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Climate change

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Climate change

Introduction

Climate change is a shift in weather patterns over a long period of time of

observation and recording. These changes might be natural such as solar cycle change.

However, humans are not used to experiencing climatic conditions that change

throughout their lives. The collection of data has evidently shown variability in the

natural climate. In addition, the mean climatic circumstances monitored for a period of

time are also changing. A to research done by the public health institute in 2016, 97% of

climate scientists conclude that climate change is progressively happening, human

activities cause it, and finally, something could be done to reduce the effects that the

climate change has caused. The factors that led to change in climate has been widely

discussed by different scientist and have been well understood. For example, the report

from IPCC 2022 under worldwide Governance indicators (WGI) estimates the global

mean land temperature increase of 1.09(0.95 TO 1.2) degrees Celsius in 2011-2020

above 1850-1900(IPCC, 2022)in this paper, the causes, impacts and how the climate

change impacts can be reduced has been profoundly discussed.

One of the major factors that led to Climate change is a heat energy imbalance:

the magnitude of solar energy entering the earth and the amount released back to the

atmosphere. Climate change can be caused by either natural or human cause/human

activities. Natural causes of climate change are ocean current, solar variation, volcanic

activities, earth's orbital variations, and cloud distribution. Human causes are the

release of greenhouse gasses from fossil fuels, deforestation and land use.

Industrialization as human activity has caused a substantial increase in greenhouse

activities in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases trap the sun's energy from

escaping into space after entering the earth. Too many greenhouse gases led to the

trapping of more reflected solar energy. Hence, the increase in earth’s carbon dioxide is

the greatest greenhouse gas that causes warming accounting for 56% release from all

human-caused greenhouse gases. Other greenhouse gases are methane, black

carbon, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. Although these gases are released in a

smaller amount, they cause temperatures to increase more than carbon dioxide. The

ability of gases to trap heat is measured using global warming potential (GWP). From

2011(measurement reported in AR5), concentrations of the greenhouses were

increasingly reaching an average of 410 ppm per year for carbon (IV) oxides, 1866

parts per million for methane and nitrous oxide 332 parts per million in 2019

Effects of climate change

The effects resulting from climatic change have been proven by different

research centers, for instance, the worldwide governance indicators. The changing

climate has resulted in adverse effects on the ecosystem of different world regions and

the socioeconomic way of human lives.

The climate change has resulted in intense damage and an increase in non-

reversible losses in the terrestrial bodies such as freshwater lakes and coastal and

ocean marine (IPCC, 2022). The magnitude and extent of this effect are more extreme

than the previous assessment. Deterioration of ecosystem structure and function has

been extended all over the world. Resilience, adaptability, and shifts in seasonal timing

have been witnessed in different regions of the world. About half of the species

assessed worldwide have shifted to the poles or on land or highlands (IPCC,

2022).change in climatic conditions has resulted in an increase in loss of Local species

due to an increase in temperature (global warming), high mortality rate and

deforestation. Irreversible effects include the extinction of species, hydrological cycle

change resulting in melting of glaciers and ice and hence change in some mountains

and rise in sea levels and arctic ecosystems governed by permafrost thaw(IPCC,2020).

Reduction of food and water security are some social-economic impacts that

have resulted from climate change. These impacts affect the sustainable development

goals of different countries (IPCC, 2022). agricultural production has increased overall;

however, climate change has hindered the growth of agriculture for the past 50 years

globally. Negative impacts have been greatly witnessed in lower and middle latitudes

and positive impacts on the higher latitudes. An increase in temperatures and

acidification IN OCEANS has substantially affected the food production of aquaculture

shellfish and fisheries in some oceanic regions. Africa, Asia, and central and south

America have been greatly affected by acute food and lower water security. Due loss in

food production and accessibility of food has led to malnutrition in many countries and

societies, especially those who are indigenous, low-income earners, households with

kids, elderly people, expectant mothers and small-scale food producers. About half of

the global population experiences scarcity of water at least within some period of the

year because of climatic or non-climatic reasons (IPAAC, 2020).

In urban areas globally, climate change has affected human health, livelihoods

and infrastructures. Climate hazards have a huge impact on the cities, infrastructure

and settlements and sometimes affect all of the above. Therefore, the damage gets

magnified. Hot extremes such as heatwaves have intensively increased (IPCC 2022).
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these intensive impacts are mostly on socially and economically limited urban regions.

Infrastructures such as water, energy systems, transportation, water and sanitation

have been extremely affected.

The overall change in economic effects caused by climate change, slow growth,

and intense weather conditions have been openly evident. The region that requires low

energy demand has largely benefited from economic effects .climate exposed industries

have been negatively affected economically, with regional effects on fisheries, forestry,

energy, agriculture, tourism and labor productivity. Tropical cyclones, one extreme

weather due to climate change, have reduced economic growth in the short term.

