MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMRA (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS Dhananjay Vasudeo Dwivedi’ and Vartika Jain’ Abstract: Amra, botanically known as Mangifera indica L.; well known for its delicigus and nutritious fruits, is commonly known as Mango. This large, evergreen tree is one of the highly revered and most admired trees of India. It has more than $0 synonyms in Sanskrit language as mentioned in Ayurveda. Besides, its cultural and economic value, various ancient Indian texts describe its medicinal importance. It is majorly recommended for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders like diarrhoea, dysentery, vomiting and constipation. Ethnomedicinally also, it has been used for treatment of several diseases by diverse ethnic communitics of the country. Many of its medicinal properties have been scientifically demonstrated in various studies and bioactive molecules have been isolated. The present paper is an attempt to describe medicinal properties of Amra in brief as mentioned in various ancient Indian texts. Keywords: Susruta Samhita, Nighantu, Sahakarah, Constipation, Pitta, Agnipurana, 1. Introduction Plants play a vital role in daily life of man for various purposes namely, food, fodder, fibre, medicine, timber etc. Some of the plants are specially known for their valuable fruits. Amra (Mango), scientifically known as Mangifera indica L, (Family: Anacardiaceae) is a well known tree for its delicious fruits used widely in India. Its fruits have been given a unique status among all Journal of the Oriental Institute, ISSN 0030-5324, UGC CARE LIST NO. 189, Vol. 71, 2022, pp. 89-112. + Department of Sanskrit, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi - 834008, Jharkhand; M: 07992362827, Email: dvd1309@gmail.com Department of Botany, Government Meera Girls’ College, Udaipur - 313001, Rajasthan; Email: vartikajain3 1 @gmail.com90 pIIANANIAY VASUDEO DWIVEDI AND VARTIKA JAIN the fruits, and considered as ‘King of fruits’ and ‘Food of the Gods’. ltis ren as a valuable item of diet and 2 household remedy for many ailments ag oe Mango fruit is known as a fleshy drupe in scientific terminology. It is Variable, size and shape, with varying mixtures of grcen, yellow and red colour (Me " wide popularity, an attempt has been,» 2017; Bakhru, 2019,99). In view of its Pe ndicn: texts incl to look for its qualities as mentioned in ancien! Inc including Arures, and presented concisely in this article. 1.1 Synonyms of Amra and significance There are various synonyms of. Amra mentioned in the ancient literature, Some g them are highly significant and reflect various uscs and quality of this play, (Amarkosah, 2.33; Rajanighan{u, Amradivarga-9-11). Synonyms of Anra x mentioned in different Ayurvedic texts have been presented in Table | Which shows that the maximum synonyms of Amra are given in Rajanighantu ang Kaideva Nighanju whereas, Amrah, Citah, Rasdlah and Sahakarah are commo synonyms to all ten Ayurvedic texts. Table-1: Synonyms of Amra as mentioned in different Ayurvedic texts S.N.| Synonyms _[M.N.[B.N.|R.N. | K.N. |Sr.N.| D.N.|S.N. [san Jaslax 1. | Amlaphalah v 2 Amrah viv vilyilyvyivilvivly 3. | Atisaurabhah_ | ¥ | % viv v 4. | Bhragabhistah v 5. | Caitravrksah v 6. Citah vi[v[vjyv vivivivie 7.|_ Kamangah viviv ylv 8. Kamasarah v | 9.| Kamavallabhah | v v 71 10, | Kananadhipah 7 CT NM. Kantah 7 + 4 | 12, Kirestah V 7 iy UJMEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMRa ... IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS 91 13.| Kokilabandhuh 14.|__ Kokilavasah v 15.| _Kokilotsavah v 16.| _Madadhyah v 17. | Madhavadrumah v 18. Madhilt v 19.| | Madhudiitah v 20.| Madhvavasah v 21. | | Madirasakha viv 22. | _Madodbhavah viv 23. | Madhupapriyah v 24. | _Madyasahah v 25. Makandah viv viv 26 | _Manmathah v|yv 21. | Manmathalayah v 28, | Manorathah v 29. | Nepapriyah v 30. | _ Parapustah v viv 31. | Pikabandhuh | ¥ 32. | Pikamahotsavah v 33.| Pikaragah v 34.| Pikavallabhah v 35. | Pindaphalah v v 36.| _Pindiphalah v 37. Priyambuh v 38. | Puspamafjarih v 39. Rasalah vivivilvilyiviviy v 40. Sahakarah vivivivivyi[vt vi” v (41. | Saundikapriyah v92 DHANANJAY VASUDEO DWIVEDI AND VARTIKA JAIN 42. | Sidhurasah H 43.| _Silistah, Y 44. Sistah, iL 45.| _ Sumadanah v 7] 46. | Supathamodah v 47.| _Syamataitkah y 48. | Syavatailah v 49. | Vanapuspotsavah| v 50. Vanotsavah x 51. | Vasantadiitah v v 52. | Vasantapadapah v MN.- Madanapala Nighantu RN. Raja Nighantu Sr.N.- Sarasvati Nighantu S.N.- Sodhala Nighantu AS.- Ayurvedasaukhyam 1.2 Significance of Synonyms B.N.-Bhavaprakasa Nighantu K.N.-Kaideva Nighantu D.N.- Dhanvantati Nighantu Sd.N.- Sadrasa Nighantu A.K.- Amara Kosa Each and every synonym of Amra has its special significance. This has been presented in Table-2, Table-2: Significance of various synonyms of Amra Synonyms of Amra Significance Amlaphalah Fruits are sour in taste when unripe Amrah Itis liked by all Atisaurabhah Flowers of mango tree have pleasing fragrance Bhrngabhistah A darling to a large black bee Caitravrksah, Vasantpadapah, Madhiilt ‘The tree bears flowers and fruits in spring Ciitah Fruits fall down when fully grownMEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMAA... IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS: 3 Kamangah Itis one of the flowery arrows of Cupid (Kamadeva) [ Rananadhipah King of forest Kantah Itis lovely and beautiful Kirestah It is favourite to Parrots j Kokilabandhuh, Pikabandhuh | The tree is associated to Cuckoos | Kokilavasah The tree is dwelling place for Cuckoos Madhavadrumah Fruits are sweet like honey when ripe ‘Madhuphalah Fruits are sweet when ripe Madirasakhah, It is used in preparation of wine | Saundikapriyah | Makandah It never causes distress | Manmathah, Manmathalayah Flowers having pleasant intoxicating aroma stimulate sex desire Arpapriyah It is favourite to King Pindaphalah, Pindiphalah Fruits are solid Rasalah Ripe fruit is full of juice Sahakarah Fruit is sweet smelling Sistah Syamataitkah, Syavatailah 2. Distribution It is virtuous and respectable Oil extracted from seeds is blackist/dark brown in colour Genus Mangifera has 60 species among which M. indica is the most important Species. It is found to be originated in Assam-Burma-Thailand region and now cultivated pantropically throughout the world. In India, there are over 1000 Cultivars of Mango which are especially grown in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tamilnadu and Central Indian states. Mango tree Possesses a long life and in India, it has been cultivated for over 4000 years. India shares nearly 65% of Mango cultivation of the world’s cultivation area and 42.6% of its own cultivation area. Other specics of Mangifera found in India are M.” DHANANJAY VASUDEO DWIVEDI AND VARTIKA JAIN syWwatica, M. camptosperma, M. khasiana, M. andamanica and M. nicobarieg Besides India, the plant is also extensively grown in China, Pakistan, Bangladesh Philippines, Haiti, Hawaii, West Indies, Madagascar, Australia, Ind, ones’ Mexico and Brazil (Pandey, 2004; Dinesh et al., 2011; CSIR, 1962; NISCAIR 2003; Bakhru, 2010). 