KNOWING THE HUMAN BODY

The human body is an incredible machine that adapts to varying intensities and types of physical
activity with efficiency and effectiveness. It has specialized systems comprised of organs which are composed
of TISSUES, which themselves are made up of CELLS.
CELLS are the basic structure and functional unit of life in the human organism. There are some ONE
TRILLION CELLS in the human body and each cell type has specific function and purpose.
NERVE CELLS carry messages to muscle cells, causing movement
BLOOD CELLS carry nutrients to working muscles and remove wastes from tissues.

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: BASIC FRAMEWORK OF THE BODY

Bones and Joints make up the basic framework of the body which are both responsible for
movements

BONES
There are 206 bones in an adult human skeleton. They are grouped into 2 principles:
1. Axial Skeleton
Bones of the Head Bones of the Neck Bones of the Trunk
2. APENDICULAR SKELETON
Bones of free appendages
Bones of upper & lower extremities
Girdles that connect the free appendages to axial skeleton
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF BONES:
1. Provide support for the tissues of the body to keep the body in an erect posture.
2. Protects internal organs such as the brain, heart & lungs.
3. Provides surfaces for the attachment of the muscles and serves as levers for body movement
during muscular contraction.
4. Serves as houses for calcium and phosphorous.
5. Contains chemical laboratories in the red marrow of the bones where red blood cells are
produced.
 JOINTS
Joint is the position where 2 or more bones articulate.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINTS:
1. Synovial Cavity is the space between the articulating joints, which helps to lubricate the
action of the moving bones.
2. Articular Cartilage covers the end bones to keep them from rubbing directly with each other.
3. Ligaments are dense tough connective tissues which connect the bones to each other and
provide stability to the joint.
4. Tendons are white fibrous cords of dense connective tissues which attach bones to muscles.
BASIC TYPES OF JOINT CAUSING MOVEMENTS:
1. Ball & Socket Joints
2. Hinge Joints

MOVEMENTS OCCURING AT THE JOINTS

1. Flexion – refers to the movement that decreases the angle between the bones
2. Extension – refers to the movement that increases the angle between bones
3. Abduction – a movement aways from the midline
4. Adduction – is a movement towards the midline
5. Supination – turning the body part upward or outward
6. Pronation – turning the body part downward or inward
7. Eversion – the movement of the sole towards the median plane
8. Inversion – the movement of the sole away from the median plane
9. Elevation – refers to the movement in a superior direction
10. Depression – refers to the movement in an inferior direction
11. Protraction – describes the anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall that allows the
shoulder to move anteriorly
12. Retraction – refers to the posteromedial movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall, which causes the
shoulder region to move posteriority
13. Circumduction – a complete circular motion of a body part

NOTE: The Skeletal and Muscular System work together to produce movement. More than 600 voluntary
muscles and 206 bones in the human body provide various kinds of movements.

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: PROVIDES CONTRACTING OF GROUP MUSCLES PRODUCING

MOVEMENTS

MUSCLES – are attached to the bones to help steady or support the lever or neutralize the undesired action
of some muscles.

THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE IN THE HUMAN BODY:

1. SMOOTH – muscle tissue which are non-striated and involuntary, line the blood vessels, the stomach and
nervous control.

2. CARDIAC – muscle tissue forms the wall of the heart. It is striated and involuntary.

3. SKELETAL – muscle tissue which is striated and voluntary, and is attached to the bone, it has been
estimated that there are 250 million muscle fibers in the human body. The BICEPS
muscles alone have some 600,000 fibers. Skeletal muscles constitute about 45% of the
body weight of males and about 36% in females.
 Source :pinterest.ph/pin/432627107926527305/

TWO MUSCLE CLASSIFICATIONS:

AGONIST (Prime Mover) is primarily responsible for movement

SYNERGIST or FIXATORS assist the prime mover by reducing unnecessary movements in the less
mobile articulating joint.
TWO MUSCULAR CONTRACTION:
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION happens when the muscles lengthen or shorten and movement of body
parts or the entire body parts take place.
Example: BICEP CURL
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION happens when there is a contraction in which a muscle exerts force but
does not change in length.
Example: ABDOMINAL CURL-UP (the muscle of the abdomen remains at fixed length and
no additional movement occurs.

ASSESSMENT:

Direction: Give two Physical Exercise. Locate the muscles moved. State its Bone Classification. Identity its
Muscular Contraction.

