Hort 5.

5 Landscaping (2+ 1)
Course content:

Theory
• Importance and scope of landscaping
• Principles of landscaping, garden style and types
• Terrace gardening, vertical gardening, garden components, adornments, lawn making rockery,
water garden, walk-paths, bridges, other constructed features etc
• Garden for special purpose
• Trees: Selection, propagation, planting schemes, architecture
• Climber and creepers: Importance, Selection, propagation, propagation, planting
• Annuals: Selection, propagation, planting schemes
• Other garden plants: Palms, ferns, grasses and cacti succulents
• Pot plants: Selection, arrangement and management
• Bio aesthetic planting: definition, need, planning
• Landscaping of urban and rural areas, Peri-urban landscaping, landscaping of school, public
places like bus station,, railway station, township, river banks, hospital, play ground, airport,
industries, institution
• Bonsai: Principles and management
• Lawn: Establishment and maintenance
• CAD application

Practical

• Identification and scope of landscaping

• Propagation of trees, shrubs, annuals
• Care and maintenance of plants
• Potting and repotting
• Identification of tools and implements used in landscape design
• Training and pruning of plants for special effects
• Lawn establishment and maintenance
• Lay out of formal, informal garden and special types of garden (sunken, terrace and rock garden)
• Designing of conservatory and lath house
• Use of computer software
• Visit to important gardens, parks and institutes

Reference Book:

➢ Floriculture in India by G. S. Randhawa and A. Mukhopadhyay (2002)

➢ Handbook of Horticulture by K. L. Chaddha (2006)
➢ Introductory Ornamental Horticulture by J. S. Arora (2008)
➢ Commercial protected Floriculture by Dr. M. T. Patil and Dr. P.V. Patil (2004)
➢ A to Z Horticulture at a glance III Floriculture and landscape Architecture by A. S. Salaria and B.
S. Salaria (2010)
➢ Engineering drawing with Auto CAD (2D) (2008)
 Chapter –1: Importance and scope of landscaping
With gradual modernization, landscape gardening has been focused by people for
aesthetic development of cities, town and other public places. It is a developing subject and
offers much scope for improvement. The profession of landscape architecture deals with
conservation and understanding of the environment. Landscape Gardening enhances the
understanding of nature developed eco friendly concept and gains the feeling of responsibility
towards natural elements such as plants, birds and animals.
Landscape: It may be defined as a vacant area, either big or small, on which it is possible to
mould a view or design with the help of plant material, changing landforms, water,
stones, etc.
Landscape Gardening: It is the application of garden forms, different styles, methods and
materials with a view to improving the landscape.
Landscape Architecture: It is an art of designing a garden layout on paper.

Importance of Landscaping

▪ The prime importance of landscape gardening lies in aesthetic developments and

modernization of cities, town, countryside, roadways, airports, railway stations, railway
lines, bus terminus, city parks, and educational institutions against industrial fast growing
pollution. In recent years, bio-aesthetic planning has wider scope in landscape and
gardening.
▪ Landscape gardening increases the awareness towards nature developed eco-friendly
concept and provide feeling of responsibility towards plants, birds and animals.
▪ It also serves as a source of live medicines and herbal taste in prepared food and tea.
▪ It also helps in soil-moisture retention; prevent erosion, modifying air temperature,
creating microclimate and removal of noise and dust pollution.
▪ It also provide habitat for birds and animals.
▪ One fully developed large tree in a landscape can change the microclimate and brings
down the temperature by 2 to 5oC.
▪ The average temperature of concrete urban area devoid of vegetation/green belt is higher
compile to a thickly vegetated area.
▪ Well planned landscape around building or residence adjoins aesthetic value to it as well
as affix real estate value of about 30%.
▪ The landscaping profession conveys and directs to make human life more elegant, more
satisfying, more eco-friendly and more productive.
▪ There is unbound scope in the field of landscape gardening with the increase in demand
for attractive parks, landscaped ground of schools and institution, pleasant residential
backyards, eco-friendly housing society and towns.
▪ Landscape flora industry employs thousands of people through various activities like
nursery and rental plant services, besides landscape designing.
▪ Landscape gardening also plays a vital role in giving emphasis to the tourist business by
improving aesthetic and functional uses of historical places, sea beaches, rivers and dams,
hill stations and other tourist places.
Scope and Possible Fields to Develop Carrier in Landscape Architecture
▪ Bedding plant industry
▪ Gardener
▪ Horticulturist as landscape developer and manager
▪ Landscape consultant
▪ Landscape contractor
▪ Landscape designer
▪ Nursery business
▪ Plant rental service
▪ Tourism
 Chapter –2: Principles of landscaping, garden style and types

There are some principles keep in mind when landscaping the garden. They are mentioned here.
1) Axis: - This is an imaginary line in any garden round which the garden created striking
balance.
2) Unity:-
✓ Unity means that all parts of the land Scape go to gather.
✓ It can be achieved by using mass planting and repetition.
✓ Use of elements to express a specific theme within creates harmony.
3) Mass effect:- The use of one general form of plant material in large number in one place
is done to have mass effect.
4) Repetition:- It refers to repeated use of features like plants with identical shape, ine form,
texture and colour.
5) Focal point:- It involves the leading visual observation towards a feature by placement
of the feature e.g. center of the garden, corner of the garden.
6) Space:- The aim of garden design should be such that the garden should appear larger
than it actual size.
7) Rhythm:- Repetition of the sane object at equal distance is called rhythm.
8) Divisional Lines:- In a landscape design there should not be such hard and fast divisional
lines. There is the necessity of dividing or rather screening a compost pit or mail's quarter
or a vegetable garden from the rest of the garden.
9) Proportion and Scale:- Proportion refers to the size of parts of the design in relation to
each other and the design as a whole. Scale refers to the size of an object or objects in
relation to the surroundings.
11) Texture:- Texture describes the surface quality of an object than can be seen or left. A
surface in the land scape includes buildings, walks, ground covers and plants.
12) Time and Light:- A good planner must roughly take in to account the seasonal
movement of the sun shade and light area likely to fall during different parts of the
season.
13) Colour:- Colour can be used to direct attraction in the land scape. Three basic colour
schemes are i) Monochromatic ii) Analogous iii) Complementary
 14) Mobility:- Mobility means gradual changes or sudden change. Garden should be mobile.
It can be obtained by the arrangement of objects with varying texture, forms or sizes in
logical order.
15) Garden style:- Garden styles have been changed from time to time with the new ideas
and necessities. Styles of garden are Formal, Informal and Free style or wild style.

❖ NATURAL ELEMENTS OF GARDEN:-

1. Mountains 2. Hills 3. Glens 4. Valleys
5. Seas 6. Rivers 7. Plains 8. Forests
9. Deserts 10. Lakes 11. swamps 12. Streams

Feelings of the Natural Elements:

1. Exhilaration
2. Sadness
3. Eeriness or awe
4. The ethereal
5. The serene
6. The Delicate
7. The idyllic
8. The graceful
9. The majestic
10. The bold
 Types of Garden

❖ Garden: It is a design with definite use of plants to serve certain aesthetic or utilitarian

purpose. OR An area embellished with plants a valuable and pleasurable adjunct to a

house.

Classification of
garden

Indoor Out door

gardening gardening

Tubs or Urns According to According to

gardening style utility

Hanging basket
1) Formal Public Garden
gardening

Window
2) In formal Private Garden
gardening

Miniature
3) Free style School Garden
gardening

Trough, dishes,
bowls and Trays Sink Garden
gardening

Vetical garden Pond Garden

Jar, Bottle and

Terrarium Rock Garden
gardening

Moon Garden
 Style of Gardening

The goal in a land scape gardening is to improve the land scape with and idea of
developing a view or a design.

Styles of gardens are:

➢ Formal, Informal and Free style or wild gardening

1) Formal Gardening:
• Laid out in a symmetrical or a geometrical
pattern. i.e. square, rectangular, circular bed
and border.
• Everything is done in a straight and narrow
way and planted in straight way.
• Land is leveled.
• First plan is made on paper and then land is
selected accordingly.
• Road and paths cut at right angle.
• Balance is symmetrical as same feature replicated on both side of central axis.
• Hedges, edges and topiary are trimmed.
• Trees can be selected as individual feature.
Example: Mughal, Persian, Italian, Fresh, Chinese and American gardens.

2) Informal Garden:
• The whole design looks informal as the plants are arranged in a natural way without
following any rule.
• Plan is forced to fit the land.
• Main aim is capture natural scenery.
• Land is not leveled.
• Asymmetrical design.
• Non geometrical beds and borders.
• Untrimmed hedge, edges and topiary.
• Individual plants are not selected as feature.
Example: Japanese, Chinese, English garden.
3) Free style Garden:
• Recent style of gardening.
• It breaks the rules of landscape.
• Main idea was to naturalize plants in
shrubberies; grass should remain unmoved as
in nature.
• Few bulbous plants should be grown scattered
in the grass to imitate wild scenery.
• Passage should be opened in the wood land,
and trees, shrub and bulbous plants should be planted among the forest flora.
• The croppers to grow over the trees naturally.
• This concept explained by WilliamRobinson in the last decade of the nineteenth century.
 (1) Mughal Garden:-

