tee fi betwoon te tecues. Nar ores Ta aM phate copra wei odamae han cele thats cvcealy poured ite veing The, he Sa ato hope aa xcretory products and large s1f6d digested and absorbed food Diferences between Blood and Lymph ‘Transportation in Plants ‘Transportation in plants can be studied|linder the two sections 1. Transportation of water and minerals carried out by xylem. 2. Transportation ofiead-anduather substances cafried out by phioem. 4. Transportation of Water and Minerals in Plants : ‘Water is a major raw material absorbed By the plants. Water and minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus ete.) are absorbed from the soll by roots and are transported to various parts of the plants like stem, leaves and flowers Absorbed water and minefals are transported through the complex tissue called xylem. Absorption Pathway : Water along with minerals enter in the roots through root hairs by the process ‘of osmosis. Water moves through cortex, endodermis and ultimately reaches the root xylem, from where it entars the xyiom of stom. In some flowering plants, water rises rapidly at the rate of 10 to 100 cm per minute during the day and gets distributed in all parts of the plant such as branches, leaves, flowers ete, through xylem. © Inxylem tissue, ‘Sontinuaue system of water-conducting channels reaching all parts of the plant. Golls of roots are in contact with the soll which actively take up ions and create a difference in the concentration of these ions between the root and the sol © In order to remove this difference, water moves into the root from the soil, As a result, there occurs a'steady movement of water into root xylem, daveloping @ column of water that is steadily pushed© But at the same time, this root pressure alone Is not enough to move water over the heights in case of tall plants, Here, the plants adopt another strategy of suction of water, by the help of transpiration, ‘Transpiration can be defined as “the loss of water in the form of vapour from the aaiial paris af tha ‘About 1% of the water absorbed by the plant is used in photosynthesis and other metabolic activities, rest of the water evaporates in the form of water vapour through the stomata present on the surface of leaves by transpiration. © During transpiration, evaporation of water molecules from the leaf calls creates a suction force or pressure in photosynthetic mesophyll colls that pulls water up the column from the xylem cells of roots. This force le known as trans of sap (water + minerals) TUS, water lost through stomata is replaced by water from the xylem vessels in the leaf. This is known as ascent of sap. ‘© Transpiration pul is a major driving force for the movement of water in the xylem during the day. © At night. root pressure (Rycrostaic pressure) plays an Imporiant role in anspor Of water dawolops ais The Thera one which are in vascular issue of tre roots a, 10: Literal vont tro SF Significance of Transpiration, ) (holps in temperature. sagulation- (@Ithelps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to ee eee aor ee ene Stier aed perae Meestves fy Bekom roots (i) affects climate. Activity-1.5 ‘The phenomena of transpiration occurs in plants Procedure : (i) Take two small pots of approximately the same size and having the same amount of sell ‘One should have plant in it (a. (i) Insert a stick in the soil of the other pot (b) of the same height as the plant in pat (a) (ii) Cover the soil in both pots with a plastic sheet 0 that moisture cannot escape by evaporation. (%) Now cover both the plants with transparent plastic sheet and place in bright sunlight for half an hour Observation : Small droplots of water start appearing on the Inner side of plastic sheet which is present over the plant. No drops of water appear in case of pot with stick,© Fig. 21 : Pots containing (a) plant and (b) stick covered with plastic sheet Conclusion : This experiment shows that the leaves lose water vapours which get condensed on the inner surface of the plastic sheet. 2. Transport of Food and Other Substances = “The synthesis of organic food by the process of photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of the plant. These products are ttansnaaed from thelr ate of synthesis io.diiarent_parts.ottha plant thiaugh the vascular tissue -Salled phlesm. The transport of soluble products of pholosyathasisiscalled-teansieeation. The Tansiocation of food and other substances occurs the ave bas ip UDHatd. dena as wel ws ‘eizadlalleaction. The calls of seve tube contain cytoplasm But lack nucteus and thus, thei activ are controlled By the nuciei of adjacent companion celle, ‘The jransnott in ohloem is active ininature./e,, ininvohies tization of enstoy (ATP) untike transport in Wwhich is passive in nature and based on physical For example, sucrose (photosynthetic product) is tansfetfed into the sieve tubes by active transport. The companion calls adjacent 10"Giove tubes provide the energy to dive this active waneport ‘The transport of sucrose inside sieve {ubes creates a hypertonic condition, that builds up a pressure diferonce between the water potential in the sieve tubes and in the nearby xylem calls. Due to this pressure Sifference, the water in adjacent xylem moves into the sieve tubes of phloem by osmosis. This leads to fan increase in the osmotic pressure inside the sieve tubes which is responsible for the movernent of fluid through plant's systom of siove tubes (phloem) to lower pressure area or Ussues that lack sucrose. Al these tissues, the sucrose is actively removed from the sieve lube and the remaining water moves out into xylem by osmosis, Example 10: ‘Mention the function of phloem. Solution ‘Transport of soluble products of photosynthesis. ee— ‘Biology - Clase X (Lever 21. Materials like sucrose are transferred into phicem tissue using (45 Energy from ATP (@) Diffusion pressure () Energy from sunlight (@) Energy from ADP 22. Graveyard of RECS is () Kidneys: @) Heart (@) Gall bladder B-Seleen 23. The pressure of blood is maximum in UT Anteries @) Capillaries @) Veins (4) Lymph vessels, 24. High blood pressure is caused by (1) Decrease resistance to blood flow | Pr-Constriction of arterioles (@) Rupture of artery and vein (@) Exchange of material between blood and surrounding cells 28. Lymph contains, @7°Tess proteins than blood plasma @) More proteins than blood plasma (8) Equal amount of proteins as in blood plasma, (4) Does not contain protein 26. Lymph caries (@) Undigested and absorbed fat (@)_Undigested and absorbed tins © Digested and unabsorbed lips JS digested and absorbed fat 27. The only artery which carries deoxygenated blood, receives blood by pumping of which part of the heart? (1) Let ventrte © Lot auricle Sr Rioht ventricle (@) Right auricie Keduz (woz “Wsz (eve “(Wee “(whez (Wiz “(Woz suv) EXCRETION Nitrogonous waste materials generated due to metabolic activitios are harmful and thus, should be removed. from the body. Unicellular organisms remove these wastes by simple diffusion from the body surface into the surroundings whereas, in case of multicellular organisms removal of waste is performed by specialised organs. ‘The process by which harmful metabolic waste products are eliminated from the body is called excretion. Excretion in Human Beings In human beings excretion is done by specialised excretory system which consists of the following parts 4. Kidneys : These occur in pair and are dark brown bean-shaped structures Igcaled- in the alsdomen one ‘on either side of the backbone. Each kidney is 10-12 em in length, 5-7 em in breadth and 2-3.cm in \icknoss and weighs about 150-170 g in adult male and 125-145 9 in adult fomale. Ureters : These are paired muscular tubes of 25-30 cm iangihy These tubes have a diamater of about ‘3mm. Unine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder. Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office | Aakash Tower, 6, Puss Road, New Daihi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Urinary Bladdor : ILis_a sac-like muscular structure located in the pelvic region. Norm: sbouLd00=200 mb of uuine Urothra : Ik ly. tn femates, itis short (Qeacn) while in males itis long (20 em) =——S Functions of Kidney (@) Removal of metabolic nitrogenous waste and maintenance of acid-base balance in the blood. (©) Water and salt balance (osmoregulation) in the body. pit holds Nephron (Uriniferous Tubule) 1. Those an oa 2. Emch nephron ig 3 em Jong.and 36460 jim in diameter. 3. Structure of nephron : Each nephron consists of rpalniahian corauscle and renal tubule + Ik comprises of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule where filtration of blood takes piace, © Glomerulus : The blood to'the ASphron is supplied by a small artery. This artery gets divided Ito many fine capilanes. 1 ma bunch inside the lumen ‘3 capsule. This capitiary Se a eee aide tne tumen fea) of Bowmen (i) Bowman's + One end of nephronic tube becomes a double-layered cup-like structure. Few see Se Sette tayored owe sive sours (©) RenaLtubule : consists of the following perts ©) Proximal convoluted tubule (PGT) : The portion of neptronic tubule after the Gowers BEUTS-TE Called the proximal convoluted tubule. it opens into the loop of Henle, The main function of PCT is the sejaciva caabsorption of ine substances (Na, 1°, Glucose ete): (i) Henle’s toop : It stats at he apd af. penioal.conwaliiad tube-and lakes 2 ong U-turn. It has Seeo-tmtte To. descending lint apd -ascen Descending time evea Thin and Permeable to fag Timbo thick and impermeable to wae — (i) Distal convoluted 7 Its the posterior elongation of nephronic tubule. The thick 5 {s asconaing limbs opens into the distal convoluted tubule. OCT finally opens Into collecting duet ooo "Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pues Road, Now Dahi-110008 Ph.011-47622458ge aver ataey— Branch of renal artery Glomenuiss Bowman's capsule, Proximal convolited tubule Branch of ~~ Distal convoluted tubule Descending tim. Of loop of Henle Henie’s loop| Ascending limb. Sf loop of Henle Vasa recta Collecting duct Fig. 23 : A diagrammatic representation of a nephron Mechanism of Excretion G ‘The waste materials along with blood is brought te the kidneys by the Fen aiteries. Blood is filtered out from the blood capillaries (glomerulus) into Bowman's capsule. When filtrate passes Coit tone sndeienge amount ofwalecscs-salactivaly reabsorbed into blood capilades and are transterred Into blood circulation. The amount of waler reabsorbed depends on how much excess wator io there in the Body and on how muich of dissolved waste is present to ba excreted All nephrons open into collecting tubules, which open into eéllecting duct, which further lead into renal elvis, Urine pessoa from the pelvis into tha ureter which takes ttn ina Ucar badder and jonas the iadcor cunne: Tctrnon-(Urtaton) vis the-memifanous-uctcaled urethra, Unne t= stored in trinary ier untl the pressure of the ‘rge Ts pase it out through the urethra ‘The bladder is muscular and undér nervous control. As a'result, we can usually control the urge to urinate. © Uring is pale yellow in‘eolour (due to urochrome)-'Ilis'atidic (pH 6.0) and composed of 96% wator. 2.5% organic substance and 1.5% inorganic substance, — Unine contains 2% urea, small amounts of creatinine, simmonia, oxalic acid and (On an average, an adult produces about 1.5 Tire of urine per day. Normally, in_a healthy adult, the initial filtrate in_ the /. However, the ‘Of urine actually ‘nl Ber day, because the remaining i in the kidney tubules (vasa recta) Renal Failure : Renal or kidney failure is not common, but sometimes infection, injury, alcoholism and restricted blood supply result in Kidney damage or malfunctioning. In such a case metabolic wastes such as Urea increase in the blood. ‘To solve this problem two methods have been devised. 