Lyceum of Aparri
Aparri, Cagayan
College of Criminology
The Impact of Patrol Methods in Crime Prevention of
Camalaniugan, Cagayan
Researchers
o Patrisha Gilbuena
o Dan Hezekiah Gonzaga
o Gideon DIza
o Rico Digap
o Rian Regie Corpuz
Year
o Academic Year 2021 - 2022
School
o Lyceum of Aparri
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKROUND
Introduction:
Police patrol refers to what the officers do whether it is a spying scenario,
cops walking the beat, or in-depth criminal investigation. The operation of
police patrols also includes various activities, initially, the police will identify
crime areas and provide a physical police presence at the location. This
presence includes officers on foot, as well as officers in cars patrolling the
location. However, police patrol can also include other types of operations
including the use of 911 system and using certain types of patrol wherein
officers may also look for opportunities to interact with the community in
casual or formal situations.
The time the police officers spend handling calls for service is also
considered part of patrol work. Officers on patrol respond to calls, take
reports, quell disturbances, and forth. The combination these two sets of
activities patrolling and handling calls occupy most of the personnel in the
typical police department. Thus, patrol is the main business of policing.
The term patrol is associated with the police today. New police officers
are usually assigned to patrol duties and are often called patrol officers. the
largest until in most police department is the patrol division. In small police
department, everyone patrols. When we call for police assistance, whether for
an emergency, reporting a crime, to quite a disturbance, or to request some
type of routine service, patrol officers are typically dispatched.
Catching criminal is still very important work, but today’s criminals use
many kinds of different weapons and can speed away from the scene of their
crimes very quickly. The police have to try and keep up with modern
inventions that can be used to fight crime.
The information that the police collected is often stored in computers.
Police Scientist have modern laboratories where they study all the evidences
brought by detectives.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This research study will deal on the impact of the different police patrol
methods such as foot patrol, motorcycle patrol, and automobile patrol use to
prevent crimes at Camalaniugan, Cagayan
Definition of Terms
There are words in this study which need to be defined operationally to
obtain a clear and understandable meaning interpretation on how they are
used in this study
o Police Patrol - An individual or group of officers performing such an act.
o Foot Patrol - The backbone of policing, the central aspect of police
operations.
o Automobile Patrol - A police mobile equipped with a radiotelephone for
communication.
o Motorcycle Patrol - Equipment that will differ other personnel.
o Patrol - Is a policing tactics or technique that involves movement around
an area of responsibility for the purpose of observation, inspection, and
security.
o Oplan Sita Program - A program provided against criminal motorcycle
riders.
Significance of the Study
The results of this research study will benefit different groups of people:
To the Police Officers of Camalaniugan, Cagayan.
The results of this research study shall build a good relationship between
the Police officers and the people. This study primarily benefits the
community to become more organized. For the citizens of Camalaniugan, to
become more disciplined. They need to help the Police officers towards
crime prevention by applying the patrol methods. Together with the other
major public and private services, results of the study may help to improve
the quality of life of the community by launching prevention programs, that
will reduce the fear of crime and promote a true feeling of community safety.
To the Barangay Councils of selected Barangays of Camalaniugan, Cagayan.
The results of this study will help improve their jobs through the use of
patrol methods. Working together with the PNP officers, the community will
be well protected from crimes that may occur in the locality.
Statement of the Problem
What are the different patrol methods used by the police officers at
Camalaniugan, Cagayan?
o Foot Patrol
o Motorcycle Patrol
o Automobile Patrol Frequency of Patrol
o Joint Operation Patrol
o House to House Patrol
What is the Effectiveness of police patrolling by the use of:
o By providing an automobile patrol.
o By providing a foot patrol during day time.
o By providing motorcycle patrol in urban areas.
o By providing quick response to the community.
What is the level of efficiency of the police patrol officers as perceived by the
community in terms of:
o Providing security and protection to community.
o Working relationship with the community.
o Visibility of Officers.
o Frequency of patrolling.
o Responding on a call alert.
o Rescue operations
What is the impact of security in the community?
o Security in jurisdiction.
o Security of subject person.
o Security in area of responsibilities.