The garden laid out during the rule of Mughal Emperors in India. Baber was the first Mughal
ruler to introduce this style of garden in India.
The main features of Mughal gardens:
1. Site and Designs: - A site on a hill slope with perennial rive letor along the bank of river.
Generally design is rectangular or square with symmetrical at both sides and straight
paths.
2. Walls and Gates: -Gates are prepared from wood and iron thorns with an imposing
wooden gate at the entrance which was studded with bold iron nails and pointed iron
spikes. The purpose of high wall was security from enemies and shelter against hot wind.
3. Terrace:- Location of garden near the hill slopes Terrace are both side equal.
4. Running Water: - Constructing canal and tanks was borrowed from Persian. It is a
central feature. The water canal used to have fountain to throw up the water high in the
air. In evening small lamp used to create beautiful relaxation.
5. Baradari: - It is arbor like structure. It is in the middle of the garden. It is mostly used by
king for enjoying the song with dancing girl. It has twelve doors.
6. Tomb and Mosque: - It was common practice to have the garden built around a tomb. It
is often said that Mughal garden were at their best when built around a mosque.
7. Trees and Flowers: - The trees were selected with careful planning and thought. Each
tree symbolized something like life, youth, death etc. Fruit trees considered as life and
youth while cypress represent death and eternity. Favourate flower were rose, jasmine,
carnation, hollyhock, delphinium etc. Trees in mughal
garden were Arjun, ber, champa, cypress, datepalm, fig,
palas, guava, jamun, kachnar etc.
 (2) Japanese garden
Japanese garden design was based on their respective ideas of heaven. A most important
teaching of Japanese garden is possibly that “Unless a garden has an air of peace it’s not worth a
place visiting.”
❖ Types of Japanese garden:
1) Hill garden: - Laid out in mountain and large area, shrubberies whether it stones are used for
preparing water fall. The other feature is stream; trees, stones and pine tree are used.
2) Flat garden: - This garden is without hill and ponds and mountain vellies not in flamed
garden. Only low growing trees, flat rocks and very small hills are constructed in this garden.
3) Tea garden: - Tea garden is constructed for particular ceremony. Two parts of tea garden i)
out door and ii) indoor garden. In outdoor garden waiting place, water basin, stone lanterns,
residues trees and stone paths are constructed, planting of deciduous trees. In indoor garden
tea house, well water basin, evergreen trees casting more shadows are used. Tea garden needs
considerable space of atleast about 200 sq. m for its designing.
4) Passage garden: - Laid in narrow passage, laid out should be simple and no man made
features. Few rocks, slabs of stones and only couple of types of plants, plants of open form
and slender shape are used and ground covers are also used.
5) Sand Garden:- Sand, gravels and stones are used. Planting material is not used. Sand around
rocks and ripple are created rock can live.
The main features of Mughal gardens:

1) Pond:- Ponds are irregular in shape. The bank is generally bordered with stone. Pilling work
in a regular or irregular fashion. The ponds are generally fed by a stream or a water fall.
2) Streams:- Small streams are arranged most naturally with natural stone are arranged in mild
stream to break the flow of water. The path of stream to break the flow of water. The path of
stream is not straight it is zigzag way.
3) Water Fall:- A water fall may be made more attractive by manipulating it to drop in two or
three levels. To make the water fall dignified and natural, large sized stones are arranged.
4) Fountain:- Natural fountain are provided near the foot of the hill on the hill side or in the
forest. Mostly constructed from bamboo.
5) Well:-It is used only for ornamental. It is not a real well. It is jus used for mouth wash. It
gives the natural look.
6) Island:- a) Sea island: Shape is tortoise also called Flysian island. Bank of island stones are
arranged, low growing trees and shrubs are display. b) Wind slept island: Most of the feature
are tree are trained in one way. c) Master’s island:- It is connected with breeze and summer
huts is created. d) Guest island: Breeze is connected from back side.
7) Water basin:-It is very ornamental in front of hurts, house. Ornamental shapes are there.
8) Stone lanterns: - Stone usually used is granite but sand stone and white marble are also used.
One ‘snow scene’ style lantern is used. It is place near the base of hill, on an island, on bank
of lake. Light is fix near the rocks.
9) Stone:- Stone are selected according to size, shape and colour and it is very from purpose to
place.
10) Pagodas:-It is a temple of Japanese. It is also called as stone tower. A structure of
constructing two, three, five or more separate roof stages.
11) Fence and gate:- Fence are two types one is partition and other for the purpose of screening
which called ‘sleeve fence’. The partition fence is used took light in appearance and gate are
two in number. One is in front of entrance and second the back entrance made of wood and
bamboo.
 (3) English garden:-

Main features of English garden:

1. Flower beds 2. Lawn 3. Herbaceous border 4. Rockery

5. Shrubbery 6. Topiary 7. Artificial water fall 8. Terraces

9. Stream 10. Statues

 (4) Italian garden:-
Main features are:
1) Came into existence at the time of renaissance.
2) Resemble Mughal or Persian gardens.
3) Fountain, water canal box, hedge, topiary, arbors.
4) Plants of ilex and roses.

(5) French garden:-

Main features are:
1) Formal garden in perfection
2) Un exampled scale of mass and sweep of designs.

(6) Persian garden:-

Main features are:
1) Based on idea of heaven
2) Strictly formal and symmetrical
3) Beautiful architectural work
4) Laid out after cutting terrace
5) Water flowing canals
6) Planted cypress as symbol of eternity

(7) Spanish garden:-

Main features are:
1) Water in basins, pools, fountain and channels
2) Fruit and ornamental trees
3) Fragrant flowers
 Chapter –3: Terrace gardening, vertical gardening, garden
components, adornments, lawn making rockery, water garden,
walk-paths, bridges, other constructed features etc.

❖ Terrace Garden
A terrace is a raised space of ground constructed around a dwelling house or at the corner
of a garden or on the sides of hills. When terrace is used for gardening purpose it is known as
terrace gardening. It is constructed just in front of the house from where a view from the whole
garden can be attained. This is very often referred to as the outdoor living or drawing room. A
low brick or stone retaining wall may be built while on the top of it about 90-120 cm tall wall of
lace patterned concrete blocks may be built as it provide privacy and not stop breeze or obstruct
light. Since the terrace is used for outdoor living room for relaxing, the floor area should always
be nearly dry. For this reason, most people used prefer a paved terrace. To keep the place dry
paving is done with local stones, flag stones, brick concrete, wood, gravel and mosaic tiles. A
gravel paving is cheapest but it subsides with the pressure of heavy furniture and children injure
themselves while playing. A combination of brick and stone paving or a wood and stone paving
etc. can be tried.
Main Features
• A few low growing creeping plants such as portulaca, Lantana sellowiana, Thymus
subphylum and Veronica repens can be used for planting at the wider joints.
• Some small specimen dwarf trees or shrubs can be planted in the circular, rectangular or
square beds.
• Potted plants in tubs and bowls can also arranged artistically especially in completely
paved terraces.
• Hanging baskets and plant stands can also be displayed in the terrace.
• A lily pool, sundial or birdbath or a stone sculpture may also be constructed in suitable
garden.
• Chairs and tables can be fixed in places for resting and comfort.

❖ Vertical gardening
➢ New concept of garden developed in Switzerland.
➢ Consists of wooden frame of thickness varying from 15 cm to 30 cm.
➢ The broader tubs are enclosed with wire netting. Sphagnum moss is
pressed within the wire frame which serves as growing medium.
➢ Shallow rooted plants grow well.
➢ Plants:
➢ Sun loving: Alyssum, pansy, nasturtium
➢ Shade loving: Begonia, African violets, zebrina
 ❖ Garden components
Components of arts for landscape the garden are:

1. Garden Wall 12. Carpet bedding

2. Fencing 13. Flower beds
3. Steps 14. Shrubbery
4. Drives and Paths 15. Border
5. Hedge 16. Rock Garden
6. Edgeing 17. Water Garden
7. Arches 18. Marshy / boggy Garden
8. Pergolas 19. Sunken Garden
9. Terraces 20. Gardening shade
10. Pavements 21. Conservatory
11. Lawn
1) Garden Wall:- They are prepared from bricks, concrete and stone. Wall height is 60-90 cm
climbers are trained on walls. e.g.Tecoma grandiflora, Bigonia, Thumbergia, Passiflora,
Climbing roses, Bougainvillea etc.
2) Fencing:- Wooden, bamboo, wire, wire netting, chain linking etc. Climbers of fences are
Alamanda, Bougainvillea, Vernonia, Bigonia etc.
3) Steps:- Steps can be made of various materials but usually the some material used is bricks,
paving stones, gravel and crazy paving. Grass should not be used in the steps as it become
slippery when watered.
4) Drives and Paths:- All these occupy minimum space and not are too many numbers. They
should serve to link one part with other. Path may be made up of soil, bricks, concrete or
pavers. Drives and paths are the inside and out side entries of the garden. It may be straight
or curve or zig zag manner.
5) Hedge:- When shrub is planted on boundary for the fencing, it is called hedge.
Purpose of the hedge:
I. Protective purpose:
a) Tall protective (1-3 m. height) e.g. Casurina, goras amali, karonda

