Chapter 3 (Crete and Greece)

1. Chiton: Kyla Pratt

a.
b. Chiton: The most common type of chiton stitches two pieces of
rectangular fabric along a side seam from top to bottom, making a
cylinder. The top is fastened together in different ways to create the
shoulders and neckline. The style worn during the Archaic Period was
supposedly abandoned because of the pins women used. Ionic chitons
were then worn because they did not require pins. Typically women and
older men wore longer chitons and young men wore them shorter.
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/god3/hd_god3.htm
https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/chiton/
2. Chitoniskos: Makenzie Ulrich
The chitoniskos was very similar to the chiton except it was shorter. It was the
base layer for clothing and typically had a himation draped over it. It was worn by
both men and women and the hem typically landed above the knee.
https://mycostumehistory.wordpress.com/tag/chitoniskos/
https://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-Chitoniskos

4. Chlamydon: Karlie Brown

A more complicated diplax, which is a small rectangle of fabric worn over the ionic
chiton.The chlamydon was pleated to form a band. It was typically worn on the right
shoulder. It is also compared to a himation. It was usually made with leather or wool and
pinned. 

https://greeceandrome.wordpress.com/2014/02/13/greek-women/
https://quizlet.com/27583123/greek-costume-flash-cards/ READing Your Style: Survey
of Historic Costume (Part 2)
http://inmyfashion.blogspot.com › 2013/01 › reading-you… 
5. Chlamys: Mads Wilkins

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chlamys
A Chlamys was a rectangular cloak that was draped over one shoulder and
pinned on the other shoulder and worn over a chiton. This was usually made of
heavy materials such as wool, and was worn by men who were travelers,
hunters, horsemen, and soldiers. It was especially helpful among travelers
because it was warm and could be used as a blanket when needed. Sometimes
a chlamys would be decorated and fastened with a brooch.
https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/chlamys/
https://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-
maps/chlamys
Totora, P. G. (2010). CHAPTER THREE Crete and Greece. In K. Eubank (Ed.),
Survey of Historic Costume (pp. 65). essay, Fairchild Books .

6. Cuirass: Sarah Smith

 Body Armour that is worn to protect the torso. It was originally made with leather
with fasteners, buckles and straps to connect a front piece and back piece. It
usually goes down to the hips or waist. In later times it was made out of bronze
and iron. Not only was it made to protect but also It has sculpted features of a
man’s chest in great detail. For Greece they wore metal belt and greaves.

Source: Survey of Historic Costume pgs. 69-70 

https://www.britannica.com/technology/cuirass
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/256134 
7. Empire Waistline: Lillian Hagey

The Empire Waistline is a style of gown and sometimes shirt

where the waistline of the garment is directly below the bust, but in Crete and Greece, it
was common on a dress. This silhouette goes against the natural waistline, to create a
slimming and lengthening look. That flows out below the bust. This style is especially
flattering for petite and plus-sized women but is positive for everyone. Both Greeks and
Romans wore it.
https://fashionterminologies.com/empire-waist/

https://www.masterclass.com/articles/empire-waist-dress-guide

https://www.yourdictionary.com/empire-waist

11. Fibulae: Sabrina walmer

a. I learned about this peice in art history. It was used during the time of
Ancient Greece. A fibula was a decorative piece for men or women to
waerand many time  made with gold.It was used s a big pin to keep there
chitons and tunics holding up on their shoulders. Over the years they
wanted to make their garment pins look nice and decorated them with
beads for a more intricate look. It also was common amongst the wealthy
as it was a symbol or wealth and power. This is because people who were
 not wealthy would not be able to afford bejeweling their garment pins and
making them outstanding.

b.
https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/fibula/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThe%20fibula
%20was%20a%20functional,fashioned%20in%20many%20diverse%20shapes.

https://dita2indesign.sourceforge.net/dita_gutenberg_samples/
dita_encyclopaedia_britannica/html/entries/entry-d1e21735.html

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Fibula_(brooch)#Media/File:Paar_Prunkfibeln.jpg

13. Hellenic Period: Esther Wambold

The Hellenic period is a period of Greek history spanning between 507 BCE and 323 BCE. This time is
known as the Golden Age of Greece. Many famous Greek figures lived during this time such as the
philosophers Socrates, Aristotle and Plato. Democracy was established in 507 BCE (the start of the
Hellenic period). The Greek gods played a major role in the lives of the people of this time. People from
all over the world would come to seek advice or favors from the Oracle at Delphi. The Hellenic period
ended after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE. 
Mark, J. J. (2009, September 2). Hellenic World. World History Encyclopedia.
https://www.worldhistory.org/Hellenic_World/#:~:text=%27The%20Hellenic%20World%27%20is
%20a,the%20age%20of%20Classical%20Greece. 
‌Comparing Hellenic & Hellenistic Society. (2023). Studentsofhistory.com.
https://www.studentsofhistory.com/comparing-hellenic-hellenistic-society 
‌Hellenistic History. (2022, July 6). Hellenic vs. Hellenistic: a very big difference! – Hellenistic History.
Hellenistichistory.com; Hellenistic History. https://www.hellenistichistory.com/2022/07/06/hellenic-vs-
hellenistic-a-very-big-difference/ 