The problem
The term patrol is associated with the police today. New police officers are
usually assigned to patrol duties and are often called patrol officers. the
largest until in most police department is the patrol division. In small police
department, everyone patrols. When we call for police assistance, whether for
an emergency, reporting a crime, to quite a disturbance, or to request some
type of routine service, patrol officers are typically dispatched.
Catching criminal is still very important work, but today’s criminals use
many kinds of different weapons and can speed away from the scene of their
crimes very quickly. The police have to try and keep up with modern
inventions that can be used to fight crime.
OBJECTIVES
o Providing security and protection to community.
o Working relationship with the community.
o To reduce the fear of crime and promote a true feeling of community
safety.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This Present the research design, research locale, the respondent, the
sampling technique, the data gathering tools, administrations of the
questionnaire and the statistical treatment used in this research study.
Research Design
This research study will utilize the descriptive method of study. It is
defined as survey method research; participants answer questions
administered through interview or questionnaires. After participants answer
the questions, researchers describe the responses given. In order for the
survey to be both reliable and valid it is important that the questions are
constructed properly. Questions should be written so they are clear and easy
to comprehend.
Research Locale
This research study be conducted at Camalaniugan, Cagayan. The
Municipal is consisted of 28 barangays. This community is chosen to be the
locale of the study because researchers believe that the area is a good place
where the impact of different patrol method are measured and the police
officers could be available to use these methods in enforcing the law.
Sampling Methods
This research study shall use the purposive random sampling. Purposive
random sampling is a technique where the researchers select the respondents
on the basis of the common characteristic of samples and purpose.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study consist of barangay officials and police
officers of Camalaniugan, Cagayan. In every barangay has 5 officials and
there are more than 50 barangay officials in 28 barangays in Camalaniugan,
Cagayan and we have selected 7 barangays with 35 barangay officials and 15
police officers, a total of 50 respondents.
Data Gathering Tools via Google Form
The researchers will use questionnaire as data gathering tools. Questions
stated in statement of the problem are to be answered in the questionnaire.
The first part of the questionnaire will be the profile of the officer/official, as
implementors of the patrol methods while the second part will contain the
description on the impact of different patrol methods as perceived by both the
officers and the community
Data Gathering Procedures
With the approval of the research title, the researchers prepared a
questionnaire that covers all specific problems raised in the study. After the
correction of the questionnaire, a request letter that will be approved by the
honorable research adviser will be floated and distributed to the community
of Camalaniugan, Cagayan.
For better comprehension of the research instrument, the questionnaire
will be personaly distributed by the researchers to the respondent. The
questionnaire will be tallied, tabulated and analyzed for interpretation and to
have meaning for the study.
Statistical Treatment of Data
For the analysis and interpretation of data, the frequency, percentage
distribution weighted mean formula will be employed.
Frequency distribution refers to the tabular arrangement of the data by
classes or categories together with their corresponding frequencies.
Review of Related Literature and Related Studies
This chapter is consisting of relates literature and studies which have
direct relations to the present research study.
Related Literature
Foreign
Increasing police presence can occur in a number of ways. One mainstay of
policing since the 1930s has been random preventive patrol by automobile.
Random patrol generally involves officers randomly driving around their beat
in downtime between calls for service. The idea is to create a sense of
omnipresence and to maximize deterrence by keeping offenders on their toes
about when an officer will drive by next. Additionally, crime is expected to
be deterred at the time officers are driving through (or sitting in) a particular
area. Because crime is not randomly distributed across beats, but is instead
highly concentrated (e.g. see Weisburd, Groff, & Yang, 2012), random
preventive patrol has generally not been thought to be a very effective crime
control tool (Telep & Weisburd, 2012). In the major study in this area, the
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experimented on the (Kelling et al., 1974),
increasing (or decreasing) levels of preventive patrol did not have a
significant impact on crime or victimization. Random preventive patrol is
routinely dismissed as an ineffective strategy that police should not be using
based largely on the results of this single study. As Sherman and Weisburd
(1995) noted, the small sample of beats in the study created low statistical
power, which made it difficult for the evaluation to discern a significant
difference between the study groups even if one had existed (see also
Sherman, 1992). A more systematic examination of the impact of increasing
patrol in beats or large geographic areas may thus provide a stronger answer
to the question of “does random preventive patrol work?” than simply citing
the Kansas City study as the final answer.