b) Dwarf protective (1 m height) e.g. Cactus, Euphorbia, Agave, Pedilenthus

II. Ornamental purpose:
a) Foliage: e.g. Acalypha, Aralia, Duranta, Justesia
 b) Flowering e.g. Hibscus, Jetropha, Lantena
III. Screening purpose: It is used at an ugly and un wanted spots such as manure pit,
servant quarter etc. e.g. Casurina, Putranjiva etc.
IV. Demarcation:- Ornamental hedges are used to demarcate a rose garden or a flower
bed or a shrubbery or path in garden. e.g. Rosary, Rockery.
6) Edging: When low growing plants are grown on the border of plot they are called as
edge plants.
Purpose of the edge:
a) Lining of border of flower beds, paths, lawn and shrubbery.
b) Use for decoration or demarcation.
Plant for the edges:
a. Foliage: Aerva, alternenthera, coleus, pilea, set cassia, ribbon grass.
b. Flower: Gerbera, alyssum, tuberose, verbena, mini roses, chrysenthimum.
7) Arches:
• Arches may need for training climbers
• Arches constructed near gate or over paths
• Arches should be at least 2 to 2.5 meter in height.
• The roof of arches may be made of wood or angle iron binding wires
• Angle iron support firmly grouted in the soil by concrete.
8) Pergola:
It may be define as series of arches joined to gather. It is generally constructed over
pathways which add beauty to a garden.
Two types:
I. Live: When tre are directly considered and trained as pergola.
e.g. Casurina, Asopalav
II. Dead: The support can made of wooden or stone or bricks, pillar, angle and GI pipes.
9) Terraces:
• It may be square or rectangular in shape in formal type garden. e.g. Mughal garden.
• It may uneven in shape in informal type garden.
• Slope of the soil on terrace is 1:60 cm.
• Drainage hole on terrace.
Types:
B) Pavasious:
C) If the terrace is small:
D) If the terrace is very broad:
A Terrace is raised space of ground constructed around a dwelling house or the road side
of the hill. When this terrace is used for some sort of gardening is known as terrace
gardening.
10) Pavements:
• Paved paths are particularly effective in formal garden.
• Paving can be done by flat stones are concrete slabs or bricks.
• Sometime paving with irregularly sized stones to create an old pattern will result in a
crazy path.
• The inter space can be planted with ground spreads.
11) Lawn:
• The lawn is a green carpet for a land scape.
• It is basic and essential feature of any garden.
• In a home garden, it improves the appearance of the house, enhances its beauty, increase
conveniences and usefulness, thus adding the value of the real estate.
• Provide perfect setting of flower bed, border etc.
• 75% of the beauty of the garden depends on a properly maintained lawn.
12) Carpet bedding:
• It is define as covering on area preferably a bed or series of beds with dense low growing
herbaceous plant according to a set design. e.g. Figures, letters or any geometrically
design.
• Rock should be place of the border of the set design to inhibit the growth of grass
covering the set design. Pebbles can also be used.
• Carpet bedding looks better when arranged in a slope or slanting position.
• Rectangular trimming is necessary.
• Plants: Alternenthera, Cineraria, coleus, verbena, aerva. lentena.
13) Flower bed:
• Flowers look best when massed in a bed.
• The flower beds can be planted with winter flowering annuals sown in Sep.-October,
summer flowers sown in Feb.-March and rainy season flower sown in April-June.
• Perennial flowering plants also used in flower beds.
 • Flower beds should be square, rectangular, circular and oval in shape.
• Flower beds are important feature of formal garden.
14) Shrubberies:
• A shrub may be define as perennial plant having many woody branches arising from the
base of the plant.
• A shrub is generally erect and bushy, attaining height of 0.5 to 4 meters.
• Shrubs are : i) Flowering:e.g. Rose, Hibuscus
ii) Foliage: e.g. Croton, Drescena
iii) For berries: e.g. Clerodendron
15) Border:
• Outline of the garden area or flowering beds, patches, rockery and straight line wall of
paths is known as border.
• Border is also used as flower or foliage.
• Plants used for border are Duranta, Justesia, Croton, Acalipha.
Three types:

❖ Herbaceous:e.g. Canna, Verbena, Salvia, Daisy

❖ Annual mixed and
❖ Mixed:e.g. Ixora, Dahlia, Gerbera
16) Rock Garden:
• Also known as alpine garden.
• An artistic arrangement of the stone with a planting of different rock plant in a certain
place of garden i.e. corner, middle.
• For preparing rock garden local and porous stones are used to give more natural look.
• Height of the rock garden is 2-3 meters.
• Famous rock garden of India is at Chandigadh (Harayana) made by Nekchand Saini.
Plants:
❖ Succulents: Agave, Aloe, Euphorbia, Kalancjho
❖ Ferns: Nephrodiaum, Polypodium
❖ Flowering annual: Candy tuft, Dianthus, Zinnia, Salvia, Phlox, Verbena
17) Water Garden:
• It is an oldest arts of gardening in Indai.
• Water garden may be formal or informal.
Formal Water Garden:

❖ Pool is situated at central position and has regular shape i.e. circle, rectangular, or square,
oval oblong etc.
❖ Fountain also kept in center of the pool.
❖ Sunshine require for water plants.
❖ Usual depth is 60 cm. but for growing lotus, depth is 1 meter required.
❖ Never situated at low-lying area.
Informal Water Garden:
❖ Made in low-lying area of the garden.
❖ Shape is depending up on the slope and land scape of the garden.
❖ It should be simple and natural.
❖ Base of pool must be puddling.
18) Marsh or Bog Garden:
• It is an area where there is stag net acid water and only plants such as sundew etc. grows.
• Main criteria of Marsh garden is to keep soil moist and in a swampy state all throughout.
• A site having a sub soil of sticky clay is ideally suitable for Marsh garden.
• A Marsh garden never suffers from drought and avoids stagnation.
• Slowly water is running in Marsh garden.
Plants: Alocassia, Bamboo, Fern, Day lily, Iris, Ketaki etc.
19) Sunken Garden:
• This garden is laid below the ground level.
• Ideal depth of a sunken garden is 120 cm.
• It breaks the monotony of flat ground in garden.
• The garden goes down through a series of terrace to a small pool or a fountain at the bottom.
• In the terrace, flower beds and strips of lawn are laid out.
20) Garden in the shade: Three types of shade:
i) Dense shadow in North or North-West corner under a high well or bellow low spreading trees
where the ground is semi dark.
ii) These are other places where though there is shade but the sun penetrates to considerable
extent.
iii) There are places which are in half shade like on the east or west side of the building.
Plants: Coleus, Ficus, Ferns, Acalipha etc.
 21) Conservatory or Green House or Fernery House:
• There are certain plants with beautiful foliage or flowers or both which can not thrive in the
open, exposed to direct sun or wind. Such plant can be grown in conservatory or green house.
• This type of house provides shade, humidity and coolness.
• In high hills it is necessary to grow tropical plants to protect them from severe cold weather.
Shade is provided by growing creepers over the roof which not shut out light completely.
Plants: Ferns, Anthurium, Difenbechia, Prepromia, Palms, Orchids, Geranium, African Violets,
Begonias etc.
 ❖Garden Adornments
In a garden several adornments should be provided to make it look more ornamental and
useful.
There are:

1. Garden seat 6. Japanese lanterns

2. Ornamental tubs, urns and vases 7. Ornamental stones
3. Bird bath 8. Fountain
4. Sun dial 9. Statues
5. Floral clock 10. Plant stands
1) Garden seat:
Garden seat are necessary in any garden. The seat should be comfortable, durable,
artistic looking and should not look out of place. Wooden and fabric seats are comfortable to seat
as compare to those built in stone or iron. The chair or bench should have an appropriate design.
2) Ornamental tubs, urns and vases:-
These add beauty to a garden. Plants displayed in ornamental tubs or urns at
suitable place look beautiful. The tubs or vases are made up of wooden or brick concrete. These
can build permanently or may keep and moved whenever needed. These can be placed near the
gate or near the main entrance.
3) Bird bath:-
It is a large bowl shaped container made of concrete, fixed over a pillar or column
which is about one meter tall. Water is stored in bowl for the birds to come and drink or bath in
it.
4) Sun dial:-
A Sun dial has many roles to play in a garden. It can be used as a focal point in a
garden or center peace of a garden. It is good feature of sunken garden.
5) Floral clock:-
It is a huge clock and operated by electricity having huge handsfor showing the
seconds, minutes and hours. The machinery of the clock is counseled under the ground chamber
with only hands showing above the ground. Mostly pilea, sedium, alternenthera, winter annual
plants are used.
6) Japanese lanterns:-
The lanterns should preferably be carved in stone and should be low and
decorative as the Japanese would prefer. The column may be cylindrical or square faced with
ornamental carving. The fire box can also be carved in ornamental manner. Lanterns are made up
of white stones or marbles.
7) Ornamental stones:-
Ornamental stones, pillar or piece of rounded form or other abstract designs. It
improves the look of any garden to a great extent. The stone can place near lily pool or in streams
and water fall.
8) Fountains:-
Fountain is made to work by circulating the same water contains in the pool.
There may bestraight upright water jet or a number of finer water jets converging in form of an
umbrella. To make the fountain more colourful during nights, coloured lights are provided under
water with water proof setting.
9) Statues:-
Statue of animal or anima tic objects are also used in the garden to improve look.
It is placed at middle of stream or pool or at the end of road.
10) Plant stands:-
It is a useful structurefor decorative the garden. They are made of mild steel rods
molded in different fashion with various sized rings attached to hold the pots growing plants. It
can be displayed in the terrace garden at the entrance of the house.
 Rock Garden
• A rock garden is an artificial arrangement of rocks and soil in such manner that certain
ornamental plants besides natural growing coloured moss, lichens etc. can be planted for
their beautification.
• A shaded corner of the garden is suitable for making rock garden as it can be developed
around the trunk of a large shady tree with a mound of earth and a few stones placed here
and there with plantation in between a few hardy plants.
• The rock garden should get all the sun possible or at least for half the day, preferably in
the morning time.
• In a shady portion of the garden where lawn grass or any other thing does not grow, one
may utilize that land for construction of rockery with some shade loving plant.
• A miniature rock garden may construct near a wall or a house whereas a large rock
garden may be situated in a place where this will fit with other garden features.
• The site should be well drained and if natural drainage is not there, some artificial means
should be provided.
• The rock garden should be weeded periodically and all dead or dry leaves and branches
are removed.
• The rockery should be watered by sprinkling water over the rocks as the rains would have
watered.
• Rock plants required replanting at every 4 or 5 years as the soil becomes stale or sour.
• The rock plants should be fed with liquid manure at regular interval but if soil become
musty, replanting with fresh soil will be essential.
Selection of Rock Plants
1. Flowering Annuals: Alyssum, Antirrhinum (dwarf), Bellis perennis, Browallia alata,
Candytuft, Dianthus chinensis, Hymenatherum tenuifolium, Phlox (dwarf), Salvia
splendens, Verbena hybrid, Viola tricolor hortensis (Pansy), Zinnia linearis
2. Shrubs: Asystasia coromandeliana, Azalea, Callistemon lanceolatus, Calliandra
inaequilatera, Cassia alta, Juniperus chinensis, Thuja spp., Lantana sellowiana
3. Herbaceous Plants and Bulbs: Dracaena sanderiana, Fittonia argyroneura, Oxalis
rubra, Portulaca, Zebrina pendula, Vinca rosea, Zephyranthes spp., Aster amellus,
Angelonia grandiflora
4. Ferns: Drynaria, Nephrodium, Nephrolepis, Polypodium
5. Cacti and Succulents: Opuntia, Mammillaria, Agave, Aloe, Euphorbia splendens,
Kalanchoe, Sansevieria