1. Hemodialysis : In case of kidney failure, an artificial kidney can be used bee An artifical kidney is a device which removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood through dialysis. ‘Artificial kidneye contain a number of tubee with a selectively permeable lining, suspended in a tank filed ‘with dialysing fluid. This fluid has the same osmotic pressure as the blood, except that It Is devold of nitrogenous wastes. The patient's blood Is passed through these tubes, made up of selectively Permeable membrane of cellophane (which is made up of cellulose). During this passage, the waste Products from the blood pass into dialysing fluid by diffusion. The purified blood is pumped back into the Patient. This i similar to the function of the kidney, but its diferent since there Is no reabsorption involved.atyaing ‘Si al? sonsion gues sate) Fig. 24 : Hemodialysis, 2. Kidney Transplantation : It is the replacement of damaged or malfunctioning kidney of a patient by a healthy kidney of the donor, so thatnormal-functions of the body can be carried out properly. Excretion in Plants Plants use completely different strategies fer excretion than these of animals. Oxygen itself can be thought of sa wasté product/géherated during photosynthesis. But, this is used ‘during respiration. © Excess water in plants is removed by'the ropes of trispiration. © For other wastes, plants use the fact that many of their tissues ‘consist of dead colls and that they can ‘even lose some parts such as leaves. Plants also excrete ‘Some waste substances into the soil around Sites whore waste products are stored in plants : Many plant waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles. Waste products may be stored in leaveé that fall off. 4 Other waste products are storad i Fesins and gums, pecially in old xylem. A pa of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra.28. Which of the following organs stores urine in humans? ()) Kidney 2) Urethra, (87 Urinary bladder (4) Urotors, 29. Many plant waste products (Are stored in cellular vacuoles (W) Are stored as resins and gums, especially in old xylem (ii) May be stored in leaves that fall off Find the correct statements. (© & fi) only @) () & Qi) only 2) @ & (ay only BO, (i) & (a) 90. Hemodialysis is (1) Used to remove nitrogenous waste products from blood by artificial kidney (2) Temporary solution to renal failure (8) Permanent solution to renal failure Both (1) & @) 31. Which of the following structures of excretory system in humans is not of same size in males and omatos? () Uretors QF vvetrca (©) Uninary blader @) Kisneye U2)be “(ioe “(ez “(az “suv quick RECAP 1. All iving orvariars Agata BG «fu, oF tiem body moloculoe and to get energy for oing woe 2. Depending upon the modes ofpbiaring niet, tie organisms are ethor autotrophic or heterotrophic 3. The aulsirophic nultiton oot in ANE penis and some bacteria. 44. Heterotrophic mode of rubiion may be saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic or holazoic. 5. Green plants synthesise organic food trom inorganic raw materiais (CO, and water) by the process of Photosynthosie 6. Photosynthesis occurs in green coloured plastids called chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll 7. Chlroptnfi are green coloured photoeyminatc plgments which abeots blue and red ight end reflect green tig 8. Photosynthetic process occurs in two steps : ight reaction and dark reaction 8. Inthe ight reaction, the green pigment (chiorophyl) absorbe Nght, becomes excited and emits electrons 10. " which are used to produce ATP and NADPH. In dark reaction, carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate. Amoeba engulfs food by the process of phagocytosis using pseudopodia while in Paramecium it enters ‘through vestibule. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delli-110005 Ph.011-4762345612. Human alimentary canal comprises mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. 13. Digestive glands include salivary glands, gastric glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands 14. Gastric juice contains ~ HCI which disinfects the food and creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of pepsin 15. Bilo secreted from liver contains bile salts and bile pigments. Bilo salts emulsify fats to facilitate the action of lipase. 16. Small intestine is long, greatly colled tube having three regions - duodenum, jejunum and ileum. 17. The digested food is absorbed in email intestine and enters into the blood and Iymph. 18. Respiration is a biochemical process in which the food Is oxidised to release energy which Is stored in the form of ATP 19. Respiration in presence of oxygen Is called aerobic respiration. The respiratory substrates are completely broken down to release carbon dioxide and water. 20. Respiration in absence of oxygen Is called anaerobic respiration. The respiratory substrates are incompletely broken down to release ethyl alcohol or lactic adie, 21. Gaseous exchange in fishes takes place through ails. 22. Human respiratory system consists’ Gf W6 major components - respiratory tract and lungs. 23. Breathing involves inhalation and exhalation, 24. Water and minerals move upward throUgh #ylom tracheids and\yessels. These cells are dead and thick ‘walled but possess pits for movement of water from call tocol 25. Transportation of organic solutes from leaves to other parts of plants is called transiocation. It occurs through phloem. 26. Blood is the most important fluid conhectivé tissue. It consists of (a) blood plasma and (b) blood corpuscles. 27. Human heart ie four chambered () Lott atrium, (i) Right atrium, (it) Left ventricle, (iv Right vertricie. 28. The heart beat is the tiythmie contraction (systole) and'relaxation (diastole) of heart muscles. 29. Lymphatic system transports lymph from intersiitial spaces, back to the heart. 