3. Botanical Details Amra is a huge evergreen tree growing to a height of 10-45 m. with widely spreaq branches and thick, rough, dark grey coloured bark. Leaves are linear-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate in shape and crowded at the end of the branches. Inflorescence is a large panicle having more than 3000 tiny flowers which are reddish white or yellowish green in color. Fruits are large fleshy drupes varying much in size and shape. Fruit skin is green, yellow or red with whitish yellow, yellow or orange colored soft and fibrous edible mesocarp. Solitary, ovoid-oblique seeds encased in a hard endocarp have two distinct membranous envelopes. Cotyledons are spirally twisted and lobbed (Pandey, 2004; CSIR, 1962). Vrksdyurveda mentions various procedures for sowing seeds of Amra including sowing season, preparation of seeds and pits as well as healthy growth of plant ete. (Vrksayurveda- 48-49, 55-56, 68-69, 87, 227). It also mentions that Mango trees are loaded with sweeter and bigger fruits and nourished well if treated with water mixed with ripe fruits of Anikola (Alangium salvifolium Wang), ghee, honey and marrow of Boar (Vrksdyurveda-123), It is mentioned in Susruta Samhita that in the spring season when the directions are cleared, flowering of Amra tree could be observed in the forests (Susruta Samhisa-Sw6/21). Kasyaplyakrisisiikti mentions that plucking of Mango in the half-ripe stage yields tastier sap (Kasyaplyakrisisikti-2/60). Visvavallabha describes the method of Converting unproductive Mango tree into productive. For this purpose, Amra tree should be scratched at the root and @ mixture of Jambala, milk, Rodhra (Symplocos racemosa Roxb.) along with honey, clarified butter and Tila (Sesamum indicum DC.) should be applied. The? they should be sprinkled with water mixed with honey and milk for the period of the ten days which makes unproductive trees producing fruits like necta! (Visvavallabha-7/26). Seed of Amra soaked in blood of Rabbit and TortoiseMEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMR4 ... [(N ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS 95 twenty-one days and sprinkled with a mixture of milk and water after sowing, indeed, produces Mango fruits in all scasons (Visvavallabha-9/9), Another botanical wonder has also been described in Vifvavallabha where seed of Amra or Madhitka (Madhuca longifolia var, latifolia A.Chev.) kept for seven days in water in which fish and flesh are cooked and then dried it in hot Sun and thus sown produces Brhati (Visvavallabha-9/2). 4, Amra and its Medicinal Properties Medicinal plants continue to be an important healing aid for alleviating the diseases of humankind. India has a rich legacy of conventional medicine which largely focuses on medicinal plants. Amra is well known for its therapeutic properties which have been mentioned in several Sanskrit as well as Ayurvedic texts. Mango tree has also been part of Indian folk medicine. Various parts of the tree has been used to treat ailments like abdominal pain, acidity, asthma, burn, conjunctivitis, constipation, cough, diarrhea, diabetes, dysentery, dysmenorrhoea, headache, haemorrhoids, heat stroke, impotence, indigestion, jaundice, leucorrhoea, malaria, mouth ulcer, nasal bleeding, stomach-ache, scabies, spermatorrhoea, snake and spider bite etc. by different ethnic tribes spread among different states of India (Jain and Jain, 2016). Amra is useful as antiscorbutic, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, stomachic, astringent, cardiac stimulant, demulcent, diuretic, fattening, invigorative, tonic, refrigerant, and laxative in different forms and modes of usage with regard to fruits and other parts of the plant. It has been used for treatment of burning sensation, sunstroke, bleeding, piles, haemorrhage, epistaxis, debility and irritability of stomach, uterine complaints, bleeding from lungs, menorrhagia, opthalmia, eruption, scabies and cutaneous affections (Pandey, 2004). Various parts of the tree have medicinal values. The bark is useful as an astringent and has a marked action on mucous membranes. It is also used in bowel Complaints, diarrhoea, dysentery etc. The powder of La leaves is used in diarthoea and diabetes. The smoke of burning leaves is inhaled for relieving hiccup, catarrhal and throat affections. The ash from leaves is used as dusting Powder over bums, scalds and other similar complaints. Powder of leaves isJAIN % DHANANIAY VASUDEO DWIVEDI AND VARTIKA locally applied to euts, ulcers and bruises for styplic Purpos®, Leaves are i i ums by masticating them. An infusion of ewan RE hae and it is applied as a motto tr toothache, sore gums and sore throat and similar affections. ‘The Mies of leaves is intemally given for checking the nausea and vomiting as the leaves are any. emetic. The resinous gum exuded and obtained from | tree trunk is used medicinally; the gum is applied as dressing material for seablos and other Parasitic skin complaints. The Mowers have medicinal utility and used in different ailments, Dried flowers are astringent and recommended in diseases caused by Kapha and Pitta (Pandey, 2004). Ayurvedic texts such as Bhavaprakasa Nighanju, Rajanighantu, Madanpila Nighantu, Ayurveda Saukhyam, Sodhala Nighantuh, Caraka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, Astanga Hrdayam, Sarngadhara Samhita, Vrndamadhava, Bhaisajya Ratnawalt, and Puranas like Agnipurana and Garudapurana have mentioned medicinal properties of Amra. Correct botanical identity of other plants mentioned in the text by Sanskrit names has been ascertained with literature and given in the text where they are mentioned for the first time (Website 1; CSIR, 1962). However, botanical names of some plants could not be ascertained in the context, hence not given. Medicinal properties of Amra ure described in brief in the following section: 4.1 Bhavaprakdga Nighanju Bhavaprakasa Nighanju (BN) has described the properties of Amra in detail. It is mentioned that flowers of Amra are cold in potency and improve taste. They increase Vata, mitigates Kapha and Pitta, cause constipation and cures