18. Hercules Knot: Sam Carter

a. Also known as the reef or square knot, the Hercules knot originated in Ancient
Egypt as a healing charm before becoming more commonly known as a
protective amulet and love token in Rome. Inherited from the knot’s namesake, it
was thought to symbolize Hercules’, or Heracles, fertility. Due to this and
Hercules’ guardianship of marriages, soon became a part of the bride’s
ensemble for her wedding. The knot would be worn around the waist, only to be
undone by the groom. It has since come to represent commitment to love in
many modern day cultures.
b. Sources:
 https://symbolsarchive.com/hercules-knot-history-meaning/ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef_knot 
Page 68, Survey of Historic Costume, Phyllis G. Tortora, Keith Eubank
20. Ionic: Allie Stoddard
The word ionic can refer to both a type of chiton and a type of column popular in ancient
Greece. For the columns, it is the spiral scrolls that set it apart. For the chiton, it was a
style that allowed pleats and display of fabric. In either case, it allowed for extra
decoration.
Sources:
https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/buildings-grounds/ionic-columns
https://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/
ionic-chiton#:~:text=More%20of%20a%20gown%20than,single%20rectangular
%20piece%20of%20fabric.
22. Laurel Wreath-Brianne Heer 

A laurel Wreath is a wreath made from an evergreen shrub called a laurel. During
a wedding both the bride and groom wore a laurel wreath. It was a religious
symbol that glorified a wedding. A laurel wreath was also given to winners in a
competition such as sports or poetry. The symbolism and use of the laurel wreath
continued with the Romans and still carries meaning today.
Laurel wreath - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
LaurelWreathActivity.pdf (historymuseumofmobile.com)
Tortora, Phyllis, and Keith Euback. Survey of  Historic Costume. 5th ed., New York, Fairchild
Books,2010.
23. Minoans-Larissa Crandall (I forgot to add this to the discussion board) 
The Minoan civilization lived during the Bronze Age civilization of Crete from
about 3000 BCE to about 1100 BCE. They were an urban sea-trading society
that lived on the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea The Minoans were a
matriarchy and this was a predominant part of their religion In Up until the 20th
century when excavations by British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans revealed
information about this society we had lost all knowledge of the Minoans
existence.
 25. Nymphides -Celesta Graham

During a wedding, a bride wore a special kind of sandal called Nymphides. These
sandals, along with the elaborate jewelry the bride would wear, adorn the bride. We
know that an emphasis was placed on all that the bride would wear, but through art, we
can see that there was a special attention placed on her wedding footwear. It is also
said that the Nymphides were offered by the groom to the bride for her trek to their new
home. 

Sources: 
https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-store-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/
9780429487699/1385f54a-6272-44ac-8351-43691c0724a8/preview.pdf?
AWSAccessKeyId=ASIAQFVOSJ572GFONDY3&Expires=1673447948&Signature=f21
1t59cHBLZ7GGvZb5Kx6MxDgk%3D&response-content-disposition=attachment%3B
%20filename%3D%2210.4324_9780429487699_previewpdf.pdf%22&x-amz-security-
token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEE4aCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIDEg2l5OJT0DO0etFFRkV
faIhm0OmMH4aZ%2Fa15u%2FkbIyAiEA7iS
%2F4Elw0kihDpGh9A6aLgcZZeCmyNP8rxpq4yvkqqwq1QQIp%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F
%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F
%2FARAEGgwwMTIxNzcyNjQ1MTEiDNF9o5T6LG22jP6NXiqpBKCGms0HiipjdCt7vxR
CztyqD9Q1NCeCsmzx%2FcKrBI7j
%2FdQBsYttWh3%2FQiPpaHuYkTeo44%2FG1Re7V1JQba9sOoNC8Zc6p5BGhSi7d0l
boLIBoWYWcQsF3BURBKRbuPR8ibWXEEjXt38OobAsfM8LRCGaNKQz2TZDJtWjYVq
fbW0vz2W1dp5faVdiaiwYFyG6ojsTNqf%2FFLOMJ2k44aafGYuieuycf%2BArn6HP
%2B7NS1jSEK8Y1nkxKe%2FFFivZ%2FFqFmeuUnSL3SKfYxXolFF7sURzGLmk4n8Fg
%2BlVIKd7ATK0Ln%2FaA8XqghXp9u9OKAZojWIgsoYUxKdEOcBAcSNczC
%2B0KVx741FjLSXvCfIQXG8Vud16VJSr3JBrRBTsoTLLSiBxEtweC7Kz3j
%2FCk9w6Odb7O232lOpooKg7z58r4wK2RPKKMjBki6rxwX82fCDkyxSqcmdz5iLq2wlE
leT93d1jY89scsC6%2Fn1o8k%2B%2BxOSMgN8pVFkGxFMHIIuMKlsFXO3C
%2B98LAj28VpyFDzyD47Mk100TjRIQDauwI2vTKW4RaAoGDgptMm7BpYwEORDhf3
FdrSJmd6VTFB8FKlxkWUuas1HG
%2BRSq5kRpWhLtEkWzZTHZqpoNeKW5YVRbFIr3CaAClc0CViLlIh2D2KzC
%2FAloINuNfidcvrhrq5qdebRy0q
%2BxOmD5%2FRmEjQpFfnXSd3MHD5FpiRJ7tZqlPMZVSsEa9W4eABQVu4c2Mw2%
2F36nQY6qQHwJRyhG29MKwuHxdKvJ9E35cxCtfQSmlrDdYAYzF2Jp1gHwG7Iuj68AJ
7iVcFdMkK5xTcdGgSqNnipOPf8viDF6YgxzX6Ww3FZBjM
%2FZwVmT5GSzZwbK5EKEVhxFtPtvGKR0pXE3F3jy8bmJuKX4mvb
%2FmnITLmKD0KdaFP8xhq
%2BBk1JkJohhMeeWR25itrj8p2uYQsZyHlexpv96hhIRNrqtZolnj%2BmFQxH