In a recent review of systematic reviews in policing, Telep and Weisburd
(2004) argued that while most police innovations in policing have been
covered by an existing review, more traditional tactics in policing have
received less attention. While these “standard model” tactics (Weisburd &
Eck, 2004) such as random preventive patrol are generally seen as outdated,
they continue to occupy a substantial portion of police time and resources and
so more systematic inquiry into their effects would be worthwhile. Increasing
police presence is not limited to random patrols at the beat level.
Increasing preventive police patrols has also been an important component in
a number of interventions at smaller units of geography than the police beat.
The original hot spots policing experiment in Minneapolis (Sherman &
Weisburd, 1995) focused on trying to increase patrol levels on high crime
street blocks to three hours per day. More recently, the Sacramento Police
Department used 15 minutes stops by officers in a random order to increase
police presence on high crime street segments (Telep, Mitchell, & Weisburd,
in press). Di Tella and Schargrodsky (2004) evaluated the impact of adding
police officer to guard Jewish and Muslim buildings following a terrorist
attack in Buenos Aires. Ratcliffe and Colleagues (2011) evaluated the impact
of using foot patrol to increase patrol levels in high crime areas in
Philadelphia. These hot spots or micro place interventions generally show
stronger evidence of effectiveness, in part because police are maximizing
their deterrent ability by focusing in on the highest crime places.
We recognize that many of these hot spots policing studies are also included
in the hot spots policing systematic review by Braga, Papa christos, and
Hureau (2012). We will focus though on only those hot spots studies focused
entirely (or almost entirely) on increasing police presence. Any problem-
oriented hot spots interventions, for example, will not be covered by our
review and as a result, we do not expect the overlap between the two reviews
to be substantial. We suspect that most police interventions examining
increased patrol and/or presence will focus on either the police beat or a
micro place (e.g. hot spot) as the unit of analysis, although police could
increase patrol levels at any unit of geography. Our main requirements are
that the increase in police presence be the focus of the intervention and
that the evaluation focus on crime and disorder outcomes using rigorous
research design.
Local
A section on police patrol methods and strategies discusses automobile
versus foot patrol; specialized patrol methods--bicycle, canine, and marine
patrol; the controversy over one-officer versus two-officer patrol units; and
the take-home patrol car program implemented by some departments to
increase police visibility. Different patrol tactics and strategies are described,
including preventive police patrol, team policing, high visibility and low-
visibility patrol, decoy patrol, and split-force patrol. Additional sections
outline basic principles of organization and management and patrol force
staffing and deployment. In addition, the uses, advantages, and background
of police communications centers, automated information systems,
classification schemes for call dispatch, and the 911 emergency telephone
number are discussed. The police records system, and special support
functions, such as criminalistic, are described as supports to patrol operations.
The attributes and functions of effective police patrol supervision are
reviewed, and the importance of training personnel and enhancing patrol
operations is assessed. Tables and figures are included. Study objectives,
summaries, and review questions are provided for each chapter. Police
organizational structure, Police manpower deployment, Police command and
control, Patrol, Police management, Law enforcement overview texts
(https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=75244)10
Related Studies
Foreign
Nash (1968) gives a case study of a one-week experimental patrol corps
covering seven three-block beats near 117th Street in Harlem. In Newark,
Anthony Imperial's North Ward Citizens' Committee has a membership of
roughly 1,000 and has become both an important political issue in itself and a
relatively operative peacekeeping force (Mangel, 1969). And, in Boston, a
chapter of the Jewish Defense League has created a great deal of controversy
by patrolling a Jewish enclave in a predominantly black neighborhood in the
wake of three synagogue fires. In the last two or three years, the concept of
civilian policing has overflowed the original street patrol model, coming to
focus on more limited contexts such as housing projects, rock concerts, and
protest demonstrations. For example, Richard Rogin (forthcoming: I) reports
that in 1970 more than 8,500 unarmed and unpaid volunteers are on tenant
safety patrols in 93 of the 165 New York City Housing Authority's projects.