30. Excretion is a biological process by whichi'an organism gets rid of excess or toxic waste products of metabolism. 31. Excretory system in human beings consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra. 32. The impure blood entering the nephron is fered in the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The glomerular filtrate passes through a long tube where reabsorption of useful materials takes place. 99. An artificial kidney may be employed in order to get rid of metabolic wastes from the biood in case of kidney failure. The artiicial Kidney functions on the same principle as the normal kidney except no reabsorption is involved, and the principle is called dlalysis. gaaSony Very Short Answer Type Questions : 1. What forms dental plaque? 2. What is the result of dental caries? 3. What are the maintenance progessesiin living ‘organisms? 4. Write the function of guard cells. 5. Name the materials taken up from thé'soil-by'the roots of terrestrial plants, 6. Name the respiratory pigment present inthe red blood corpuscies of man, 7. Name the process by which plants.exchange ‘gases like CO, and O, through stomata. 8. Name the molecule which Stores energy, released during cellular respiration. 9. During vigorous exercise, accumulation of which ‘substance makes the muscles fatigued? 10. What are the raw materials used by an organism to obtain energy? 11. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis? Short Answer Type Questions 1 F organisms perform vi Explain the cross-section of leaf diagrammatically. List various functions of stomata. Which is the actual site of photosynthesis in plants? 5. Mention the function of food vacuole formed in Amoeba. 6 7, ag 12. 13 46. 16. 16 7 23, ASSIOHIMENt List the functions of vill, Mention the uses of ATP in the cells. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings? ‘Why is it necessary to separate the left side and right side of heart in mammals? ‘Why is diffusion insufficient to. meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans? ‘What are the differences between autotrophic Rutition and heterotrophic nutrition? ‘What are the. components of the transport system In highly organised plants? ‘What are the differences between the transport of ‘materials in xylem and phloem? List the events that occur during the process of photosynthesis. Describe photosynthesis with a balanced chemical equation. Draw a well labelled diagram of human alimentary canal. Write a short note on the given blood vessels. (a) Artery () Veins What are the methods used by plants to got rid of excretory products? How are water and minerals transported in plants? What is the role of the acid in our stomach? What is the function of digestive enzymes? How is small intestine designed to absorb digested food? What is the role of saliva in digestion of food? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Ragd. Office : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dali-110005 Ph 011-47623456(isioay = eae X aver) Long Answer Type Questions i 2 Diagrammatically represent the human respiratory system. Explain aerobic respiration in animals and mention {ts significance, Draw a well labelled diagram of sectional view of human heart. Also explain how it pumps the blood to the various body parts. What are the differences between acrobie and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms, that use the anaerobic mode of respiration. Compare the alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning SECTION-B Objective Type Questions : ‘i The xylem in plants is responsibia for Bi Transport of water (2) Transport of food (@) Transport of amino acids (4) Transport of oxygen Autotrophic mode of nutrition requires () Carbon dioxide ana water {@) Chiorophyt () Sunight 97 of those Which of the foliowing functions Is pafformod by kidneys? (1) Nutrition 2) Respiration xoretion @) Locomotion “The breakdown of pyruvate into carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in the (1) Gytoptasm ‘@yTaitochondria @ Chloroplast @) Nucleus Which of the following statements is true? (1_In a single-celled organism, no specific organ AOS required for taking in food, becauwe entire body surface is ih contact with the environment @) Body design of single-celled organism is complex ) In multicellular organism, all the cells are in Girect contact with the surrounding environment 4) In multicellular organism, simple diffusion meats the requirements ofall the colls 10. a 42, 13 14 ll In humane, the energy derived from the food we eat fs stored in our body in the form of (1) Coltulose BF EIycogen ) Starch (4) Mattose ‘The digested food is taken up first By ari (2) Walls of the large intestine @) Blood vessels (@) Lacteal ‘The pH of the gastric juice Is about a 74 eno @ 53 @ 83 “The total number of milk teeth present in humans: a) 2 @ 10 @ 2 gre Masses of bacterial calls together with food Particlasistick tothe teeth to form (1) Bentat caries: Bent plaque (@ Dentine @) tnfammation Dental canes occurs Bue to () Infection of gums. (2) Inftammation of gums (@--Sradual softening of enamel and dentine (&Demineralisation of gums. Salts in humans are transported by (1) Haemoglobin QrPiasma @) Serum @) Lymph Select the set of digestive enzymes present in Pancreatic juice, amongst the following. (1) Steapsin, ptyalin and pepsin @) Salivary amylase and pepsin Pancreatic lipase and trypsin (@) Steapsin and Pryalin Pepsinogen (inactive form) is converted into active form of enzyme pepsin with the help of which of the following compound? (1) Proenzyme B-Hydrochlonic acia @) Electrolyte (@) Bicarbonates "Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakach Towor, 8, Pusa Road, Now Duh 110005 Ph.011-4762345615. Which of the following statements is not true about, stomata? (1) Opening and closing of stomata is a function of guard celle which undergo rapid turgor