Exposure of assets to extreme climatic hazards has been increasing due to non-climatic

factors such as patterns in settlement and infrastructure siting.

Innovative strategies

Innovative strategies have been adapted to combat the effects of change in

climatic conditions. Technology is one of the strategies that have been adapted in

different areas to combat climate change. The carbon management process is one of

the major strategies that have been put forward. The process can be broken down into

three categories.

Measurement and reporting of carbon processes involve collecting carbon

dioxide data and organization based on emission type and geographical regions. For

example, emission data could be obtained from meter readings and purchase records.

The next stage is Abatement planning, where the identification of key sources of

emissions and implementation are reduced, and their management and the final stage
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is carbon offsetting. It is a way in which the payment of third-party sectors reduces

carbon dioxide, which is unavoidable.

Using technology such as artificial intelligence, carbon management has been

more efficient, open and effective .integration of artificial intelligence in measurement

and reporting, where through the large database and systems under different units that

produce carbon, the labor required to manage data from different units is immense.

Integration of technology enables analysis and processing of these data faster and in

real-time and provides the inventory from different systems. However, this makes the

organization stop having an efficient structure, transformation and collection of data.

Instead, the data are simulated into a thorough report on emissions and measurement.

Therefore data quality and reports improve substantially.

Abatement intelligence in abatement planning can accurately measure the

emissions derived from a particular process. This makes the predictability process of

climate changes accurate and fast since the insights of data are done in real-time. by

analysis and learning from a variety of data processes, the technology can make

evaluation performance of abatement measures and emissions prediction optimization

much easier. In addition, it reduces the marginal cost of the abatement process.

Furthermore, weather predictions and climate change information can be faster and

more accurate with the innovation of powerful and faster computers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Climate change has resulted in a wide range of positive or

negative effects ranging from the health of humans to the socioeconomic way of life.

Also, climate change has been greatly contributed by human activities such as
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greenhouse gases releasing, deforestation and infrastructures. Technology can be used

to compact the effects of climate change through innovation of methods to reduce the

carbon release content in the atmosphere, new ways of obtaining energy, educating

people on how to use the energy effectively so that the consumption reduces, new

farming technology to compact food security in regions and integrating technology to

monitor and predict the climate change.

References

IPCC, 2022. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution

of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.

Stocker, T., Qin, D., Plattner, G.K., Tignor, M., Allen, S., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia,

Y., Bex, V. and Midgley, P., 2014. Summary for policymakers.

https://boris.unibe.ch/71453/

Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Abdrabo, M.K., Adger, N.,

Anokhin, Y.A., Anisimov, O.A., Arent, D.J., Barnett, J. and Burkett, V.R., 2014.

Summary for policymakers. In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and

vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group

II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (pp. 1-32). Cambridge University Press.

https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/37531/

Trærup, S. and Stephan, J., 2015. Technologies for adaptation to climate change.

Examples from the agricultural and water sectors in Lebanon. Climatic

change, 131(3), pp.435-449. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-

014-1158-4

Raymond, C.M. and Robinson, G.M., 2013. Factors affecting rural landholders’

adaptation to climate change: Insights from formal institutions and communities

of practice. Global environmental change, 23(1), pp.103-114.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378012001355

Allan, R.P., Hawkins, E., Bellouin, N. and Collins, B., 2021. IPCC, 2021: Summary for

Policymakers. https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/101317/

Pulkkinen, K., Undorf, S., Bender, F., Wikman-Svahn, P., Doblas-Reyes, F., Flynn, C.,

Hegerl, G.C., Jönsson, A., Leung, G.K., Roussos, J. and Shepherd, T.G., 2022.

The value of values in climate science. Nature Climate Change, pp.1-3.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01238-9

de Coninck, H.C. and Vuuren, D.P.V., 2022. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation

and Vulnerability: Summary for Policymakers.

https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/248582

Oliva, R.D.P., Huaman, J., Vásquez-Lavin, F., Barrientos, M. and Gelcich, S., 2022.

Firms' adaptation to climate change through product innovation. Journal of

Cleaner Production, 350, p.131436.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652622010587

Xie, L., Bulkeley, H. and Tozer, L., 2022. Mainstreaming sustainable innovation:

unlocking the potential of nature-based solutions for climate change and

biodiversity. Environmental Science & Policy, 132, pp.119-130.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901122000624

Harrison, R.T., 2022. Responding to Climate Change by Developing a Low-Carbon

Economy Through Innovation: An Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Perspective.

In WORLD SCIENTIFIC ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY,

ETHICS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP (pp. 17-47).

https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789811248863_0002

Appendices
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Figure 1showing the climate change chain (diagram retrieved from IPCC 2022

REPORT)