http://www.ime.gr/chronos/05/en/society/wed_stages.html

https://www.namuseum.gr/en/monthly_artefact/the-shower-of-love/

27. Perizoma- Jillian Hohnholz

 a. This was worn by Greeks and Etruscans.This garment is a type of loincloth worn
by men and women as the based part of their outfit. Starting in the Minoan
culture of Crete, this garment was worn especially by acrobats who performed in
“Bull-Leaping” and other athletics. These garment pieces would have been made
from linen or wool, depending on the current popularity of the resource. For
different styles the Perizoma, or any kind of garment worn in this time would have
been styled by tying it differently or implementing different folds at varying
locations.
b. Sources: Survey of Historic Costume,
https://dbpedia.org/page/Perizoma_(loincloth) ,
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/20/ancient-greek-clothing/ 
28. Petasos - Michaela Facuri

The petasos is a wide brimmed hat that is usually worn by men with a low crowned
head or a woman with a tall crowned head. This type of hat was usually made of felt or
straw. It had a chin strap attached that helped to keep the hat on the wearer or let it
hang down on the back until it was in need of use. This hat was commonly used during
the summer to protect the wearer from the heat of the sun, when it rained, and when the
wearer traveled. It was possible to shape the brim of the petasos as desired. The early
versions usually were turned up in the back, while later decorative shapes were cut out
of the brim. The petasos is believed to originate from Thessaly. “The winged hat of the
god Hermes (or Mercury) was also called a petasos.”

Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/petasos 
https://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/
pilos-and-petasos 
29. Phrygian Bonnet - Hope Vander Meiden
The phrygian bonnet is a well-fitted cap with soft material or wool with a point that curls
forward, but may have flaps over or in front of the ears, and also sometimes has a long
flap in the back to protect the neck. The caps were sometimes made of stiffened fabric
or leather, which made it sit up on the head like a helmet, with the pointed top curving
towards the front of the head. Other Phrygian caps were made of soft felt, with the point
either flattened onto the crown of the cap, hung to the side, or stood up softly. These
were usually worn by Greek men, who were soldiers or farmers. Think of it as their
baseball cap! These specific caps were brought back into “fashion” during the French
revolution for soldiers. It represented freedom and liberty. It even made an appearance
in “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.” 

https://www.britannica.com/art/Phrygian-cap

https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/fashion-and-clothing/clothing-
jewelry-and-personal-adornment/phrygian-cap

30. Stephane: Emily Call Prueitt 

It means crown in ancient greece that a princess would wear. It could be head dress or
a head band. In greece it was used as a girls name. A modern name derived from this is
Stephanie.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stephane 
https://www.thebump.com/b/stephane-baby-name 
https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2659805/view `

32. Swaddling Clothes: Ruby Alder

Swaddling cloths refer to bands of fabric being wrapped around the body, specifically
infants. Infants were wrapped in these soft swaddling cloths right after they were born
and washed. The cloths were most often made from wool and were worn for about 60
days after birth. Keeping babies in these swaddling cloths was thought to prevent bad
hygiene, as well as prevent deformity of children's limbs. Swaddling babies was common
not only in Ancient Greece and Crete, but also continued to be popular in Europe
through the 1800s. 

https://www.biola.edu/blogs/good-book-blog/2021/what-are-swaddling-clothes 
https://www.greecehighdefinition.com/blog/2021/2/15/children-in-greece-hurdles-in-their-
growth-in-ancient-times