changes (2) Guard cells are the only epidermal cells having chloroplasts Durer and lateral walls of guard cells associated with stomata are comparatively thicker than inner wall (4) Stomata are specialised for gaseous exchange across the surface of leaves 16. Which of the following is not true about fate of pyruvate in absence of oxygen? (1) There are only two fates possible for pyruvate in absence of oxygen 27m both the reaction possible for pyruvate, CO, | released alongwith eneray () The reactions of pyruvate in abgonés of oxygen form different products like ethanol and lactic acid (@) During vigorous muscular activity, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid in the absence of oxygen and accumulation of this lactic, acid leads to muscular fatigue 17. Which of the following points clearly demarcales, lymph from blood? (2) Lymph does not haveverythrecytes and thrombocytes but blood have these (2) Number of proteins present in blood are comparatively less than lymph and it is dark ‘green in colour () Digested fats are absorbed from infestine in lymph rather than in blood Qpoth (1) & (2) are correct 18. Natural pacomaker of heart is (1) SA node oF Sinuatrial node @) AV node of Auriculoventricular node @) Helpful in initiation of cardiac impulse 46) -Both (1) & (9) are correct 19. Which of the following statements about double circulation ie not correct? (1) tt is found in those animals which maintain their body temperature at constant level irrespective of external environmental temperature @) Double circulation is found in birds and mammals © Buring double circulation, deoxygenated blood. comes in left part of heart and ts pumped to lungs for oxygenation and is returned back to right part of the heart @) Double Eirculation takes place because of complete separation of left and right side of heart which prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated biood and hence oxygen supply to body f= more efficient 20. Whichvof the following Is not true about excretory ‘system in human beings? (@) Length 8f urethra is more in males than in ‘itration takes place in glomerulus part of a luniniferous tubules -2)-L208 than one percent of filtrate in the kidney Ie reabsorbed and rest is excreted out from body @) Osmoregulation is the function of kidney in human beings along with excretion of nitrogenous waste material from bodyLife Processes INCLUDES © What are Life Processes? > Metabolism Nutrition WHAT ARE LIFE PROCESSES? © Nutrition in Human Beings asian bipppnoten eee Life processes can be defined as the basic functions > Respiration in Plants Performed by living organisms in order to maintain Respiration in Animals ‘new fe on earth > Human Respiratory System meee Transportation in Human Beings “The sum total of ai a> Vaseular System ‘ = > Human Heart Hatncnem nctdes wo Ypes of Sacte andboten en SBIR Srey im includes two typos Jons | anabotiem, dnd catabotlam. 2) Teansportation in Prats rig ome >) Absorption of Water by the Root Hair molecules from simpler ones is calladanabalism. it) > Guttation requires an input of energy. e.g. Photosynthesis. Excretion 2. Catabolism : S< Types 6 Nitrogenous Waste > Exeretion in Human Beings tglaase af ene >Role of Nephron in Urine Formation FRospiration, breakdown of protein nto erin stds. Role of piven nn Fora = Assignment NUTRITION Nutrition is defined as a process by which living beings acquire nutrients (food) and change them into simple absorbable form by a seties of biochemical processe: ‘Autotrophic—> Plants —» Photosynthesis, Modes of Nutrition Hotorotrophic {In photosynthetic nutition, organisms use light energy to make complex molecules from simple molecules, plants make food by this mode, hence they are called photoautotrophs. Certain bacteria use inorganic ‘snorgy sources, such as hydrogen suiphide, ammonia, hydrogen, elemental sulphur etc. to make complox ‘molecules from simple molecules, hence they are called chemoautotrephs. e.g, Nitogen fixing bacteria and sulphur oxidising bacteria. This type of nutrition is called chemosynthetic nutrition.Mechanism of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis encompasses two phases (Light Dependent Phase/Photochemi Phase/Light Reaction/Hill's Reaction : Light reaction takes place in thylakoid membrane. This phase occurs only when plants are illuminated with light. It occurs in two main steps (@) Absorption of solar energy by photosynthetic pigment /.., chlorophyll (©) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water : Absorbed eneray is used {or splitting the water molecule (photolysis) into its two components (hydrogen and oxygen) and releasing electrons. 2H,0 —> 4H" + do" + 0, 4OH > 2H,0 + 0,7 + 40 Protons (H") and electrons thus released are used to make NADPH and ATP respectively, which are Lltimately used to reduce carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates such as glucose. (©) Formation of NADPH : The released hydrogen ions are used to reduce NADP* (NADP = nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) forming NADPH. NADP* + 26° + HY —y/NADPH (@) Photophesphorylation : The process of formation of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) by using ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate. is called phosphorylation. The energy required to perform photophosphoryiation is obtained from the electrons released during photolysis of water ADP + Pim, ATP (Pi Inorganic phosphate) (W) Light Independent Phase/Blosynthetic Phase/Dark Reaction/Blackman's Reaction : Dark reaction occurs in stroma. The reactions in this phase do not require light energy but is dependent on the products of light reaction /e., ATP and NADPH. Dark reaction occurs through Calvin cycle. Calvin cycle occurs in all photosynthetic plants where they have C, or ©, athway. In these reactions, carbon fixation takes place in which, carbon dioxide is reduced using hydrogen