Water Garden
• The presence of water in the garden in the various styles and forms add the beauty of
garden tremendously.
• It symbolizes and signifies the importance of physical and spiritual life in various ways.
• It serves as source for watering, irrigation and is used for running fountains or creating
water fall.
• It provides freshness and coolness in the garden.
• Standing water in the form of pool or vast water body provide quietness and calmness
ideal for meditation or for watching reflections of big building, clouds, blue sky, sun,
moon, or stars, lofty tree etc.
• Running water in the form for fountains, water fall, canals, signifies the movement of
the life, happiness and joyousness. Ripple of water creates ethereal sound which gives
unique heavenly feelings.
Selection of Plants for Water Pond: Lotus, Water lily, Victoria regia, Pontederia
cordata, Caltha palustris, Eichchornia grassipes, Cyperus alternifolius, Typha
angustifolia, Iris, Ferns

Walk Paths
• Gravel paths: Gravel paths are made in same manner as gravel drives except that
excavation and foundation material will be less.
• Brick paths: These are also prepared in same manner of a gravel path but leaving a gap
on the top of about 5 to 7 cm for ashes or lime mortar and the depth of a brick to be laid.
Bricks are either laid flat or on their edge. Many patterns can be woven such as herring
bone or basket pattern. The bricks in the paths are arranged in such a way that the cross
joints are not continuous.
• Stone paving: Paths of stone paving are more popular, especially where stone slabs are
easily available as these are permanent and impart an air of quality. The stones should be
between 3 to 5 cm thick and rectangular in shape.
• Crazy paving: In this type of paving, stones of different sizes and irregular shapes are
used. This type of path will not look nice along a modern building, but will be appropriate
in a quieter corner of the garden or in the rock garden. Stones for crazy paving are
generally thinner (2 to 3.5 cm) than those used for stone paths. To make it permanent, the
paving should be bedded over 2.5 cm cement mortar.
• Grass paths: Paving stones are placed at 60 cm intervals in single row just below the
ground level as it gives a stepping stone effect. In the form of curves is the best way to
develop a grass path.

Bridges
A combination of stepping stone and bridges is also often used to reach an island
or to cross a stream. If there are two or more bridges in the garden, different types should
be constructed to bring variety. When the pond or waterway is large enough to permit
boating, the bridges should be of arching type to permit the boats to pass under.
 Garden for special purpose
• Roof garden
• Sunken garden
• Vertical garden
• Terrace garden
• Water garden
• Bog garden
• Shade garden
• Rock garden
• Terrarium garden
• Bottle or Dish garden
• Window garden
 Chapter: 4 : Trees: Selection, propagation, planting schemes ,
architecture.
Definition:Plants having single hardwood trunk and grow with minimum height of 6 feet are
known as tree.
Uses: -
• Beautification : i)Flower – Cassia, Jacaranda
ii)Foliage – Casuarina, Kusum
• Wind-breaks : Casuarina, Eucalyptus
• Shade : Rain tree
• Architecturally: Wall – Casuarina, Roof – Rain Tree
• Medicinal : Margosa/Azadirecta indica, Jamun, Ashok/ Saraca Indica
• Protection: Erythrina, Amli
• Food: Moringa, Syzynium, Tamarind, Aonla
• Fodder: Gliricidia, Subabul, Erythrina.
• Wood:Teak, Dalbergia Sissoo
• Pollution Control: Peltophorum, Neem, Spathodia
Propagation: -
• Cutting: Ficus, Erythrina, Gliricidia
• Root sucker: Butea monospermum, Spathodia, Milintonia hortensis
• Layering:Jamun
• Grafting: Aonla, Citrus
• Seed: most of the plants
Planting Scheme:-
Requirement of Temperature
▪ Tropical :-Mango, Sapota, jack fruit etc.
▪ Sub-Tropical:- Casuarina, litchi, Citrus,etc.
▪ Temperate:- Apple, Deodur, Pine, popular, Cypress Chestnut, Silver Oak, etc.
Flowering :
• Flowering – Gulmohar, Peltophorum, Spathodea, Cassia, Bauhinia, Jacaranda, Erythrina
indica, Largerstroemia, cordia.
• Foliage – Neem, Ficus, Rain tree, Eucalyptus, Casurina, Ashok, Teak, Kusum.
• Fruit Bearing – Seeedling mango, Tamarind, Jamun, Mulberry, Palm.
Height: -
• Dwarf – 2 to 6m: Plumeria, Cordia, borsalli, Erythrina, Ficus panda, Bauhinia.
• Medium – 6m to 12m: Gulmahor, Acasia, Paltopharum, delberzia sisso.
• Tall – more than 12m: Casurina, Deoder, teak,silver Oak, Eucalyptus,Parkia.
Types of canopy: -
Round : - Mango, Acassia nilotica,
Peltophorum,mahudo
Oval :- Bakul, Jamun, Ashoka
Columnar:- Eucalyptus, Casuarina,Silver Oak,
Pendula
Umbrella :- Rain Tree, Gulmahor,Cassia nodosa,
karanj
Pyramidal:- Chrismas Tree, Pines, Deodar
Weeping :- Weeping Willow, Bottle Brush, Ficus
nitida
Spreading:- Palms- Royal, Date, Areca, Fishtail,
Coconut, etc.
Irregular :- Butea monosperma, Tree branch break
by wind
 Chapter 5:- Climber and Creepers
Definition:A Plant having a weak stem and possess special structure to climb over a support.

• Hook like thorn :- Bougainvillea, Asparagus

• Tendril :- Antigonon leptopus, Bignonia
• Rootlets :- ficus repens, Philodendron, Syngonium, Tecoma grandiflora,
• Monstera, Money Plant(Pothos)

Classification of Climbers

Thinners
The climbing plant which do not have any special structure but climb over support by
thinning themselves spinning around support.
e.g. Thunbergia, Star Ipomeas, Clerodendron, Mogra, Railway creeper

Ramblers
The plant which fail into their attempt to climb but somehow manage to support
them over a trunk, stem, pillar are termed as a ramblers.
e.g.Madhumalti, Madhvilata, ( Hiptage), Allamanda, Antigonon, Artabotrys, Petrea.

Creepers
Those plant which are unable to climb vertically on their own because of their
week stem.
e.g. Morning glory, star ipomeas, railway creeper, jacquemontia.

Planting of Climbers on the basis of its uses

• Covering the wall, fence, beautify the dry seen.
• It is use to give protection as a fence.
• It can be trained as a specimen on lawn with constructive special structure or with their
own stem.
• Trained on gate over arches, or path conservatory.
– Juie, madhumalti, allmanda, jacquimontia, lasoon vel
• Some of the climbers good for roof garden.
– Veronica, allmanda
• Used as a indoor plant/house plant.
- Pathos, Asparagus
• Use for cut foliage, scented flowering for garland preparation.
- Money plant, Asparagus, Mogro, Juie.

Propagation
• Seeds :- Antigonan, Asparagus, Star ipomea, Morning glory, Railway creeper, Wood rose
creeper.
• Cutting :- Most of the perennial climber.
• Air layering :- Bougainvillea, Rose.
• Root suckers :- Asparagus, Clerodendron, Lasoon vel, Allamanda.
• Grafting :- Petrea, Allamanda
Classification of Climbers for selection

• Showy flowering :- Clerodendron, Jacquimontia, Tecoma, Thunbergea, Lesoon vell.

• Scented Flowing :- Mogra, Juie, chameli, honeysuckle, madhvilata, madhumalti,
vellaris.
• Attractive Foliage :- Monstera, Vernonia, Pothos(money plant),Asparagus,
philodendron.
• Shade loving :- Clerodendron, jacquemontia, pothos, asparagus.
• Hardy climber :- Quisqualis India, wisteria sinensis, Thunbergia.
• Light climber :- Asparagus, Jasmine, Antigonan, Allmanda, Petrea, Juie.
 Chapter 6:- Annuals: Selection, Propagation, planting schemes

Annuals
Plants which complete its life cycle from seed to flowers and die in 3 to 6 months or
within a year are called annuals.

Use of Annuals
• Bedding Plant: Portulaca, Calendula, Candytuft.
• Boarder Plant: Balsam, Verbena.
• Ground Cover: Portulaca, Sweet pea, Petunia.
• Hanging Basket: Petunia, Portulaca,zinnia.
• Pot Plant: Kochia, Marigold, Antirrhinum .
• Rockery: Gaillardia, Candytuft, Portulaca.
• Cut Flower: Antirrhinum, Lark spur.
• Loose Flowe:Marigold, Gaillardia
• Climber: Clitoria, Sweet pea, Star ipomea.
Propagation
• Seed :
I. Fine seed: petunia, coreopsis, celosia
II. Medium bold : marigold, calendula, cosmos.
III. Bold : sunflower, sweet pea, hollyhock

Classification of Annuals

• According to season:

Winter Monsoon Summer

Sowing : Sept- Oct Sowing : Jun- July Sowing : Feb- March
Flowering : Feb-March Flowering : Sept-Oct Flowering : May-June
Candy tuft Marigold Marigold
Hollyhock Sunflower Sunflower
Sunflower Balsam Portulaca
Marigold Celosia Gailardia
Coreopsis Portulaca Kochia
Antirrhinum Gailardia Amaranthus
Aster Kochia Gomphrena
Salvia Amaranthus Clitoria
Dianthus Gomphrena Cosmos
Petunia Clitoria Coreopsis
Verbena Cosmos Zinnia
Sweet pea Coreopsis Tithonia
Calendula Zinnia
Pansy Star ipomea
Stalk Tithonia

According to Blooming
• Early Blooming: (45 to 60 days)Ageratum, Cosmos, Gomphrena, Amaranthus,
Balsam,Salvia, Celosia,Marigold, Coreopsis, Zinnia
 • Late Blooming: (60 to 120 days) Dianthus, Hollyhock,) Antirrhinum, Salvia,
Chrysanthemum