Similar patrols, on a smaller scale, have occurred and are planned in Boston
and other cities, many under official or quasi-official suspices.
The extent of citizen concern over law enforcement issues (though
exacerbated by self-seeking politicians) has been demonstrated by numerous
opinion polls as well as election results. As part of a broader inquiry into
various forms of citizen involvement in the law enforcement process, data
have been gathered on 28 currently operating groups that, depending on the
group in question and, even more, on one's own perspective, would be
labeled self-defense"," vigilante"," security patrols"," or community patrols.
Case study and preliminary result To illustrate the use of our approach to
police patrol districting we used data from the Charlottesville, VA (Virginia),
USA police department. Charlottesville is a city with a diameter of about 7
miles and a population of about 40,000. However, this population increases
during most of the year by another 26,000 due the presence of a major
university. The population lives in multi-dwelling buildings, as well as,
detached townhouses, apartments, and homes. There are more densely
populated buildings near the university and the downtown. There are also
commercial areas and some light industrial parks. The current police patrol
district of Charlottesville was designed more than 20 years ago. There are 8
patrol districts and in most of cases, one police car is assigned to patrol each
district. The police managers and commanders want to draw district
boundaries to incorporate census block groups. These block groups
are too large to serve as the atomic geographic units in our district growing
algorithm (see Section “Approach to police patrol districting”). There are 37
block groups in Charlottesville. To create more useful atomic geographic
units, we decomposed the city into 323 grids. Shows the locations of
historical CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome) incidents for several years,
including 317,548 events. Many incidents happened at same places so each
red point may represent many CFS events. To have a better view of the CFS
density distribution in the city region, these historical incidents were spatially
projected into the grid network. Based on the counts of CFS incidents, the
CFS probability was calculated for each grid.The CFS distribution across
these grids.
Local
The PNP indicates that the decrease in the volume of crime is attributable to
the PNP's crime prevention programs (Sun.Star 20 Sept. 2007). Specifically,
the PNP has reportedly increased police visibility, made use of foot patrol
officers, established checkpoints,deployed motorcycle police, and undertaken
night watch operations, among other initiatives (Sun.Star 20 Sept. 2007).
Moreover, the PNP states in a press release that they posted a "crime solution
efficiency" of 88.37 percent (Philippines 6 Feb. 2008).
Corroborating information pertaining to this crime solution rate could not be
found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.
The best studies have shown that patrol work combines a variety of crime
control, order maintenance, traffic enforcement, and service duties and
requests. Of these four commonly used categories, crime control seems to
account for the largest portion of calls handled by the police as well as police
encounters with citizens, and pure service accounts for the smallest portion.
However, it must quickly be emphasized that most crime-related calls and
encounters involve minor offenses, routine report taking, and no arrests
(often because a suspect is never identified). Patrol officers are more likely to
take enforcement actions, in the form or arrests or citations, in order
maintenance and traffic situations than in crime-related situations The
seminal study of patrol effectiveness was the Kansas City Preventive Patrol
Experiment, conducted by the Police Foundation and published in 1974. This
experiment tested the impact of three levels of patrolling strength, ranging
from no patrol to twice the normal level, in fifteen patrol beats during the
course of a year. The results were surprising—there were no differences in
victimization, reported crime, fear of crime, public perception of police
presence, arrests, traffic accidents, or anything else that was measured. Police
patrols (not all police presence, just regular patrols) were virtually eliminated
from five beats for an entire year and nobody noticed. Similarly, patrols were
doubled in five other beats and nobody noticed.