diarthoca, diabetes and blood disorders (BN, Amrddiphalavarga2). Very young fruit of Amra is sour in taste, astringent and increases Vara and Pitta whereas the fruit which is in its youth is very sour, creates dryness and Aggravates all three doyas (BN, Amrédiphalavarga.3). Unripe fruit with removed skin, cut into pieces and dried well in sun is sour, sweet, astringent and purgative and mitigates Kapha and Vata (BN, Amradiphalavarga.4). Ripe fruit is sweet, aphrodisiac, cold in potency and unctuous. It is hard in digestion, gives strength and happiness, and mitigatesMEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMRd ... IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS ” Vata and good for heart and colour/complexion. It does not aggravate Pitta and greatly increases digestive fire, Kapha and semen (BN, Amradiphalavarga.5). Fruit which has become ripe on the tree itself is hard in digestion, has sweet and sour taste and mitigates Vata, and causes slight aggravation of Pitta. Artificially ripen Mango fruit is less sour and more sweet in taste and also mitigates Pitta @N, Amradiphalavarga.6-7). Sucked Mango juice is laxative, cold in potency, casily digestible, bestows satisfaction/contentment, highly nutritious, stoutes the body, and best to increase strength and vigour. It mitigates Vata and Pitta but not considered good for heart and aggravates Kapha (BN, Amradiphalavarga.7-9). Pieces of dried Mango fruit are sweet, stoutening, strengthening, cold in potency, best stimulator of taste/appetite, hard in digestion and mitigates Vata (BN, Amridiphalavarga.10). Fruit boiled in milk is sweet, cold in potency, aphrodisiac, hard in digestion, nutritious, strengthening, bestows colour/complexion and mitigates Vata and Pitta (BN, Amradiphalavarga.11). Weakness of digestive fire, imegular (intermittent) fever, blood diseases, enlargement of abdomen due to intestinal obstruction or eye diseases occur due to over-eating of Mango fruits. Hence, it should not be used in excess. Occurrence of these diseases is only from the use of fruits which are sour but not in those which are sweet, since sweet ones are ideally good for eyes (BN, Amradiphalavarga.12-13). Drinking water boiled with Sunphi, or powder of Jiraka (Carum carvi L.) and Sauvarcala salt, are the treatment for effects of overeating of Amra fruits (BN, Amradiphalavarga.14). Juice of Amra fruit cooked, spread on a cloth and dried in sun is known as Amravarta, This quenches thirst, cures vomiting, mitigates Vata and Pitta, easily digestible and laxative since it is cooked by sun rays (BN, Amradiphalavarga.15- 16). Mango seeds are slightly sour, sweet, and astringent in nature. They cure Vomiting and diarrhoea and mitigates burning sensation in the region of the heart (BN, Amrddiphalavarga.17). Young leaves of Amra helps taste and mitigates kapha and pitta (BN, Amradiphalavarga.18). 4.2 Rajanighantu The rasa of Amra is astringent, sour, and fragrant, It cures throat diseases and improves the appetite, but aggravates Pitta, Vata ang a oe salt Contained in it, leads to improvement of the taste (Rajanighanju, Amradivarga-8 DIANANIAY VASUDEO DWIVEDI AND VARTIKA JAIN 12), The peel of the Mango fruit and root is astringent, Both are Appetizer, constipative and cooling. The Mower is appetizer and improves the digestion (Réjanighantu, Amradivarga-23). 4.3 Madanapale-Nighapfu Amra is grahi (solidifies the liquid stools), pramehahara (takes away with obstinate urinary disorders), raktadosahara (removes disorder of blood), kapha- pinahara (confiscate disorders of Kapha and Pitta) and vranaropana (wound- depressing) in nature. Unripe fruit is ati-amlarasa (highly sour in taste), ritksa (dry), tridosahara (removes all three dosas) in nature. Ripe fruit is madhura (sweet), wsya (brings virility), snigdha (sticky or viscous), Ardya (something that is good for heart), balya (tonic, helping in promoting body weight and strength), guru (heavy), vatahara (removes vata dosa), rucya (tasteful), varnya (improves complexion of the body), Sita (cold infusion) and apittala (not increasing Pitta). is juice is Sara (purgative or laxative), snigdha (soothing), rucikaraka (pleasing), balya and varnya. Amra mostly possesses vatahara, pittakaphahara (removes pitta end kapha dosas), kasdya (astringent), madhurarasa (sweet sap), vrsya and Surusnigdha guna. Fully ripe Amra is Gyusya (something beneficial for life span), mamsavardhana (increases muscle tissue), sukrala (produces semen), and balya. Dried mango (Suskdmra) is kasdya-amla rasa, bhedana (purgative) and kapha- véitahara in nature (Madanapdla Nighanju-Phalddi-vargal7-\ 0). 4.4 Ayurveda Saukhyam (AS) Aora is cardixe tonic and promotes complexion, Appetite, semen and strength. It does not aggravate Pitta and alleviates Vayu, The tipe Amra is laxative and heavy: Ivis astringent in Auurasa (subsidiary taste), It increases digestive power, Kapha and semen (AS-19/6-7). Amra which has become tipe on the tree itself is heavy and excellent alleviator of Vayu. It is sweet, sour and slightly laxative and aggravates Pitta, Amra which is ripened by antificial means alleviates Pitta (AS- 19/7-8). Dry mango is astringent, sour and Purgative. It aggravates Kapha and Vayu. If ripe Amra is taken by sucking, then it is appetizer, promoter of strength and energy and digests early. It is light and cooling in nature and alleviates Va)" and Pitta. \t is laxative (AS-19/9). The Juice extracted out of it is a promoter ofMEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMRz ... IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS. 9 strength, heavy in nature, alleviator of Vayu, laxative, ahrdya (which is not cardiac tonic), exceedingly farpana (refreshing), nourishing and aggravator of Kapha (AS-19/10). Along with sugar, the Mango juice becomes very heavy. It is an appetizer, sweet, nourishing, strength promoting, cooling and alleviator of Vayu but gets digested very late (AS-19/11). Along with milk, Mango juice alleviates vayu and pitta. It is appetizer, aphrodisiac, nourishing, strength and complexion promoter, delicious, heavy and cooling in nature (AS-19/12). Mango used in large quantities causes mandanala (suppression of the power of digestion), visama jvara (irregular fever), raktamaya (diseases of blood), baddhagudodara (obstinate type of abdominal disease caused by obstruction in the rectum) and eye diseases. Therefore, one should not consume mango in excess. This description relates to sour variety of Mango and not to sweet variety of Mango because the latter is exceedingly useful for eyes and in similar other conditions (AS-19/13-14). If Mango is to be used in excess, then milk should be consumed after it as anupdna. It can also be taken with jiraka or sauvarcala type of salt (AS-19/15). If the juice of ripe Mango is spread over a thick piece of cloth and made to dry in Sun by repeatedly adding additional quantity of juice, then this is called Amravarta (AS-19/16). It is laxative, appetizer and alleviates ¢rsd (morbid thirst), chardi (vomiting), vayu and pitta. If it is dried in Sun’s rays, then it becomes light (AS-19/17). The seed of Mango cures chardi (vomiting), atisdra (diarrhoea) and hrdya daha (burning sensation in the chest). It is astringent and slightly sour and sweet (AS-19/18). 