According to height

Dwarf Medium Tall Tall

15 cm – 30 cm 30 cm – 75 cm 75 cm – 120 cm
Pansy Balsam Hollyhock
Sweet alysum Marigold Salvia
Candy tuft Antirrhinum Chrysenthimum
Portulaca Dwarf salvia Sunflower
Calendula Aster Tithonia
Verbena Celosia Lark spur
Petunia Gaillardia Clarkia
Dwarf marigold Cosmos
Dwarf celosia Zinnia
Dianthus Stalk
Coreopsis
Gomphrena

White Flowered Annuals

• Sweet Alyssum
• China aster
• Dianthus (pink)
• Phlox
• Zinnia
• Hollyhock
• Balsam
• Antirrhinum
• Petunia
• Pansy
• Candy tuft

Blue, Purple, and Lavender-flowered Annuals

• Ageratum
• Ipomoea
• China Aster
• Clitoria
• Petunia
• Phlox
• Hollyhock

Red-Flowered Annuals

• Salvia
• Gomphrena
 • Dianthus
• Phlox
• Zinnia
• Celosia
• Balsam
• Antirrhinum
• Petunia
• Pansy
• Cosmos
• French Marigold

Yellow-Flowered Annuals

• Celosia
• Coreopsis
• Gaillardia
• Marigold
• Zinnia
• Sunflower
• Antirrhinum
• Pansy
• Calendula
• Cosmos

Annuals Suitable For Shade

• Ageratum
• Alyssum
• Calendula
• Clarkia
• Phlox
• Salvia
• Verbena

Fragrant Annuals

• Sweet Alyssum
• Sweet willium /dianthus
• Phlox
• Marigold
• Stock
• Four O’clock
• Sand Verbena
 Herbaceous Perennial

HerbaceousPerennial

Plants having soft stem and live year after year are known as herbaceous perennial.They
are not included in shrubs as they don’t have woody stem.

Propagation

• Seed: Vinca, Gerbera, Coleus, Balsam,Verbena, Geranium

• Cuttings:Portulaca,Pilea,Coleus,verbena,Zebrina,Setcreasea,Hemmigraphis.
• Offshoots:Chrysanthemum, Coreopsis, Gaillardia, Carnation.
• Suckers: Gerbera, Chrysanthemum, Daisy, Golden rod

Use of Herbaceous Perennial

Cut Flower:- Gerbera, Golden rod, Daisy, Chrysanthemum.

Bedding plant:- Daisy, Portulaca, Zinnia
Borden Plant:- Vinca, Daisy, Chrysanthemum, Zinnia
Pot Plant:- Vinca, Portulaca, Gerbera, dwarf Chrysanthemum, iridium
Rockery:- Verbena, Coreopsis, Gaillardia,Portulaca
Hanging Plant:- Zamphrina, Portulaca, Verbena
Indoor Plant:- Coleus, Pile, Setcreasea, Zebrina, Hemigraphis

Flowering Herbaceous Perennial

Foliage Herbaceous Perennial

• Coleus
• Pilea
• Setcreasea
• Zebrina
• Hemigraphis
• Peperomia
 Chapter-7: Other Garden Plants: Palms, Ferns, Grasses, Cactus &
Succulents

❖ Palms and Ferns

Palms: -
Palms are mostly tropical plants of palmaceae family. They are known for their tall,
straight, unbranched, cylindrical or columnar trunks by spreading canopy of huge pinnate or
digitate leaves. The great botanist, linnaceus called “princes of vegetable kingdom” due to their
sculpturistic appearance. The palmaceae family has more than 200 genera and 3000 species.
They are suitable for outdoor planting as well as indoors.
Uses:
1. Avenue planting: -Royal palm, date palm, sago palm
2. Decorative: -Kentia palm
3. Indoor: Areca palm, Rhapis palm
4. Hedge: -Areca palm, Rhapis palm
5. Medicinal: -Coconut palm, Areca palm
6. Food:-Date palm, Coconut palm, Palmyra palm
7. Pot plants: -Areca palm, Rhapis palm
8. Building construction: - Palmyra palm
9. Thatching of roof: - leaf of coconut and Palmyra palm

Fern
The cryptogams plant under the family polipodiceae are generally termed as fern. Tropical humid
mountains are the natural house of fern. They need high temperature, humid and shady place.
Example: Adiantum, polypodium, lygodium, pteris, osmunda etc.
Cycads
Cycads are group of plants have a stout and woody trunk with a crown of large, hard, stiff and
compound evergreen leaves. Cycads are resembled to palms in overall appearance. They possess
a pachycauls. The word is derived from the Greek pachy meaning thick or stout, and Latin caulis
meaning the stem.
Example: Cycas, macrozamia, zamia etc.
Uses:
1. Avenue planting:-Royal palm, date palm, sago palm
2. Decorative:-Kentia palm
3. Indoor: Areca palm, Rhapis palm
4. Hedge:-Areca palm, Rhapis palm
5. Medicinal:-Coconut palm, Areca palm
6. Food:-Date palm, Coconut palm, Palmyra palm
7. Pot plants:-Areca palm, Rhapis palm
8. Building construction:- Palmyra palm
9. Thatching of roof:- leaf of coconut and Palmyra palm
Classification of palm
Fan leaved Feathered leaved
Palmyra palm Areca palm
Latania palm Cane palm
Licula palm Fishtail palm
Rhapis palm Kentia palm
Blue palm Royal palm
Livistonia palm Coconut palm
Pritchardia palm Date palm

❖ Grasses: As per Lawn making

❖ Cactus
These are a broad group of plants that have evolved in situations characterized by very high
day temperatures and low night temperatures with very low available moisture in the growing
medium.
➢ Their plant body is modified to conserve moisture.
➢ Stem, leaves and roots of these plants are fleshy and rich in water.
➢ Have rarity value when grown as ornamental.
➢ Mostly referred as rock garden plants.
❖ Succulents
They are the group of plants well adopted for unfavorable drought condition.
They store water in their succulent stems and reduce water loss by having waxing skin coating.
They are grown for their beauty of their flower and plant shape. They are remarkable for their
thick fleshy leaves or stems or both.
Plants are mostly used as succulents:-

Agave Furcraea
Alovera Ice plant
Euphorbia mili Snow bush
Euphoribia lomi Snake plant
Adenium Sedum
kalanchoe Nolino
Yucca
➢ Ornamental Cacti:-
Cacti are member of cactaceae family. They are dicotyledonous perennial
stem and are mostly spiny and leafless. Cacti flower periodically and may be day or night
flowering. The flowers are red, white, purple and yellow are short lived. Cacti are generally
short-lived.
➢ Plants are mostly used as cacti:-
• Horned star cactus
• Wooly star cactus
• Wooly cap cactus
• Old man cactus
• Peanut cactus
• Silver-torch cactus
• Rain bows cactus
• China cactus or Night-blooming cactus
• Vanilla cactus
 Chapter-8: Pot plants: Selection, Arrangement and Management
Pot plant or Indoor Plants are those plants which require some degree of shade and can be
display in the house.

Selection of Pot plants:-

• Aglaonema • Graptophyllum
• Alocasia • Heliconia
• Anthurium • Kalanchoe
• Aspidistra • Maranta
• Asparagus • Monstera
• Begonia • Pepromea
• Chlorophytum • Pilea
• Beloperone • Philodendron
• Caladium • Pothos
• Coleus • Roheo
• Crotons • Syngonium
• Dieffenbachia • Tradescantia
• Dracaena • Zebrina
• Excoecaria bicolour • Hemigraphis
• Fittonia • Spathiphyllum
• Setcreasea

Arrangement of pot plants: -

Management of pot plants: -

There are several factors are effected on house plant growth.

1) Light:- Light is an important factor. It varies from plant to plant. Climbing plant grow well
under a relatively dark corner. Most of the plant requires some of light. The artificial source
is fluorescent lighting. A plant receiving insufficient amount of light will grow lanky.
Generally, 15-20 watts of fluorescent light is needed for each 30 sq. m. of plant area.
2) Temperature:- The ideal range of temperature should be around 15 -21o C during day time
and in night time it never falling below 20oC. Most of the house plant best grown in 18 to
24oC temperature of day time.
3) Humidity:- A relative humidity 40 to 60 % is best for growth of plants.
4) Watering:- Water management is differ from plant to plant and season to season. Cactus
group require less water where Alocasia require more water. Clay pot plants require more
water than plastic pot. It is safepractice to under water rather than over watering. In winter
require less water as compare to summer season.
5) Fresh air:- The air in the room become polluted due to fumes, high concentrated of carbon
dioxides etc. The windows can be opened regularly for getting fresh air to plant.
6) Soil:- Require course soil with adequate drainage and aeration to the roots and sufficient
organic matter. Good mixture for house plant is 2 part soil + 1 part of organic matter and 1
part of sand.
7) Feeding:- The plant should be fed with liquid manure during their growing season. Applying
one teaspoon of any complete fertilizer within 15 days.
8) Other cultural practices:- Clean lines is one of the important factor. The large leaves plant
can be sponged regularly. The smaller leaves plant can be kept clean from dust. Apical shoot
or tips are removed to encourage side growth i.e. pinching. Climbing plant require support to
climb and for this purpose moss stick can be used.
9) Plant protection:- Common diseases noticed are stem rot and root rot. Common insect are
red spider, mite, aphid, thrips and white fly. Spray of fungicide and insecticide at regular
interval.
Chapter-9: Bio aesthetic Planning: Definition, need and planning
The concept of bio-aesthetic planning was given by Prof. Lancelot Hogben which means
proper utilization of the available flora and fauna in the beautification of the surroundings. In
India, the practical shape of bio-aesthetic planning was brought by Dr. M. S. Randhawa
who gave a practical shape to it in planning Chandigarh along with the famous architects
along with Le Corbusier & Pierre Jeanneret. The aim behind bio aesthetic planning is to plant
ornamental flowering trees along roads, in parks, house compounds, public places. It also aimed
to develop national parks where non carnivorous animals and beautiful birds with sanctuary
along with beautiful flora.It includes landscape gardening and can be extended to the entire
country.The bio aesthetic planner uses the whole country as his canvas and his paints are the rich
colours of red, blue, orange and white of the different flowers.The untouched nature is quite
monotonous and it is only with a touch of bio aesthetic planning that the countryside and other
places will look not only natural but pleasing too to the eye.

