TRODUCTION OF CONJUNCTION OBJECTIVES Identify clauses and sentences. Use coordinating and correlative conjunctions correctly. Use subordinating conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs correctly. Use correct punctuation in sentences containing coordinating, correlative, or subordinating conjunctive adverbs. |WHAT Is IT? © The word “ conjunction” coined from the Latin word conjungere (join together). conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, clauses and sentences, like peanut butter and jelly. °o o Key Concept: o Linker or join words o Scotch tape of the grammatical words o Avoiding the text seems like bullet point and to make the text flow.CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions are words which connect sentences, clauses or groups of words. Some learners know them as connectors or joining words. a Sentence Number of words forming complete statement | want it! We enjoy playing cricket a Clause Apart of sentence having its own subject and predicate. Like ; Michal has a friend who is rich. she’s crying because you were unkind,TYPES OF CONJUNCTION u Coordinating Conjunction a Subordinating Conjunction u Correlative Conjunction u Conjunctive AdverbsCOORDINATING CO NJUNCTIONS o One type of conjunction is the coordinating conjunction, which gives equal importance to the words or sentences that it connects. o There are seven coordinating conjunctions: but, or, so, and, yet, for, nor. (Fan- Boys) o / like coffee, but my wife prefers tea. o Would you prefer coffee or tea? o I've drunk six cups of coffee today, so I've got a headache.EXAMPLES 0 | take milk and sugar in my tea. © He’s seventy-two, yet he still swims, runs and plays football regularly. o She must have been very hungry, for she ate everything immediately. © Switzerland is not in the European Union, nor is it a | member of NATO. oOUNCTIONS OF COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS OF COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS + $0 — for showing the consequence of something He was very hungry, so he ate all the cake. + but — for contrast 1 eat cake, but | never eat biscuits; | don’t like them. + for — for explaining why [more formal and less common than because] He's overweight, for he eats too many cakes and biscuits. » and — the same, similar or equal; without contrast His favourite snacks are cakes and biscuits. |EAMPLES > nor — for two non-contrasting grammatically negative items (not + not) He doesn't eat cake, nor does he eat biscuits. + or —before an alternative Would you like cake or biscuits with your coffee? > yet — contrast, despite something [synonyms = nevertheless, but still] He's overweight and feels terrible, yet he continues to eat lots of cakes and biscuits. [He's overweight, but still he continues to eat lots of cakes and biscuits.] OSUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS o Asubordinate clause can not stand alone as a sentence. o Aclause is a group of words with a subject anda verb. o Asubordinating conjunction introduces a subordinate clause and joins it to a main clause.SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION o How So o Where Whereas o Because Though o Although Before o After hehe o Whereas o Though o Before o While o Unless °|SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION Subordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that connect a main (independent) clause and a subordinate (dependent) clause. © The clause beginning with the subordinating | conjunction is always the subordinate clause, which depends on the main clause and cannot exist without it. > She’s crying because you were unkind.COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ‘NCLUDE: o because, so that, as, since to express cause or reason o before, after, until / till, when, as soon as, whenever, while to express time o unless, if, even if, in case, providing to express condition o although, even though, whereas to express contrast or concessionLet's PRACTICE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS o When | got my testhack, Iwas very happy. o Before |went hed, IIistened tomy o bnod. o Although | failed my test, | was still proud of myself. o Until my mom came to pick me up, | would waitatthe school o Ttold my friend! could not goto her house because I was going skating.EXAMPLS o I wanted to get a huge TV, but | only gota flat screen. o Billy Bob and Robert went to get ice-cream, but it was all sold out. o Sana got scared when she sawa ghost,so Sana ran far, far, faraway. o Benthoughthe was being funny, but he got adetention.EXAMPLE OF SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION o Pete didn’t go to work yesterday because he was ill. [reason] o As he was feeling unwell, Hafez didn’t go to work yesterday. [cause, reason; more formal than because] o I'll send you a map so that you can find the place more easily. [reason] o I'll call you as soon as | get home. [time] o I'll wait until you arrive. [time] o Did he say anything before he left? [time] o The baby gets very grumpy whenever he’s tired. [time]EXAMPLES 0 If he doesn’t change his attitude, he'll lose his job. [condition] © Even if you win a million dollars, it doesn’t mean you'll be happy. [condition] © I'l fend you my car, providing you promise to be careful. [condition] © Elliot is tall and blond, whereas his brother is short and has dark hair. [comparison] 0 Mark’s very tall, although he’s not as tall as his father yet. [comparison] o Although they're poor, they're happy. [concession] © Even though he’s rich, I'm not sure that he’s happy. [concession oOCORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION Correlative conjunctions are pairs such as neither. . . nor, not... only, and but... also. These Conjunction connect two balanced clauses, phrases, or words. The two elements that correlative conjunctions connect are usually similar in length and grammatical structure. a Either... or We can go to either Murree or Kaghan Naran for our holiday. It's my final offer— you can either take it or leave it. @CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION a Both... And a Both Cricket and football are popular in Comsats. Both English and Urdu are spoken in Comsats. Not only... but also not only is he a professional footballer, but he’s also a successful businessman. anot... But In sport, what counts is not the winning but the taking part.EXAMPLES a neither... nor Neither Norway nor Switzerland is in the European Union. Marriage is neither heaven nor hell, it is simply purgatory. (Abraham Lincoln) a whether... or Whether you love them or hate them, you have to admit that the Rolling Stones are very popular. I'm totally confused — | don’t know whether I'm coming or going. a No sooner ... than No sooner had | finished watering the garden than it started raining.CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS Aconjunctive adverbs is a word that connects two sentences together, making a new sentence. It is like the word “and” but adds alittle more meaning to the sentence. Example: + The movie was really bad; therefore, many people left early. + Jame did not study; hence, he failed the test. » You can go when the chores are done; otherwise, you will miss the party. > We took blankets for the picnic; also, Sally brought food. + The rain was pouring down; still, no one left the beach.EXAMPLES + You start cooking the steaks; meanwhile, | will make the dessert. > | really like that puppy; however, my landlord does not allow pets. + My dad spends a lot of time on the yard; therefore, our house has the nicest yard on the block. + Jose did not read the instructions; so, he did not assemble it properly. + She got 20 presents for her birthday; nevertheless, she was not happy. » lam sorry you can't go; besides, the weather forecast calls for rain.