from NADPH to form carbohydrates like glucose by utilizing chemical energy in the form of ATP. The fixation of CO, is catalyzed by the enzymes called RuBisCO (Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase). All these stops of photosynifiasis need not take place one after the other Immediately. These can occur at different time interval. For example, desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night and form an intermediate product ie., malic acid which is acted upon by the light energy absorbed by chlorophyll during the day, ‘The overall reaction of photosynthesis describes an oxidation-reduction reaction in which HO donates electrons for the reduction of CO, to form carbohydrate (CH,O),, Oxidation, 600, + 124,0- Stomach —> Small intestine (consisting of duedenum, jejunum and ileum) —> Large intestine (consisting of caecum, colon and rectum). ‘The mouth is bordered by upper and lower lips which Helps in taking the food ito the buccal (mouth) cavity. “Tha mouth leads to buccal cavity where three sire of salivary glands are présant, and on the floor of the cavity a tongue bearing taste buds is present. The foo! of the moulh is formed by the palate, which separates the air channel from the food channel. The cavity 16 supported by upper and lower jaws. On the jaws are arranged different kinds of teeth ‘Teeth aro hard structures prosent in the mouth éavity and aro épacially developed for efficient mastication, Le, mechanically breaking the ingested food into smaller pieces. in humans, teeth appear in two sets during & lifetime. The first sot or milk teeth aro. 20 in numbor. These are complotely replaced by permanent teeth by about 12 years of age. “The accessory organs for digestion associated with alimentary canal are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver and pancreas. ‘Table? Different types of human teeth types of tooth| Shape of tooth incisors Straight with sharp | Cutting of food cutting edges |G) Canines Conical and sharp |Tearing offood | 4. 4 (Gil) Pro-molars Have flat surface |Chewing and ° 8 ‘with grooves and | grinding food ridges: \(w)Molare Have flat surface | Chowing and: 8 12 with grooves and | grinding food ridges. Tote! number 20 32 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Ofc : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dolhi-110008 Ph.011-47623456Incisor Canine Premolar Molars ‘Types of teeth Fig. 1 : Arrangement of different types of teeth in the jaws Each tooth consists of three parte (0) Crown : It is the exposed portion of the tooth above the gums. It s covered with the hardest substance of the body called enamel. It covers and protects the crown. Beneath the enamel dentine is present which is made up of a hard substance similar to bone. It is also tough but not as tough as enamel and can decay. I) Neck : It is the narrow portion at the gumiine. It) Root = Its embedded in the Jaw BORE” Dentine forms the bulk of the root. There Is a pulp cavity inside the dentine. It carries the nerve fibers, blood vessels and sensory cells. Camentum is the substance around the root that holds the tooth in ite socket. Enamel. “Ft Denne crown Pulp cavity \camentur ‘Good vessels and nerves Fig.|2 Vertical section of a human tooth ‘The dental formula of some mammals are given below : Man Fi 2-92 2182 42 2342-20 3 3h cz= a2SET Digestive Glands and the Functions of Digestive Enzymes Digestive glands associated with digestive system are as follows (Salivary Glands : In human beings there are 3 pairs of salivary glands. (@) Parotid glands : Present below and in front of the ears, and are largest in size. (b) Sub-mandibular (sub-maxillary)-glands : Located at the angles of Tensue ‘Sana lower jaw. (©) Subsingual glands : Located Bélow the tongue and aro smallest in size Salivary glands moistens and lubricates the {96d and helps in swallowing. it contains the enzyme salivary amylase (ptyalin) that acts on starch and-breaks it into malloseya disaccharide. The medium is alkaline oF neutral. The masticated food is now rolled into @ bolus by the tongue arid passed through pharynx into oesophagus by swallowing. Starch —Sshgagpee s Maltose (W) Gastric Glands : About 36 million,gatric glands are found In the mucosa layer of stomach. Gastric glands have three types of cells. (a) Mucus cells (Goblet cells): These calls socrote mucus which forms a thick layer on the inner surface of the stomach and protects itfrom the action of hydrachlorie acid under normal conditions. (b) Peptic or Chief cells of Zymogenic cells These cells secrete the proenzyme pepsinogen (protein digesting enzyme) (©) Parietal or Oxyntic cells : These cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCI) and Castle's intrinsic factor ‘essential for absorption of vitamin’ B,, (Extrinsic factor). ‘Some amount of gastrié'lipase is also present in the gastric juice but its action Is limited.Functions of HCI (Necessary for the activation of inactive prosnzyme pepsinogen Pepsinogen—"2 Pepsin (tt softens the food i) It kills most of the harmful bacteria ingested with the food and disinfocts the food. () It makes the food acidic (pH 1.8). which facttates the action of enzyme pepsin. Proteins ropes Peptides In stomach, the food is chumed by the muscular activity of the stomach to a creamy fluid called ehyme. The food remains in stomach for about three hours and is periodically poured through the pyloric into the duodenum in small amounts. {ily Liver = itis situated on the right side of the abdomen just below the diaphragm. It Is the largest digestive Gland of the body. It weighs about 1.5-1.8 kg in males and 1.21.4 kg in females. It has two lobes with 8 covering sheath known as Glisson’s capsule. Hepatocytes (liver cells) produce and secrete about 0.5 to 1 litte of bile juice per day. Bile juice ie a mixture of bile salts (sodium taurocholate, sodium glycocholate and sodium bicarbonate) and bile