Town / Urban Planning

▪ Bio aesthetic planning should go hand in hand with town planning.
▪ The roads in towns and cities should be broad, planted with flowering and shade trees.
▪ There should be spacious parks along with conservatories for harmless animals and birds.
Old Unplanned Cities
▪ The older congested cities and towns need to be retrieved from their present state by bio
aesthetic planning.
▪ It can be done by compulsion the ugly areas of the towns in some centrally located
pockets and to convert them into parks.
Garden suburbs
▪ In congested cities like Kolkata, Kanpur, Mumbai, etc., it is impossible to get land in the
city proper for bio aesthetic planning.
▪ Garden suburbs are devoted on the outskirts of the city easily approachable by vehicles or
even bicycles.
▪ The real estate value of property increases if it is properly landscaped and planted with
trees.
Air Pollution
▪ Air pollution, has reached disturbing proportion in some of the larger cities of the world
and metropolitan cities in India.
▪ The unplanned growth of the cities has resulted in congestion of houses, factories in
residential areas and proliferation of motor vehicles.
▪ Pollution is causing increase in the diseases of the respiratory tract, cancer and may other
ailment.
▪ The parks full of living plats play an important role in checking air pollution.
▪ The parks are considered as the lungs of a city, the barrier of trees checks noise pollution,
dust pollution and air pollution.
Human Welfare
▪ The landscape gardening plays an important role in human welfare by providing the
citizens with spacious parks having beautiful trees.
▪ Hum welfare through bio aesthetic planning and landscape gardening is ensured by
developing open, breathing spacious parks plated with beautiful trees and flowers.
▪ These places are used for relax, find peace of mind, and breath fresh air and allow playing
of children.
 Chept.10: Landscaping of urban and rural areas, Peri-urban landscaping,
landscaping of school, public places like bus station, railway station,
township, river banks, hospital, playground, airport, industries, institution.

Urban Planning involves land use and transportation control, architectural design and
recreation facilities.Beauty is a positive aim and in this respect green living plants are necessary
part of the urban pattern.

Usefulness of Plants
▪ Trees are useful for the home as well as for the city
o Provide shade
o Act as noise buffers
o Serve as wind breaks
▪ The provision of open space in the form of parks and gardens is used for recreational and
aesthetic fulfillment.
▪ They are not meant as an escape from the city but as an integral part of it.
▪ Open green space may be an economic necessity.
Public Park
▪ A park is considered to be the lungs of the city.
▪ Parks are the only places where people get fresh air.
▪ It should be a place of beauty and utility.
Different types of City Parks
1. Large Rural Park
▪ This type of garden laid out in the vicinity of a city in the countryside and are specially
approachable by common means of transportation.
▪ Due to congestion in old cities, space for park is generally not available and thus such
rural parks are laid out.
▪ It comprises of a long meadow, undulated and rising hilly section, a lake with its
surroundings and a number of sceneries.
▪ Such parks are normally 200-1000 acres in size.
2. A Small City Park
▪ The size of this park is normally between 5-100 acres or little more.
▪ The features of type of park:
o Good flowering and shade trees in groups or singly
o Strolling space
o Benches
o Shrubbery
o Garden adornments
o Lawn
o Zig zag paths
o Drinking water spot
3. A Large City Parks
▪ The size of this park is more than 100 acres.
 ▪ It provide facilities for special activities such as horse riding and golf, swimming and
boating where water or beach is available.
▪ It also include
o Museum
o Memorials
o Zoos
o Botanical Gardens
4. Pleasure Ground
▪ Play fields are the main features of such parks.
▪ Other features are
o A restricted swimming pool
o Swings, merry go round, sea saw etc.
o Trees, shrubs, flower beds
o Lawn

Landscaping of Public Places

Landscaping public buildings

The government and private offices, courts, auditorium, cinema halls etc. fall under this
group. In large cities with paucity of space for gardening, growing plants in pots is the only
possibility. But where space is available, a lawn may be laid with a few flower beds and shrub
borders. The entrance and exit roads may be lined with flowering trees. The kind and the size of
the trees will depend upon the size of the building. Dwarf trees in front of a sky-scraper will be a
total misfit. Majestic-looking, non-spreading large trees will be the right choice for such
buildings.

Landscaping of public places

Some flowering climbers may be trained over the portico. Once or few bougainvilleas or
some other flowering creepers can also be trained over the front walls. If the compound is
properly planted with a few shade and flowering trees and a well maintained lawn, the people
will find a resting place.
Landscaping places of historic importance

The objective of landscaping such historic monuments is only a secondary one, keeping
in view that the planting should not overshadow the monument. The best way to do this is
possibly laying vast stretches of lawns around the monuments and planting some shade and
flowering trees for beauty and to create places for rest. The trees should be selected depending
upon the climate of the region.
Landscaping places of worship

The places of worship such as temples, Gurudwara, mosques, churches etc., offer a good
opportunity for landscaping. In temples where offerings are made with flowers, it is important to
have a garden with the right type of flowering plants.
The association of Plumeria acutifolia is common
with Buddhist temples. Shrubs such as jasmine,
crossandra, barleria, hibiscus, ixora etc,. are quite
useful in a Hindu temple. Generally, there will be
some water tank in the vicinity of a Hindu temple.

This may be planted with water lilies and lotuses and

on the banks moisture-loving trees may be planted.
Fragrant flowering trees like Mimusops elengi and Michelia champaca may be planted around
the temple to create an atmosphere of serenity and sanctity. The flowers are useful for worship
also. There should be enough open space in the front for the devotees to assemble under the
shade of trees.

Gardens for cities

In cities, there may be parks of several sizes from very large to medium size and also
squares or small gardens are generally found at street intersections. The small gardens or squares
are planted with a view to relieve the eyes of the people passing by them or for a short resting
period for those who care to use them. Therefore, these may be planted with a patch of grass, few
flower beds, one or two shade or flowering trees or a group of shrubs and trees. The medium to
large parks are meant for a place of recreation and these are considered as lungs of the cities.
These should be a place of beauty as well as utility.
 A small city park may be an area anything between 5 and 100 hectares or little more. A
large rural park gives a degree of seclusion from the city but the small city park, as it is situated
within the city, has no such characteristic although the features may be the same as that of large
rural park. In the small parks, the scenery created will not look as natural as those of a large rural
park because of the limitation of space. A small park should have enough strolling space for the
citizens. Good flowering and shade trees should be planted in groups or singly in some corners or
other suitable places for creating beauty as well as a place for resting. Garden benches should be
constructed at regular intervals especially under the shade of the trees. Few interesting and rare
shrubs should also be included. Besides these, some garden adornments such as statues or
fountains can also be planted in appropriate parts of such parks.

The third category of city parks may be called as pleasure grounds which have large
reserve areas for playing games and often this is the main feature of these parks. A restricted
swimming pool is also often a feature of a pleasure ground. If it is meant for the children,
features such as swings, see-saw, sliding chute etc. should form part of the park. Due to hard
usage it is almost impossible to maintain grass area within this park. Some trees and shrubs are
planted aesthetically to keep the pleasing to the eyes.
Railway Stations, Bus Terminals, Dam sites, Hydroelectric Stations, River Banks

Landscaping railway stations

One important aspect of bio-aesthetic planning
is to landscape public places on a priority basis
compared to private places. A well-kept and well-
planted railway platform gives a visitor or a passerby
the first impression about the town. For most of the
people living in small towns the station platform is a
place for evening recreation or a place for morning
walk. The second important consideration why a platform needs to be planted with shade or
flowering trees is that these trees offer the passengers a resting place under the hot sun, while
waiting for the train. Besides flowering and foliage trees, the railway authorities can also
improve and beautify the platforms with tubs and troughs planted with palms and other attractive
plants such as bougainvilleas. Even hanging baskets can be displayed near the booking office or
on the pillars of resting sheds and in similar other places. Concrete seats or benches could be
constructed around the trunk or under the canopy for the benefit of the commuters.

One more reason why the railway platforms should be beautified with trees is because
many more people pass through a railway station compared to those who visit a public park.

Landscaping railway stations with avenues of flowering trees such as Cassia fistula,
Cassia nodosa, Peltophorum ferrugineum, Delonix regia, etc. will provide shade to the visitors
apart from beautifying the place.

Railways should have their own nurseries at suitable places for raising the plants needed
for such landscaping work. The transportation of these trees to the different railway stations will
be an easy task for the railways.
Railway lines
It will be a hard task to landscape the vast stretches of railway lines compared to
landscaping the platforms, especially in the drier tracts of the country. Fortunately, in India we
have got beautiful flowering trees such as Butea monosperma, Cassia fistula, Erythropsis
colorata, etc., which can withstand considerable drought conditions.

The landscaping of railway lines poses some problems, the basic being watering. This can
be partly overcome by planting drought resistant trees during the rains. In landscaping railway
lines more emphasis can be placed on planting trees of economic importance, apart from
ornamental plants. Other points which should be considered are that plants should be deep-rooted
and non-spreading. A shallow-rooted plant will be easily uprooted by a storm and may cause
obstruction on the track, whereas a spreading plant has to be trimmed now and again, to keep the
track free. The trees are to be planted at a specified distance from the tracts as per railway
regulations.

The innumerable railway level-crossings are the places, which can be landscaped with
much ease than the railway lines, as the gate-man will be there to look after the plants. The
beauty of such landscapes will not only be enjoyed by the railway passengers but also by the
people who pass by the road or wait for the train to pass.