45 Sodhala Nighantu Amra is grahi and varenya, mitigates kapha and cures vata, prameha, Sour fruit increases kapha and pitta. Young Mango fruit is kasdya, ruksa, katu and amla and increases pitta, asra and vata. Ripe Mango fruit is sweet and sour. It is guru, snigdha, hrdya, mitigates vata and does not increase pitta. It promotes muscular tissues, semen and strength. Juice of fully ripe fruit is dipana, Sukrasodhana and rakta Sodhana and mitigates vata and pitta. It is cardiac, unctuous, odorous and taste stimulator, Pulp of ripe fruit cures chardi and atisara (Sodhala Nighantuh- 5/457-460),[KA JAIN 100 DHANANJAY VASUDEO DWIVEDI AND VART! 4.6 Caraka Samhita (CS) The gruel prepared with seeds of Amra, Jambii (Syzygium cumini Skeels), sy, Kapittha (Limonia acidissima Groff) and Bilva is Sangrahikt (CS-Sw/2/28), jn, along with other plants is mentioned es cordial (CS-Sw/4/10), faecal astringen, (CS-Sw/4/28), anti-diuretic (CS- Sw/4/33) and its tender leaves as anti-emetic (cg, Sw/4/28), The young fruits of Amra cause internal haemorrhage, the mature one aggravate Pitta while ripe ones alleviate Vayu and promote muscles, semen and strengt}, (CS- $w27/139). Leha (lickable paste) of Amra and Amalaka (Phyllanthys emblica L.) is bulk-promoting, tonic, relishing and saturating owing 1p unctuousness, sweetness and heaviness. Properties and actions of lehas should be determined on the basis of combination, processing and quantity of ingredients (CS- Sw/27/282-283). For checking diarrhoea, the seed pulp of Jambii and Anmra, Bilva, Kapittha and Sunthi should be taken with gruel scum. This formulation may - also be made into khanda (a dietary preparation) mixing with legumes, cereals, fat, sours which are excellent astringents (CS-Ci/8/127-128). Katphala (Myrica nagi Thunb.), Sunthi, Patha, seeds of Jambi and fruits of Amra and Durdlabha (Tragia involucrata L.) taken with honey and rice-water can alleviate Pittatisara (CS-Ci/19/55-56). Lajjalu (Mimosa pudica L.), Dhataki (Woodfordia fruticosa Kurtz.), Bilva (fruit pulp) and bark of Jambit and Amra-this formulation should be made into khandas by souring with Caneri, Kola and buttermilk and adding some uncting substance and salt. These are efficacious in Kaphaja originated diarrhoea (CS-Ci/19/110). In Pittaja type of vomiting, one may take decoction of tendet leaves of Jambi and Amra mixed with honey (CS-Ci/20/30). Ragas may be prepared separately of the pulp of Amra, Amalaka adding Dhanyaka, Saucarcala, Jiraka, Karavi and Marica along with jaggery and Madhusukta (a type of vinegt) so that it becomes clearly sour and sweet. This makes the food palatable and digests it well (CS-Ci/24/182-183). Kattyaka, Tagara (Tabernaemontana ot Fou aad Tobe a ), Seeds of dmra, Nagakeéara (Meswa ferred .), iron Io aye, reiving normal colour in skin (s-cinsine Teg ake am excellent paste fr an (25/116). The powder of Kasisa, Triphald Saurdsiri, Lajjalu, Amra seeds and Dhatakt mixed wi iminess and makes the genital track clean (C§_cy, with honey removes slimin Ci30/121-122). Ghee should be cookedMEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMR4 ... IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS 101 with double quantity of milk and the paste of unripe fruits of Udumbara (Ficus racemosa L.), bark of Jambi, Amra and Udumbra, conch, Sarjarasa (Vateria indica L.), lac and mud. This should be taken in all types of diarrhoea according to strength (CS-Si/8/36-37), 4,7 Susruta Samhita (SS) According to Susruta Samhita, Amra falls under Nyagrodhadi group with 23 other plants (SS-Su/38/48-49). It is mentioned that the unripe Mango increases Pitta and Vata and the unripe one in which the fibrous mesh has formed increases Pitta. Fully ripe Mango is pleasant, sweet, nutritive, spermatogenic, improves complexion and taste, increases blood, muscles and strength, It is astringent in secondary taste, heavy, pacifies Vata, and not incompatible with Pitta (SS- $u/46/152-154). Oil derived from Amra known as Sahakara oil is slightly bitter, drying, sweet, astringent, and excessively fragrant, eliminates Vata and Kapha, and does not excessively increase Pitta like juice of Amra (SS-Su/45/127). Medicinal uses Mango fruit stone is recommended to be used to treat sinus along with Bibhitaka, sprouts of Banyan tree, seeds of Sankhini and Varahikanda mixed with oil (SS- CiN17/35-36). A decoction made from leaves of Jambu, Amra, Sumana, Nimba, Sveta and Kamboji, barks of Sallakt (Boswellia serrata Roxb.), Badari (Ziziphus xylopyrus Willd.), Bilva (Aegle marmelos Correa), Palaga (Butea monosperma Taub.) and Tinisa, and also barks of latex trees along with Triphala is used to wash lesions of venereal diseases. Further, oil prepared from above decoction along with Goji, Vidanga (Embelia ribes Burm.f.), Madhuka and aromatic drugs is an excellent remedy for healing all types of lesions of venereal diseases (SS- Cil19/42-45), Oil cooked with Dhanyamla and Mafjistha (Rubia tinctorum L.), Tila, Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), Sariva, Utpala, Padmaka, Rodhra and Kadamba (Neolamarckia cadamba Bosser) with tender leaves of Bald, Jambi and Amra is referred to treat the disease Utpata which is brownish black oedema in the ear pinna (SS-Ci/25/16-17).102 DHANANIAY VASUDEO DWIVEDI AND VARTIKA JAIN Day blindness) and Kaphavidagdha dry (Nyetalopia- Night blindness) is recommended to be treated by é Collyrium prepared from the flowers of Kubjaka, Asoka (Saraca asoca Willd.) Sala (Shore robusta Gaertn,), Amra, Priyangu (Aglaia odoratissima Blume), Nalina (Nelumb nucifera Gaertn.) and Utpala together with Harenu, Pippalt (Piper longum |.), Harttaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) and Amalaki powdered and mixed with honey and ghrta should be stored in a tube of a hollow bamboo (SS-Uttar/17/g_ 10). Harenuka (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) pasted with the juice expressed from flowers of Amra and Jambu and mixed with honey and Ghria may alternatively be used as collyrium