pigments (bilirubin and biiverdin). Bile salts help in digestion Of fale. Bile pigments aro waste products resulting from dostruction of old RBCs in the liver and are Ulimately eliminated with the faeces of urine. If the excration of bile pigments by the liver is blocked, the pigments can accumulate in the blood and yellow staining of the tissu@.occurs. This condition is known Bs Jaundice. A yellowish green, small sac situated on the Inferior surface of the right lobe of liver is called the gall bladder. itis 3 om broad with a-capacity of 30-50 mL It stores. and concentrates bile. It releases the Bile juice into the duodenum via commen bile duct upon the arrval of fatty food in the small intestine. Functions of Bile : (The chyme coming from the stémach 16" acidic and hao be made alkaling for the pancreatic enzymes to act on it. Bile salts accomplishes this as,these contain sodium bicarbenate that make the medium alkaline. (W)_Ithelps in emulsification of fats (process! of breakdown of lafge fat globules into smalior globules). Functions of Liver Synthesis of vitamin Atom pHearotene (Red orange pigmiént abundant in plants and trutts) (Storage of vitamin, D, Ek and vitamin B (i) Production of heparin (blood anticoaguiant)-and fibrinogen. (W) Synthosis of red blood corpuscies in thd:embryo. (1) Pancreas : Pancreas secretes pancrmatic juice, It is carriad to the duodenum by hepatopancreatic duct. “Trypsin is produced in the inactive form, trypsinegen and gets converted into active form by an enzyme enterokinase secreted from-suceus entericus.Biology - Clase X (Levelt) omooa Pl (¥) Intestinal glands secretes Intestinal Juice, also known as succus-entericus. It also contain erepsin (peptidases), maltase, lactase, invertase and lipase. ‘Canines are used for () Cutting of food @) Chewing food () Grinding food (4) Tearing of food 5. In tooth, the pulp cavity carries (1) Nerve fibres and sensory cells only (@) Blood vessels and nerve fibres only () Sensory calls, blood vessels and nerve fibres (@) Sensory calls and blood vessols only 6 The dental formula of dog f= 3131 3142 Cu aia @) 3143 3013, 3102 ® 3007 @) 3103 7. _Trypsinogen gets converted to its active form by an enzyme called (@) Enterokinase (@) Maltase @) Trypsin (@) Lipase 8. Which of the following stores and concentrates bile juice? (@) Spleen (@) Gall bladder (@) Pancreas (@) Duodenum (202 Zo “(WIS “We “suv ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dalli-110005 Ph.011-47623455RESPIRATION In the presence and absence of oxygen, itis of two types 4. Aerobic Respiration In this mode of respiration, organic food is completely oxidised in presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide ‘and water, ‘The organisms performing aerobic respiration are called aerobes. reo ees rere ‘tng ett ies) CeHp0, 25> 2CH,COCOOH KB, GCO,1 + 6H,0+-36 of 88 ATP “SULESLS Grcpenina Tae ocho) oe a] Energy 2. Anaerobic Respiration In this mode of respiration, ofganicifood is incompletely oxidised into ethyl. alcohol in the absence of ‘oxygen. ‘The organisms performing anagrobic respiration are called ghaerebes. THEY aro of two types = (@) Facultative anaerobes : The aerobic organisms which can respire even in the absence of O, (b) Obligate anaerobes : Organisms Which respire anaerobically only. Thoy lack enzymes necessary canying out aerobic respiration. Respiration in Plants During respiration, plants obtain ©, frorfl tHe atmosphere and ‘release CO;, The exchange of gases occurs through the minute pores called stomata present on the surface of leaves.‘= Root Hairs : Root hairs are unicellular extensions arising from epidermal cells. Oxygen present in between the soll particles is absorbed by root hairs through diffusion, {Old roots and stems) : Bark has tiny openings called lenticels which help in the gaseous Fig. 7 : Section of lenticels Respiration in Animals Exchange of gases in animals Different animals have differant organs for exchange of gases such’as 2 4. Body surface : Unicellutar organisms liK® A/noeba and certain. lower animals like sponges exchange gases through body surface. 2. Trachea : Insects such as cockrodches:have a netwok Gf air tubes called trachea for exchange of gases. Openings of these air tubes are known as spiracles. 3. Skin: In animals like frogs and earthworms, skin is moist and slimy which makes it easier to exchange: gases. 4. Gills : Fishes take in oxygen dissélved in water through ails. 5. Lungs : Many torrostidl animals like birds, Cows, tiumaris have lungs for exchange of gases and on land frog breathe through lungs. 6. Book lung : Many arachnids like scorpions land some spiders have book lungs for gaseous exchange. Human Respiratory System In human beings, many organs take part in the process of respiration which are known as organs of respiratory ‘system. The main organs of human respiratory system are nostrils, nasal passage (cavity), pharynx, larynx. trachea, bronchi and lungs. «The respiratory tract starts as a pair of nostrils present at the lower end of nose. Nostris lead into nasal chambers which are separated by nasal septum. Tho nose opens into pharynx, a common pathway for both the air and food. The pharynx is differentiated Into upper nasopharynx and lower oropharynx. © Larynx is the upper, slightly swollon part of trachea and is more prominent in men as compared to women. contains a pair of vocal chords which help in production of sound, «Trachea or wind pipe is a long, narrow tube supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings. I is internally lined by ciliated epithelium and goblet glands that filter the air that passes into the lungs.Pavctal piowa Proural cavity Vaceral pure ee Fig. 8 : Human Respiratory Systom Lungs : The lungs are soft, spongy and elastic organs which are pinkish in colour. A pair of lungs lie in the thoracic cavity, one on either side of the heart. Covering of the lungs are