Plants for railway platforms and lines

The following trees are recommended for planting on railway platforms and lines.
(a) Ornamental species
Albizzia procera, Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula, C. javanica, C. nodosa, Delonix regia,
Gliricida maculata, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Lagerstroemia (different species), Michelia
champaca, Peltophorum ferruginium, Polyalthia longifolia, Saraca indica.

(b) Economic species

Ailanthus excelsa, Anacardium occidentale, Averrhoa carambola, Dalbergia sissoo, Mangifera
indica, Melia azadirachta, Shorea robusta, Swietenia mahagoni, Tamarindus indica, Tectona
grandis, Terminalia arjuna, T. catappa

Ornamental trees recommended for town roads

Ornamental shade trees: Alstonia scholaris, Anthocephalus cadamba, Averrhoa carambola,
Ficus infectoria, Melia azadirachta (Syn. Azadirachta indica), M. azedarach, Polyalthia
longifolia, Putranjiva roxburghii, Stericulia alata, Swietenia mahagoni, Tamarindus indica.

Flowering trees : Amherstia nobilis, Bauhinia purpurea, B. variegata, Brownea ariza, Cassia
fistula, C. javanica, C. marginata, C. nodosa, Colvillea racemosa, Erythropsis colorata,
Gliricida maculate, Jacaranda mimosaefolia (mimosifolia), Lagerstroemia flosreginae,
Peltophorum ferrugineum, Poinciana (Delonix) regia, Saraca indica, and Spathodea
campanulata.
Bus terminals and airports
The bus terminals should be beautified on the lines of railway stations. Airports should also be
beautified by planting ornamental trees, lawns, flower beds and displaying plants in tubs and
troughs

Landscaping highways
The landscaping of the national and state highways with trees is an important aspect of
beautifying our countryside. Landscaping of highways does not mean only planting of trees; it is
only one part of it. Landscaping of a highway also includes all other measures which help
enhance the beauty and fits it into the natural landscape of the area. Besides its engineering
perfection, a highway must look aesthetic, and should not disturb the ecological aspect of the area
too much. Planting of trees on highways is necessary not only for the purpose of beautification
but also for utility and necessity. The main purpose of roadside trees is to provide shade during
the summer. For this purpose, evergreen trees with spreading crowns should be selected. For
wider roads, double rows can be planted, with the outer rows having shade trees and the inner
rows with flowering trees. The planting of roadside trees started during the time of Emperor
Asoka (268-231 B.C.). The Mughals also planted roadside trees.

Plants for highways

The roadside trees on the national highways should not only provide shade but preferably
also have some economic value. With this in view, many of the highways have been planted with
trees such as tamarind, mango, Eugenia operculata (Syn. Syzygium operculatum), etc.

Neem (Azadirachta indica ; Syn. Melia azadirachta), Mahua (Madhuca indica; Syn. Bassia
latifolia), Dalbergis sissoo (Indian rosewood), and Shorea robusta are roadside trees of economic
value.

The highway trees should never be planted in mixed avenues, but only one species
should be planted for a long distance of the road. For example, if neem trees are planted in pure
avenue for a long stretch, an oil extracting industry can be started on the roadside. Similarly, Sal
yields valuable timber and its seeds yield an edible oil which is used as an ingredient in the
manufacture of chocolates and other purposes. If a single species is planted in a pure avenue for
miles together this looks more beautiful and gives a wavy appearance to the skyline. In such a
case the management and gap-filling also become easier.

The trees should be planted 12 m apart in the row and at least 5-6 m away from the edge
of the roads, so that they get enough space for spreading and do not interfere with the traffic. If a
road is as wide as 30 m or more, double rows of trees should be planted, rows being spaced 10-
12 m apart. The inner row may be of a flowering tree. If a roadside tree is intended for timber,
replacements should be planted well ahead (4-6 years) of the cutting time.

The selection of trees for a particular locality is done giving due consideration to subsoil
water, soil climate including rainfall, locality etc. As for example, if Mahua is planted along a
highway near the tribal belts of Madhya Pradesh or Bihar, the flowers can be marketed easily as
these are in great demand among the tribals. Trees with shallow root system such as Millingtonia
hortensis and brittle wood as in the case of Eugenia jambolana, Albizzia lebbek, Cassia siamea,
and Eucalyptus should never be planted on highways, as during storms they get uprooted or
branches are broken and casualties may result on the unaware road users. Neem and tamarind can
grow very well in dry localities. Samanea saman (Syn. Pithecolobium saman) and Dalbergia
sissoo grow better in places having a rainfall of 100 cm or above. Often the banyan (Ficus
benghalensis) is planted on highways, which is not appropriate as its growth is unwidely.
However, banyans can be planted singly and a little away from the road at some distances, for its
cool shade. Similarly, Ficus religiosa is also not a very good roadside tree. On the other hand,
Albizzia procera is a good roadside tree. Polyalthia longifolia, though not a tree of great
economic value, is a very good shade tree and thus suitable for roadside planting. Thorny trees
should not be planted along roadside as the falling thorns may damage the tyres of vehicles.
Though not planted on our highways, shrubbery borders with suitable shrubs can be maintained
along the highways. This will improve the scenery.

"Mixed plantation" consists of planting different varieties of trees in a mixed avenue

against the planting of a single species. This has got a couple of advantages. The first is that the
different plants flower and fruit at various seasons thus enhancing the aesthetic view for a longer
time of the year. The other advantage is that this planting avoids monotony.

The other method is "group planting" where a group of 3-4 trees or more are planted at
specified intervals instead of planting in avenue.

Informal planting method, which consists of planting informally without following any
regular pattern is suggested for rural areas.

Landscaping banks of rivers and canals

The banks of the rivers and canals passing through towns and villages are wellsuited for
landscaping. The plants themselves will be
objects of beauty and their reflection on the
water surface is an additional attraction.
Moisture-loving trees will do better along the
waterfront compared to others. In India, the
rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Kaveri etc. are
regarded as sacred and on the banks of these rivers many old Hindu temples are situated. The
banks along these places may be planted with flowering trees, especially the sacred trees such as
Kadamba (Anthocephalus kadamba) and Asoka (Saraca indica) which are associated with Lord
Krishna and Sita.

The bank of the river Hoogly on the Calcutta side has been beautifully landscaped by the
Calcutta Port Commissioners with shrubs and trees and has become a place for recreation for the
citizens of the metropolis who can breathe fresh air away from the congested city. The vicinity of
the river Gomti at Lucknow has also been aesthetically landscaped. River banks near places of
historic importance, such as Taj on the bank of Yamuna, have also been landscaped with
beautiful trees.
 Besides beautification, planting of trees along banks of river and canals help soil
conservation also. Since irrigation is not a problem, plants along canals and rivers once
established will not need much care.

The following flowering trees are recommended for planting along the banks of rivers and
canals.
Amherstia nobilis Delonix regia
Anthocephalus cadamba Lagerstroemia flos-reginae
Barringtonia acutangula Lagerstroemia thorelli
Bauhinia variegata Melia azedarach
Cassia fistula Peltophorum ferrugineum
C.javanica Samanea saman
C. marginata Saraca indica
C. nodosa

Dam site landscaping

• Dam sites which generally look dull can be converted into a place of beauty
• By landscaping with beautiful trees such as Cassia nodosa, C. javanica, Gulmohar, etc.
• A garden or park can also be planned in such places, if space permits.
• The Brindavan Gardens in Mysore constructed below a dam site has become a place of
great tourist attraction.
• Irrigation is not a problem for plants at dam site areas and once established will not need
much care.
• The trees which are recommended for planting along the banks of rivers and canals are
also suitable for dam site areas.
 Chap.11 Bonsai: Principle and management
❖ BONSAI:
The word Bonsai is a combination of two Japanese words Bon and Sai. Bon
meaning shallow pan and sai meaning plant which can be translated as “Tray Planting”.

❖ ORIGIN: China, Japan

❖ Definition:- A tree/plant grown in a shallow pot/container and expressing the beauty and
volume of a tree in natural environment is called Bonsai.
➢ It is grown on living rocks, verandas, terraces, windowsills and conservatories.
➢ The main criterion is the artistic look of the plant in a miniature form maintained for many
years is all that is wanted.
➢ The great Japanese expert on Bonsai is Kyozo Morata.
❖ TREES:- Adansonia digitata, Black bamboo, Butea monosperma, Ficus religiosa, Ficus
benghalenis, Ficus infectoria, Ficus mysorensis, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Kigellta pinnata,
Magifera indica, Melia azedarach, Punica granatum, Putranjara roxburghill.
❖ Conifers: -
• Under tropical condition:- Juniperus Chinensis, J.Horizontalis.
• Under Temperature condition: Pinus densiflora, Taxus baccata etc.
❖ Shrubs:- Adenium obesum, Brya ebenus, Hamelia patens, Jatropha podogrica, Murraya
Exotica
❖ Woody climbers:- Combretum, Derris, Scandens etc.
❖ Types of Bonsai:-
1. Micro – 5 to 18 cm
2. Miniature – 18 to 30 cm
3. Medium tall – 30 to 60 cm
4. Tall – more than 60 cm
• Classification
✓ Micro (a) Finger Tip – 5 to 7.5 cm (b) Baby / Mame – 7.5 to 15 cm
✓ Small : 15 -30 cm
✓ Medium large – 30-60 cm
✓ Larger to very large 60-120 cm
• Bonsai are classified into two groups
(a) By the shape of the trunk
 (b) By the number of trees grown in a single pot
❖ Style of Bonsai
(1) Formal Upright trunk
Informal upright trunk
➢ Single specimen with straight& upright stem
(2) Windswept or Oblique style :
✓ Planting in oblique positionas if swept by wind
✓ Having more branches on one side
(3) Slanting:
(4) Cascade or Kengai Style
Trunk hangs over the edges of container or hanging over the ledge of mountain.
1) Semi Cascade
2) Weeping
3) Winding or Kyokkuk Style:
4) Single trunk or twisted
5) Gnarled
6) Trunk is twisted near the ground, once or twice to form a loop.
7) Twin / triple trunk
8) Multiple trunk :
9) Rock Planting:
• Examples :
I)Formal upright : Bougainvilla, chery blossom, lady mery beri
II)Informal upright : Ficus benjamina, Prunus domenstica
III)Slanting style : Citrus, Japonica, Chinease orange
IV)Semicascade : Bougainvillea, Blondie
V)Twin trunk : Phyllanthes nivosus
VI)Standing style : Pinus roxburghii
VII)Root over rock style : Tamarindus indica
• Starting Out :
Seeds : Very slow process
Cuttings: quicker method
Layering : much quicker
Nursery plants: Selection is important
From country side : More natural but should be careful in digging out
• Requirements;
✓ Soil : Well drained and Nutritive (mixture of garden soil, organic manure mould, coarse sand)
✓ Containers: Depends on style, be with good drainage holes, may be terracotta earthen ware,
or ceramics.
✓ Shape : round, oval, rectangular,
✓ Colour: natural black, green, brown eater
✓ Tools : cutters, scissors, small saw, fork, grafting blade, soil scoops, sp wires
✓ Care of tools: proper cleaning and oiling.
• Developing:
✓ Choosing the plants: healthy with good trunk, remove some branches.
✓ Potting: Root pruning-tap root, place the plant in tight position
✓ Watering: In severe winter – once a week is sufficient
✓ In summer – thrice necessary
✓ Feeding : Once a week of fortnightly
✓ Pruning and trimming:
✓ Bonsai keep dwarf not by starving but by various method or pruning
✓ Pinching also helps maintain shape of plant so reduce total leaf are
✓ Shaping and wiring: the curves should look more natural
✓ Reporting
✓ Diseases and pests: control by spray insecticides at regular intervals.
 Chapter –12: Lawn: Establishment and its maintenance