in the above two conditions (SS-Uttar/17/10-11). Pittavidagdha drsti (Hamarlopia- Kukiinaka is an eye disease which originates from the vitiation of breast milk, Kapha, Vata, Pitta and Rakta and affects the eyelids of the infants only. It is correlated to neonatal conjunctivitis in allopathic diagnosis. Washing and irrigation of eyes should be done with the decoction of leaves of Jambu, Amra, Amalaki and Asmantaka (SS-Uttar/19/13). A collyrium prepared from Marva, Madhuyasti and Amra is also useful in treating this disease (SS-Uttar/19/14). The oil processed with tender leaves of Saivala, Mahavrksa, Jambu and Amra and with Kulira, honey and Mandiikaparni (Centella asiatica Urb.) is also recommended for treating Karndsrava which is an ear discharge possibly occurring due to suppurative otitis media (SS-Uttar/21/45). The expressed juices of the bark of Amra, Kapittha, Madhuyasti, Dhava and Sala or the oil cooked with these drugs are advocated for filling the ear-cavity (SS-Uttar/21/47). It is recommended that a physician after proper diagnosis should sprinkle the child afflicted by Sakunt graha with the decoction of Vetasa, Amra and Kapittha (SS- Uttar!30/3). Mango is also a part of treatment of Pitta Pakvatisara (Pittaja Diarthoea-Chronic Stage). A recipe prepared from the soft matter inside seeds of Amra fruits, Lodhra, soft matter inside Bilva and Priyangu is considered beneficial for the Patient with chronic diathoca on account of weak grahnt (SS-Uttarl40168,70) Barks of Badari, Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna Wt. & Am), "Ss Un en and Vetasa with sugar and honey is also recommended fr res yu, Amra, jiarrhoea (SS-Uttar/40/96). Bark of Mango tree is also Tecommened for iment of en treatment of RakiaMEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMRA ... IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS 103 pitta (neamorthagic disorders) along with barks of Jambu and Arjuna (SS- Unar!45/23). Vataja madatyaya can also be controlled by consuming drinks prepared from Amrataka, Amra fruit, Dadima and Matulinga (SS-Uttar!47/25). A paste for local application in leucoderma is also prepared by using bark of Mango tree. First, a decoction is prepared from the barks of Amra and Haritaki trees in which a wick is impregnated along with the latex of Banyan tree and bumt in the flame of a copper lamp. The collected soot is well soaked in the decoction of Haritaki and pasted repeatedly over Kilasa (leucoderma), which has been dabbed with mustard oil (SS-C; i/9/23-24), 4.8 Astatiga Hrdayam (AH) In Astanga Hrdayam, Amra has been Grouped under Amla group of substances that is the sour group (AH-Sw/10/25-26) and kept under Nyagrodhadi gana along with 20 other plants. This Nyagrodhadi gana is considered good for ulcers, bleeding diseases, thirst, burning sensation, vaginal diseases, and unites fractures and also cures fat accumulation (AH-Su/15/41-42), AH mentions that Bala Amra (tender, unripe Mango) is sweet and sour in taste, increases Vata, increases Kapha and Pita when its stone is formed, not easily digestible, mitigates Vda, increases Kapha and semen when tipe (AH-Su/6/128-129), Mango has also been recommended for treatment of many diseases in AH. Decoction of tender leaves of Jambi and Amra, Usira, sprouts and tips of aerial Toots of Vata mixed with honey and consumed as warm or cold is mentioned to be useful for thirst, vomiting, fever, diarrhoea and fainting (AH-Ci/6/14-15). Powder of Kasisa, Triphala, Kanksi, seeds of Amra and Jambii and Dhataki mixed with honey is locally applied to slimy vagina (AH-Uttar/34/55-56). |n case of bleeding from nose, nasal drops prepared from juice of flowers of Dadima and stone of fruit of Amra (the kemel inside the stone) is considered beneficial (AH-Ci/2/49). Peya, Vilept and Khala (all liquid foods) prepared with kemel of Dadhittha, Bilva, Amra and Jambit is useful in treating diarrhoea ansing from Pina (AH-Ci/9/66). In treatment of madatyaya (Alcoholism), Raga an104 DHANANIAY VASUDEO DWIVEDI AND VARTIKA JAIN Sadva (sour and sweet syrups) processed with tender fruits of Amra and Amrétaka is mentioned as helpful (AH-Ci/7/12, 14). seeds of Amra, Hema (Padmaka), Kala of cow-dung is considered -62), Paste of tender leaves da, macerated with curd Application of paste of Kaliyaka, Lata, (Majijistha), Rasottama (mercury) added with juice best to bring normal colour of the skin (AH-Uttar/61 of Jambi and Amra, two Haridra along with fresh gu water is mentioned in AH to give complexion to the face and imparts natural colour to the discoloured area of the skin (AH-Uttar/32/22). Mango is also considered useful for treatment of Utpdta, Medicated oil prepared ler leaves of Jambit and Amra, Bala, Yasti, Rodhra, Tila and from decoction of tend d with Dhanyamla Utpala, paste of Majijistha, Kadamba and Sariva, adde: (fermented rice wash) is mentioned for Abhyafijana (anointing massage) for treatment of Utpdta (AH-Uttar/18/43-44). Interestingly, Mango is also part of the therapy to dispel evil spirits. Daily consumption of medicated ghee prepared with paste of Ananta, stone (seed) of Amra, Tagara, Marica, drugs of Madhura gana, Srgalavinna. and Musta, decoction of Dasmiila and milk is considered best to dispel evil spirits (AH- Uttar!3/49-50). 4.9 Sarngadhara-Samhita Sarngadhara Samhita also mentions medicinal uses of Mango, for example, cold infusion of Amra, Jambi and Arjuna along with honey is recommended for treatment of intrinsic haemorthage (Sarngadhara Samhita-2/4/2). Heating of leaves and roots separately of Bijapiira, Amra and Jambi in a closed container and intake of the juice taken with honey is mentioned to alleviate severe vomiting (Sarigadhara Samhitd-2/1/32-33), Equal powders of Mango seed and Haritalf are pounded together with milk and applied to the scalp is fa lari a dandruff (Sarngadhara Samhitd-3/11/20). Local application ess for ow " Mango seed, honey and camphor to vagina is considered paste made " contracted and firm (Sarigadhara Samhira-3/11/111), 1 Sood to make leaves of Amra and Jambi, leaf-buds and hangin . Hot infusion of tender i Toots of Vafa and UsiraMEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMRz ... IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS 105 (Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Vickery) mixed with honey is useful to allay fever (Sarngadhara Samhita-2/3/6). Amradi taila is prepared from tender leaves of Amra, Jambit, Madhitka and Vata to cure Pittikarna — pus in the ear (Sargadhara Samhita-3/11/150). Amradi yavagu prepared from decoction of stem barks of Amra, Amrataka, Jambi and broken rice is mentioned to cure Grahani that is irritable bowel syndrome (Sarngadhara Samhita-2/2/153). 