the pleural membranes. Each lung is enclosed in two pleural membranes. The outer covering is adhered to chest wall and diaphragm and is called Parietal pleura. The inner membrane which-closely covers the lungs is called visceral pleura. A very narrow Space onicts betwoan these two plourée which is ealled the ploural cavity. The\ploural cavity contains a ploural uid secreted by the plourae. The pleutal fluid lubricates the plourae $0 that they may slide over each other without friction during breathing. In man, the left lung has two lobes, superior lobe and inferior lobe whereas the right lung has three lobes, superior lobe, median lobe and Inferior lobe. The left lung is slightly longer and narrow than the right and has a concavity where the heart lies’ between the lungs. Lung receives bronchi which divide into humerous bronchioles. The bronchioles further sub-divide and gradually lead to a number of respiratory bronchioles, which further give rise to alveolar ducts. Alveolar ducts finally terminate in balloon like structures called alveolt provide a ie Coy Botane” Garenstanses Fig: 9: Internat structure of lungResidual Volume (RV) : It is the volume of air that is left in the alveoli of the lungs even after forceful ‘expiration. It is about 1100 — 1200 mil. Italways remains in the lungs. 9. Through which of the following structures cockroaches breathe? (Skin 2) Lungs @) Gills (@) Trachea 10. Select the Incorrect statement. (1) The left tung has three lobes (2) Pleural cavity is present between pleural membranes (@) Wind pipe is supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings (@) Fishes takes in oxygen through gilts 41. Residual volume is about (1) 1100 - 1500 mi @) 900 - 600 mit (8) 1100 - 1200 mt (4) 1300 - 1400 mt 12. Which of the following is present in old roots and stems for gaseous exchange? () Root hairs @) Stomata () Lenticots and stomata (@) Only lenticals [ever (eu “Wor “we “suv) TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEINGS In human beings. various substancés suchas oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, hormones, excrotory products etc. are transported by the blood: The blood is a fluid connective tissue which consists of plasma Sand blood cells or conpuscles. A) Plasma Ils slighty alkaline, non-living, intercellular pale yellow component of the blood. About 90-92% of plasma is formed of water. In plasma several organic and inorganic substances are dissolved such as proteins, glucose, cholesterol, urea, hormones, vitamins and inorganic salts. Plasma transports food, carbon dioxide land nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form. (8) Blood Cells or Corpuscies : There are three types of blood cells — RBCs, WBCs and blood platelets Haemopolesis : It is the process of formation of all blood calls. 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Corpuscles or RECs) (@) Number of RBC in human females is 4.5-5 million/mm? and males is 5-5.5 millionfmm? of blood (©) These are elreular, biconcave and enucleated (non-nucieated) in mammals, (©) A red coloured pigment, haemoglobin is found in REC. The amount of haemoglobin in human male is about 18 g/100 mL and in human female fs 13-14 9/100 mL. of blood. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakach Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dthi110005 Ph.011-476234565 ress tty xc Clinical Importance : Less amount of haemoglobin than the normal range Is called Anaemia, 4 Haomoglobin porforme a very important function of carrying oxygen from lungs to the tissues fand carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs. (@) Process of REC formation is called erythropoiesis. Erythropoietic tissue is found in red bone (©) Average life span of RBC in human beings is 120 days, after which these are broken down in spleen (graveyard of RBCs) and liver. (© An abnormal rise in RECs count is called pelyeythemia. (@) Decrease in the number of RECs is called erythrocytopenia, 2. Leucocytes (White Blood Corpuscles or WBCs or Lymphocytes) The number of leucocytes per microlitre of blood is called the total leucocyte count (TLC). (@) These are round or irregular in shape. ©) These are colourless blood ails lack haemoglobin). (©) The normal WBC cotint is 6000-8000/cubic mm of blood, (@) Lower count of WEG is called leucopenia and high WEC count is termed sé leucocytos! Increase in number of immature or abnormal WAC is termed as Leukemia (blood cancer). (©) Average life span of WBCS IE few hours 16 2-3 days: Immunity : WBCs protect our bod) from Infections, When any foreign pafticle or pathogen enters in the body. WBCs like neutrophils and monooytes squeeze. out through the capillary wall by the process called diapedesis. The!WBGs engulf and destroy foreign particles. These also produce antibodies against the foreign particles (antigen). Hence, these are also called “soldiers of the body”. WBCs or Lymphéeytes afe of two types B-lymphocytes and T-Lymphocytes, B-Lymphocytes : It mature In the bone marrow and produce certain chemical substances called antibodies which acts against foreign body called antigens ‘T-Lymphocytes : It mature in the thymus gland and stimulate other defense cells of the body. These cella are capable of destroying cancer cells and calls affected by virus. 3. Thrombecytes (Blood Platelets) (@) These are non-nucteated, round or oval, biconvex disc-ike bodies formed in red bone marrow and help in blood coagulation. (©) Life span is 8 days or one week (©) Blood platelets plug the leakage and help in clotting of blood at the site of injury. If the leakage {a not plugged it would lead to loss of blood and ultimately loss of blood pressure, which would reduce the efficiency of the pumping system. (©) Low count of platelets is called thrombocytopenia and high platelet count is called ‘thrombocytosis. (©) The normal platelet count is 150,000-350,000/eubic mm of blood,