PHYSICAL MUSCLES MOVED MUSCLE MUSCULAR

EXERCISE CLASSIFICATION CONTRACTION

Ex: Ankle FLex Perroneus Agonist ISOTONIC

Soleus Synergist
 POSTURE AND BODY MECHANICS
A. BODY POSTURE
Refers to the habitual or assumed alignment and balance of the body segments while standing,
walking, sitting or lying. This has proper relation with gracefulness, ease, poise and efficiency or carriage and
hearing.
Values of Good Posture
a. Good appearance b. Movement efficiencyc. Improved fitness
In good posture, the body should show alignment, good balance, ease of stance, a feeling of
alertness, and a feeling of readiness for movement and/ or coordination throughout the body segments.
CLASSIFICATION OF BODY POSTURES:

Source :google.com/body mechanics and strange motion

COMMON POSTURE FAULTS

KYPHOSIS
LORDOSIS is an increased inward curving of
exaggerated outward the lumbar spine (just above the buttocks). The spine
curvature of the has three types of curves: lordotic, kyphotic (the
thoracic region of outward curve of the thoracic spine at rib-level), and
the spine resulting scoliotic (sideways curving). A small degree of both
in a rounded upper kyphotic and lordotic curvature is normal
back —
compare lordosis

.
 SCOLIOSIS is a ABDOMINAL PTOSIS
sideways curvature of
the spine that occurs is a drooping of visceral
most often during the organs from weakness of
growth spurt just the abdominal muscles. It
before puberty. While is a protruding belly and
scoliosis can be caused can be caused by weak
by conditions such as back and abdominal
cerebral palsy and muscles. It can also be
muscular dystrophy, caused by obesity. 
the cause of most
scoliosis is unknown.

HYPEREXTENDED
KYPHOLORDOSIS KNEES

A stance which the A hyperextended knee

pelvis is tilted occurs when the knee is
forward, causing hip bent backward, often as a
flexion, increased result of landing wrong
lumber lordosis, and after a jump. A
thoracic kyphosis. hyperextended knee can
damage ligaments,
cartilage and other
stabilizing structures in the
knee.

Source: google.com/physio-pedia.com/marfan syndrome

BODY MECHANICS

Body Mechanics is defined as the static and the functional relationship between the parts that make
up the body and the body as a whole. It implies the application of physical laws to the human body at rest or in
motion. It also refers to the study of human movements.
Life is movement. Lack of movement is death. Every individual needs to understand human
movement so that any task can be approached effectively. Hence, correct body mechanics are human
movements that produce the best results with the least effort, of the efficient use of the body in all body
movements.
Body mechanics is also Posture Education. Proper body mechanics and good posture help individuals keep
their bodies in proper balance with a small expenditure of energy as possible and with minimum amount of
strain.

CAUSES OF POR POSTURE & POOR BODY MECHANICS

1. Environmental influences 4. Growth handicaps

 2. Psychological conditions 5. Congenital defects
3. Pathological conditions 6. Nutritional Problems

SOMATOTYPE OR BODY CLASSIFICATION

Sheldon based physical features:

ECTOMORPH MESOMORPH ENDOMORPH

 Fat loss is easier for them

 A high metabolism  Round body
 Medium to large size joints
 Tend to be thin/skinny  Underdeveloped muscles
 Naturally muscular
 Low body fat  Small shoulders
 Respond well to exercise
 Have a hard time gaining  Large hips
muscles  Broad square shoulders
 Slow metablosim
 Small joints  Can gain muscles easily

BODY METABOLISM EATING HABITS TRAINING NUTRITION

CLASSIFICATION

Ectomorph You don’t put on Eating a lot of food Increase strength Aim for 5 to 6
any weight training and do smaller meals per
very small amount day instead of 3
of cardio large meals

Include healthy fats

and carbs are your
best friend

Mesomorph Able to lose weight Eat light and More strength Aimi for 3 high-
quickly after going appear thin and training, minimal to protein, low carb
on a hiatus or eat healthy moderate meals per day
the wrong food ie. cardiovascular
holiday weight exercises

Endomorph If you’re struggling Consume average This body type Aim 5 to 6 small
to use those extra to few calories responds well to high-fiber meals
pounds and you’re high intensity per day fiber will
eating pretty clean, interval training, keep you full
your body doesn’t aim 4-5 times per longer, watch your
respond well to week of 20-30 carb intake as well
carbs, you carry a minutes of high as sugar and fat
lot of weight in your intensity
hips cardiovascular
exercises

Strength training is
still important, aim
for 3 times per
week at 30 minutes
ASSESSMENT:

1. Why do we need to study the human body?

2. As a student, how can you maintain your proper posture?

3. Why do we need to know our body classification