4.10 Vrndamadhava Vendamadhava mentions that decoction of Bilva and seed-kemel of Amra mixed with honey and sugar is helpful to check vomiting and diarrhoea (Vrndamadhava- 3/30). Bark of Sallakt, Badari, Jambi, Priyala (Buchanania cochinchinensis MR. Almeida), Amra and Arjuna mixed with honey and taken with milk is mentioned to check haemorrhage (Vrndamadhava-3/41). Linctus made of Mango seed- kemel, parched paddy and rocksalt with honey is also recommended to check vomiting (Vrndamadhava -66/11). Decoction of Amra and Jambi added with honey is useful in alleviating all types of vomiting and thirst (Vrndamadhava - 16/10). Juice of ripe Mango added with honey is useful to treat spleen enlargement (Vrndamadhava -37/50). 4.11 Bhaisajya Ratnavalt (BR) Paficapallava is considered to be significant group of plants’ leaves which is extensively used for preparing perfumes. According to Bhaisajya Ratnavalt (2006), Amra leaf is one of them among the leaves of other plants such as Jambi, Kapittha, Bijapiiraka and Bilva (BR-4/29). A number of medicinal preparations have been described in Bhaisajya Ratnavalt which includes’ Amra as one of its ingredients. Some of the significant Preparations along with their medicinal values have been described as follows: Rakiatisara is treated with a highly effective preparation named as Jambvamradipallavsvarasa in which juice extracted from leaves of Jambi, Amra, Amalaki, mixed with goat milk is taken with honey (BR-7/84-85). Amravalkatakalkalepa is a remedy for curing atrocious diarthoea in which106 DHANANJAY VASUDEO DWIVEDI AND VARTIKA JAIN tenacious paste of bark of dmra fruit or soft bark of the plant along with Kanjiig applied on naval region (BR-7/118-119). Excessive vomiting and diarrhoea of child can be cured by applying tenacious paste of roots of Peft (Kuberaksi) ang Patha along with barks of Jambi and Amra to chest, naval region and sole (BR. 71/40). BR mentions that vomiting and thirst can be cured by Amradi Kasaya which is prepared either by the decoction of leaves of Amra or Jambii (BR-20/10), Amradikvatha is another very popular preparation of Ayurveda for treatment of morbid thirst. Leaves of Amra and Jambi in equal proportions are used along with rasa Sindiira and administered with honey or in gargles (BR-20/30). Sahakaravaft is also an important preparation involving bark of Mango tree. Decoctions of Mango bark along with barks of Nimba (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.), Khadira (Areca catechu L.) and Asan is prepared and then cooked together. After this many other herbs are added to it for trituration and then Sahakara Vaii pills are prepared. These pills are recommended to cure throat, lips, tongue, teeth and palate disorders and also useful in promoting tastiness, decreasing bad breath and strengthening teeth (BR-61/109-1 14), Pregnant lady could be cured from spur by treatment with the decoction of barks of Mango and Jambii trees mixed with fine powder of poppy of paddy (BR- 68/48). Mouth inflammation of children could be cured by coating with @ tenacious paste formed by equal parts of Amrasara, lauha bhasma, svarna.gairika powder, rasaiijana powder along with honey (BR-71/86). 4.12 Agni Purana Agnipurana mentions medicinal use of Mango tree like for treatment of haemorthage, decoction of Vidanga, Alkali, urine of cow, Harttaki, Sallatt Vadari, Jambit, Priyéla and bark of Amra and Arjuna is recommended to be use with honey and milk (Agnipurdna-285/58-59). A decoction of Bilva, Am‘ Dhataki, Patha, Sunfht and Mocarasa is mentioned to cure the most obstinate ‘7° of dysentery if taken with butter milk mixed with molasses Chenipurna 2855MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMRA ... IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS 107 60). Oblation with leaves of Amra is mentioned to help in doing away with fever (Agnipurana-81/51). 4.13 Garuda Mahapurana Garudapurdna also mentions usefulness of M: Decoction of Amra taken with maksika is helpful in arresting vomiting (Garudapurdna-170/33). Juice of Amra, Sallaki, Badari, Jambu, PriyGla, Arjuna and Dhava taken with honey and alkali is mentioned to excise a styptic virtue (Garudapurana-170/27). According Garudapurana, immature Mango generates Kapha and Pitta, raw Mango aggravates the Pitta, whereas ripe Mango subdues the deranged Vayu, and is tonic, cosmetic and spermatopoietic (Garudapurana-169/25-26). lango in treatment of vomiting. to 4.14 Medicinal Properties In Other Texts Vangasena mentions usefulness of tender leaves of Amra and Kapittha along with tice water in diarrhoea (Vangasena/Atisara/61). Skin psoriasis is also mentioned to be cured with local application of Mango pulp mixed with rocksalt which have been kept in a copper vessel (Vangsena/Kustha-113). In stomatitis of children, seed kernel of Mango, lawhabhasma, red Ochre and rasdi jana mixed with honey is recommended (Vangsena/Balarogal108). Diarrhoea with blood and mucus could be treated with juice of Amra bark extracted by Putapaka (closed heating) along with oil (Vaidyamanorama-6/7). Siddhabhesajamanimala recommends use Of roasted tender fruits of Amra with water and mixed with Jiraka, salt and Marica for treatment of sun-stroke (Siddhabhesajamanimala-4/38). Indigestion caused by eating fish and meat could be cured by taking unripe fruit and feed of Mango respectively. Pounded bark of Amra with milk and suger is considered efficacious in gonorrhoea if taken for a fortnight (Siddhabhesajamanimala-4/8 10). All parts of the plant are smooth and non-hairy. Mango is a on a stages of its development. Green or unripe Mango contains aitose ac the frat starch which gradually changes into glucose, sucrose ~ mal — ot eata begins to ripe. Unripe Mango is sour in taste because of i peed corotenee citric, malic and succinic acids. Mango is a rich source o ° :a DHANANIAY VASUDEO DWIVEDI AND VARTIKA JAIN Blucosides, sterol, aromatic acids, essential oil, fatty acids, and phenolics. It jg valuable source of Vitamin C more than half ripe or fully ripe Mangoes, Vitamin B, and By and contains sufficient quantity of niacin. These vitamins differ jn concentration in various varieties during the stages of maturity and environmentay conditions (Dinesh et al., 2011; NISCAIR, 2003). Bakhru (2010) has described various uses of Mango tree. Some of them are ag follows: Drink prepared from the unripe mango by cooking in hot ashes ang mixing the pulp with sugar and water, is an effective remedy for the heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Eating raw mango with salt quenches thirst and prevents excessive loss of sodium chloride and iron during summers due to excessive sweating. Unripe green mangoes are beneficial for the treatment of gastro-intestinal and bilious disorders. The acids contained in the green mango increase the secretion of bile and act as intestinal antiseptic. Eating one or two small tender mangoes in which the seed is not fully formed with salt and honey is very effective medicine for diarrhoea and dysentery during summers, piles, morning sickness, indigestion and constipation. The green Mango, rich in vitamin C, is valuable in blood disorders by increasing the elasticity of blood vessels and formation of new blood cells. It aids in absorption of food-iron and prevents bleeding tendencies. It increases body resistance against tuberculosis, anemia, cholera and dysentery. Ripe mangoes are highly beneficial in the treatment of night blindness and also prevent development of refractive errors, dryness of eyes, sofiening of cornea, itching and burning of eyes. Liberal use of Mangoes during the season contributes towards formation of healthy epithelium, thereby preventing frequent attacks of common infections such as colds rhinitis and sinusitis. The ripe and sweet mango milk is an ideal treatment for weight loss. The tender leaves of the Mango tree are considered useful in controlling early diabetes. Mango seeds dried in the shade and powdered are considered good for treatment of diarrhoea (Bakhru, 2010). Pharmacological properties of Amra Mango tree has been a part of traditional medicinal system. Many of its pharmacological activities. such as antidiabeticy anti-oxidant, anti-viral, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antidiarthoeal. antibacterial,MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMRd ... IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS 109 antifungal, anthelmintic, antiparasitic, antitumor, anti-HIV, antibone resorption, antipyretic, antiallergic, Gastroprotective, immunomodulation, hypotensive, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective have been di vivo scientific studies carried out world over Moreover, various bioactive phytochemical com pounds have also been isolated from different parts of Mango ren : such as mangiferin, _isomangiferin, homomangiferin, catechin, astragalin, delphinidin, cyaniding, gallocatechin, protocatechuic acid, gallotannin, Phloroglucinol, ellagic acid, gallic acid, chinomin, epicatechin, quercetin, butin, taraxone, taraxerol, friedelin, lupeol, B- sitosterol, glucogallin, manghopanal, mangiferonic acid, indicoside A & B, mangocoumarin, mangsterol, manglupenone, mangiferolic acid (NISCAIR, 2003; Shah et al., 2010). Conclusion The present paper is an attempt to describe medicinal properties of Mango tree as mentioned in various Indian ancient texts in brief. Mango tree is considered as an auspicious tree in India. Traditional medicinal system ‘Ayurveda’ and other ancient texts describe various medicinal uses of Amra. Folk healers of indigenous communities of the country also describe use of various parts of Amra for treatment of many diseases. Several medicinal preparations made up from Amra are of great use. Synonyms of Amra as described in Nighantu texts also indicate towards properties of this useful tree. In view of all these, Mango is rightly termed as ‘King of the Fruits’, References Amarkogah (Comm), Abhimanyu Shrimannalala (2008), Chowkhamba Vidyabhawan, Varanasi. 2008 4staiga Hrdayam (Tr.), Murthy KR Srikantha, 2009, Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.TIKA JAIN no DHANANJAY VASUDEO DWIVED! AND vas Paperbacks, New Delhi. Bakhru, H.K., F it Heal, 2010, Orient ods Thet Hea! 2006, Choukhamba Sanskrit Bhaisajya Ratnavalt (Trans.), Lochan Dr. Kanj Bhavan, Varanasi. Bhavaprakasa Nighantu (Ed.), Pandey GS, Varanasi. : Caraka Samhita (Ed), Sharma PV, 2008, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi. Vol. VI, p. 265, 1962, CSIR, New iv, 1999, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, CSIR, The Wealth of India, Raw Materials, Delhi. Dhanvantarinighanju (Ed), Tripathi Hariharprasad, 2008, Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi. Dinesh, M.R., Vasanthaiah H. K.N., Ravishankar K.V., Thangadurai D., Narayanaswamy P., Ali Q., Kambiranda D., Basha S.M., Chapter 4: Mangifera. In: Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources, Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, C. Kole (ed.), 2011, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Dwivedi, D. V., Asvattha (Ficus religiosa Linn).in Indian Tradition, 2015, Shri Krishna Sahitya Sadan. Dwivedi, D. V., Bilva in Indian Tradition, (2012), IHS, 47.1: 37-62 Dwivedi, D. V., Importance of Plants as Depicted in Puranas, (2017), IJHS, 52.3: 251-274. Dwivedi, D. V., Nyagrodha Vrksa in Indian Tradition, 2013, Shri Krishna Sahitya Sadan, Delhi. Dwivedi, D. V., Plant Diseases and their treatment in Sanskrit Literature, (2014), IJH, 49.3: 239-250. Dwivedi, D. V., Sanskrit Sahitya mem Paryavarana Cetané, 2013, Shri Krishna Sahitya Sadan Jain, V. and Jain, S.K., Compendium of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany (1991-2015), 2016, Deep Publications, New Delhi,MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF AMR ... IN ANCIENT INDIAN TEXTS Mm Kaidevnighantu (Ed.), Sharma PV an d SI Orientalia, Varanasi, harma Dr. GP, 2006, Chaukhambha Kashyapiyakrishisukti (A Treatise on A, . griculture bs it (Tr), 2002, Asian Agri-Histroy Fou Y Kashyapa), Ayachit SM indation, Secunderabad, Krishnamurthy K.H., Fruits, 2000, Books for All, Delhi Madanapélanighantu (Ed), Tripathi Hari Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi. harprasad ©2009, Chaukhambha Mehia 1. 2017, Hisotry of Mango — “King of Fruits’. Int J Eng Sci nv, (7): 20- 24, » 6(7): NISCAIR, The Wealth of India, First Supplement Series, Vol. 4, 2003, Pp. 90, NISCAIR, CSIR, New Delhi. ue” Pandey G. Dravyaguna Vijfiana (Vol. 1), p. 131, 2004, Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi Pandey G., Advances in Indian Medicine and Herbals, 2007, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi. Rajanighantu of Pandit Narhari (Comm.), Tripathi Indradeva, 2006, Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi. Sharma PV, Namariipajfianam, 2000, Satya Priya Prakashan, Varanasi, Sadrasa Nighantu, Prasad Dr. Goli Penchala, 2009, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi. Sarigadhara Samhita (Trans.), Rao Dr. G Prabhakar, 2013, Chaukhambha Publications, New Delhi. Saraswatinighantu, Kamat Dr. Sadanand Dig: Sanskrit Prtisthan, Delhi. / Shah, K.A., Patel, M, B., Patel, R. J., Parmar, P. K. Mangifera Pharmacogn Rev, 2010, 4(7): 42-48. Siddhabhaisajyamanimala (Bd.), Bhatt Academy, Varanasi. ambar (Ed.), 2006, Chaukhamba indica (Mango), KR, 2008, Chaukhamba Krishnadas1 AND VARTIKA JAIN 12 DHANANJAY VASUDEO DWIVED! amba Sanskrit Pratig Suéruta Samhita (Ed), Singhal GD, 2007, Chaukh than, Delhi. The Agni Mahapurdyam (Ed), Kumar Dr. Pushpendra Kumar, 2006, Easter Book Linkers, Delhi. The Garuda Mahapurdnam (Ed.), Kumar Prof. Pushpendra, 2006, Eastem Boo, Linkers, Delhi. a . Vaidya Manorama, Kalidasa Vaidya, 1924, Vaidya Jadavji Ticumbji Acharya Publishers, Bombay. Vangsena Samhita (Tr.), Saxena Dr. Nirmal 2004, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, Vishvavallabha (Dear to the World: The Science of Plant Life), Sadhale Nalinj (Tr.), 1996, Asian Agri-History Foundation, Secunderabad. Vrksdyurveda (Ed.), Jugnu Shrikrishna, 2004, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi. Vrndamadhava (Ed. & Tr.), Tewari Premvati and Kumari Asha, 2006, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi. Website 1. www.theplantlist.org (Accessed 30.1 1.2019),UGC CARE LIST No. 189 ISSN 0030 — 5324 Journal of The Oriental Institute. — @ ; one Re, 2 S$ wei fri gy Accredited Grade At by NAAC. Oriental Institute The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara Sweta PrajapatiUGC CARE LIST No. 189 ISSN 0030 — 5324 JOURNAL OF THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE Volume 71, Year 2022 Editor Sweta Prajapati we Re, eetalng, “Couya 30 —————— aed fire Estd. 1949 Accredited Grade A+ by NAAC Oriental Institute The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda VadodaraJOURNAL OF THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE ferred and Blind 'Peer-reviewed' Annual International Indological Research Journay (re Published every year in the month of October. Vol. 71, 2022 © Oriental Institute, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara Advisory Board : Prof. Shrinivas Varkhedi, Vice-Chancellor, Central Sanskrit University, New Delhi Prof. Rabindra Kumar Panda, Vice-Chancellor, Shri Jagannath Sanskrit University, Puri, Orissa Prof. Madhusudan Penna, Vice-Chancellor, Kavikulguru Kalidas Sanskrit University, Ramtek, ‘Nagpur, Maharashtra Prof. Sadashiv Kumar Dwivedi, Dept. of Sanskrit, Faculty of Arts, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 7 Prof. Deven M, Patel, Professor of Sanskrit and Indian Literature, Dept. of South Asia Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (U.S.) Prof. N. C. Panda, Vishveshvaranand Vishva Bandhu Institute of Sanskrit & Indological studies, Punjab University, Sadhu Ashram, Hoshiarpur, Punjab Editorial Board : Dr. Ramanath Pandey Dr. Sharmila Bagchi Dr. Vipul Patel Dr. Nandkishor Mishra Note: The statements and views expressed by the authors of articles in this Journal are their own and not necessarily of the Editorial Board. ISSN 0030-5324 UGC CARE LIST NUMBER: Arts & Humanities No. 189 Registration No. 15007/57 Published by : Oriental Institute The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara - 390 001 Price : %300/- Annual subscription (For India) $50 Annual subscription (For Foreign Countries) Address i The Director, Oriental Institute The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Near Palace Gate, Palace Road Vadodara - 390 001, Gujarat, India Telephone + (491-265) 2425121 E-mail : director-oriental@msubaroda.ac.in Website : www.msubaroda.ac.in10. CONTENTS Veda and The Indian Wisdom Tradition - G. C. Tripathi ... 1-10 Bhaisajya Related Activities in Buddhist Monastic Establishments - Neeraj Kumar Mishra .... .» 11-18 The “Abhijfana-Sakuntala” — 225 Years of Textual Criticism ~ Vasantkumar M. Bhatt ... ww 19-57 Sanatkumaracakricarita : A Remarkable Jaina Mahakavya - Satyavrat Varma ..... .- 59-88 Medicinal Importance of Amra (Mangifera Indica L.) in Ancient Indian Texts - Dhananjay Vasudeo Dwivedi, Vartika Jain .... a» 89-112 GaneSa Daivajiia’s Upapatti on The Area of A Quadrilateral - V. Ramakalyani .. vee 113-128 Visnu or Vasudeva Krsna Image in Chaiya: A Review of India-Siam Cultural Interaction - Bhaswati Mukhopadhyay .... .. 129-141 Some Thoughts on The Place and Date of The Commentator Darila - Shilpa Sumant ... . 143-163 Jain Sanskrit Dramatists of Gujarat - Sharmila Bagchi .. 165-174 JitGnaprabodhamaiijart : An Unpublished Advaita-Vedanta Text - Somnath Sarkar ... .. 175-203 Book-Review... 205-206 New Arrival ... W720 wee 211-213 Activities of Oriental Institute (2021 - 2022) ....\) GC. TRIPATHI . : “ SHILPA SUMANT e ~ Deccan College, Post Graduate and Research Institute, Yerawada, Pune - 41006 Press), Near Pala LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS G.T. Kamal Road, P.O. Alipur, New Delhi-- 110036 Mi 09958808787, E-mail: gctripathi235@gmiail.com NEERAJ KUMAR MISHRA S partment of A.LLH.C. and Archeology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, | ~ . ‘Uttar Pradesh; India 7 Bhogilal Leharchand Institute of Indology, Vijay Vallabh Smarak, Jain Mandir, Complex, _ M: 09807377269, Email: neerajm312@gmail.com VASANTKUMAR M. BHATT , : School of Languages, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad f ; M: 09427700064, E-mail: v.k.bhattS3@gmail,com SATYAVRAT VARMA “ 7/34, Purani Abadi, Near Namdev Flour Mills, Sri Ganganagar.- 335001 DHANANJAY VASUDEO DWIVEDI Department of Sanskrit, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi - 834008, Jharkhand -M: 07992362827, Email: dvd1309@gmail.com VARTIKA JAIN Department of Botany, Government Meera Girls’ College, Udaipur - 313001, Rajasthan Email: vartikajain31@gmail.com V. RAMAKALYANI The Kuppuswamy Sastri Research Institute, 84, Thiru Vi. Ka. Road, Mylapore, Chennai - 600004 M: 09710038272; Email: ramakalyanil956@gmail.com BHASWATI MUKHOPADHYAY Department of History, Sitananda College, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal M: 09830386872, E-mail: bhaswati1604@gmail.com = E-mail: shilpa sumant@dcpune.ac.in/shilsumant@hotmail.com , SHARMILABAGCHT 0° can . sore Oriental Institule, The Mahajara Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat = Est ‘M: 09426947941; E-Mail: bagchisharmila3@gmail.com = R ss i : ae Tae of Sai Kanchtapara College, Kanchrapara, 24 PGS (N), WB - 743145 - Depé 19339102955, E-mail: somnath.vedanta@gmail.com Regd: No. 15007/57, Oe T/e- Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of The Maharaja Sayajirao Prajapati, Published by Dr. relies "390.001 (India) ¢ University of B2r% Ti. somani, Manager, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Press (Sadhana . nH 5 ee, ee printed by Jatin He to palace Road, Vadodara - 390 001 Issut ed - November 2022 ce ‘MSUP-5142-200-11-22