“Lawn is defined as the green carpet for a landscape”

• It is the basic feature of home garden and other type of garden.
• 75% of the beauty of a garden depends on a properly maintained lawn.
• In a home garden it improves the appearance of house and hence its beauty increases the
value of the estate.
• Provide perfect setting for flower beds, border, shrubbery, specimen tree etc.
• Source of charmreduce the tension of mind after a day’s hard work.
Site selection:-
A few points for site selection are…
• A site should receive full sunshine.
• The best situation will be the Southern side and then South-East or South – West of the
building.
• No big tree should be existing at the site.
• Soil moisture capacity and drainage is also important points.
Selection of grasses:-
1) Bermunda grass: Cynadon dactylon (Dharo) (Harayali grass)
2) Korean grass: Zoysia japonica
3) Manilla grass: Zoysia matrella
4) Korean velvet grass: Zoysia tenuifolia
5) Carpet grass: Axonopus affinis
Some points to keep in mind for selecting lawn:
➢ It gives outdoor rapidly or germinates rapidly.
➢ Stands regular cutting.
➢ Resistance to drought and disease.
➢ Retain colour throughout the year.
➢ Cold resistance.
SOIL:- It growing in all types of soil like goradu, black, sandy loam but it grows well in fertilize
loamy soil. At least a depth of 25- 30 cm of good soil is required.
DRAINAGE:- Grasses are shallow rooted herbs and therefore no deep drainage is necessary but
no water should stagnate in rooting zone. Field should be leveled with 5% slope is allowed.
PREPARATION OF LAND:-
• The whole area should be dug with 60 cm deep and leveled by eye setting.
• During the process of digging all stones, old grass roots, weeds etc. should be removed.
• Add 500 kg manure (organic matter such as caster cake, leaf mold manure,
vermicompost) per 100 square meter of soil.
• Irrigate the land and after 8-10 days again dug it and add 8-10 kg single super phosphate
and 3-4 kg of muriate of potash per 100 square meter of soil.
TIME OF PLANTING:-
• The best time is in July at the beginning of the rainy season.
• Where irrigation water is ample, planting may be done in March – April.
• There should be no shortage of water during the following hot and dry months.
METHODS OF PLANTING:-
1) By seed sowing 2) By dibbling
3) By turfing 4) By turf plastering
5) By suckers
1) By Seed Sowing:-
• Require 500 gm of seed for 200 square meters.
• Seed mixed with fine soil and broad caste by hand.
• The rake is drawn lightly in opposite direction to mix up the seed.
• The ground should be rolled with very light roller.
• The plot should be watered at regular interval.
• Seed germinate within 3-5 days from sowing.
2) By Dibbling:-
• Well matured rooted doob grass cutting is obtained from a close cut lawn or nursery.
• The roots or grass obtained are dibbed in the ground when it is slightly moist at 7-10 cm
apart.
• Soil is kept moist by frequent irrigation till the grass sprouts.
• Within 5-7 week grass is ready for first cutting.
• By this method lawn is prepared within 4 months.
3) By Turfing:-
• This is a quickest method of growing lawn but it is more expensive.
• Turf is a piece of earth about 5 cm thickness with grass thickly grown over it.
• The piece may be of small squares or in rolls of small width.
 • By this method lawn is ready within very short time.
4) By Turf plastering:-
• In this method first the paste is prepared by mixing garden soil, fresh cow dung and
water.
• 2 part root bits + 1 part horse manure + 1 part farm yard manure (Cow dung) + 1 part
good garden soil and required quantity of water for plastering on soil and spread evenly
on the surface of the ground after moisturing the soil.
• Then paste is covered with spreading 2 cm of dry soil and watered at regular interval.
• This is not suitable in dry and variable climate.
5) By Suckers:-
• Suckers collected from good patches and planted 5 to 8 cm apart on the prepared soil.
• Watering is given till it is established.
❖ MAINTENANCE OF LAWN:-
There are various aspects of maintenance of lawn are:
1) Weeding 2) Liming 3) Rolling 4) Mowing 5) Sweeping 6) Irrigation
7) Scrapping and racking 8) Top dressing with compost and fertilizer
1) Weeding:-
▪ It is common in old and new lawns.
▪ Frequently of weeding is more in rainy season.
▪ All weed should be removed with root before flowering to never allow to seed.
▪ 8 to 10 hand weeding is require.
2) Liming:-
▪ Powdered chalk or lime should be applied at the rate of 250 gm per square meter area.
▪ Application of lime once in a year except alkaline soil is beneficial.
▪ After liming watering should be done.
3) Rolling:-
▪ After the first irrigation, when the soil is still moist, the lawn is rolled with a medium
weight roller.
▪ Rolling is carried out after each irrigationuntil the lawn is established.
4) Mowing:-
▪ It is another important operation.
▪ Frequently of mowing is determined by the amount of growth and willvary from season
to season.
▪ Grass should be allowed to grow more than 5-6 cm in length during any season.
5) Sweeping:-
▪ Sweeping the lawn after each mowing is essential to clean the cut grasses which might
have fallen from mower box.
▪ Also done in early every morning to clean the fallen leaves and debris.
6) Irrigation:-
▪ Frequent light irrigation is better than flooding after long intervals.
▪ Labour and water can be saved to a considerable extent if sprinkler irrigation used i.e. pop
up. For this at the time of land preparing we have to fix the PVC pipe underground the
soil as per the lawn area and fit the pop up.
▪ In winter irrigation is less require as compare to summer.
7) Scrapping and racking:-
▪ Continuous rolling, treading and mowing may result in the formation of a hard crust and
lower part of lawn may get matted and woody.
▪ Such lawn scraps at ground level in the month of April and May and followed by raking
to break the crust.
▪ Thorough raking is done both ways to loosen the old runners and to aerate the soil.
8) Top dressing with compost and fertilizer:-
▪ After the raking 100 kg compost for 100 square meters willbe needed.
▪ Bone meal is also applied @ 1 kg per 10 square meters.
▪ Same compost applied during September – October.
▪ From September to April only Ammonium Sulphate is applied once in every month at the
rate of 1 kg per 50 square meter followed by watering.
 Chept.13: CAD Application
Autocad
CAD is a software system that is capable of transforming raw data into plans, drawings and
models to enable effective planning and management.

Current use of CAD

• Record keeping using topographical maps:

• Assets such as drains, power, meters, etc can be valued
• Areas and distances can be determined for planning and maintenance
• Exact locations of all items can be recorded for future reference
• Contour plans can be illustrated for drainage works
• Earthworks of cut and fill can be made
• Costs for soil volumes can be calculated for a range of variables (from different suppliers
and different grades of raw products)
• 3d models are created to illustrate the concept and to show interaction of light, shade,
plant growth, future development
• CAD plans can be entered into software that automatically operate earthmoving machines
that can level the site as specified on the plans information can be transferred by email.

Data Collection

Like all software based on data, it must be collected and added and the options for this are:-
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Aerial surveys
• Total data station surveys
• From government departments
• By scanning or digitising original paper maps/plans
• Manual surveys
• Existing CAD systems
There are many different systems. The following software based on CAD are commonly used to
convert data into useful information:
• Landcadd
• Landcadd OEM (Site Designer)
• AutoCAD LT

CAD Software Features:

• A data base containing over 900 plants

• 2-D ad 3-D symbols (of plants, furnishings, etc.) which can be inserted
• Ability to add to the plant and symbol list
• Freedom to substitute blocks, edit attributes globally along with special text fonts etc.,
based on the landscape industry
 • Links to other graphics packages
• Commands to generate data maps
• Ability to combine information from one or more maps of interest
• Ability to create shadows cast by walls, plants etc.
• Choice of markers, arrows, symbols to improve readability of maps

Limitations of CAD in Landscape Design

Despite the obvious advantages of CAD; it's use for landscaping is limited. Many of the
best garden designers will only used CAD for very limited applications. The fact is that when
you come to drawing plants into a plan, the size and shape of any plant can vary considerably....
being influenced by the things around it, as well as soil type, management methods and other
things. Any one species of tree could grow in hundreds of different shapes, depending upon the
situation it finds itself in.
For a CAD program to properly deal with representing plants on a plan, it would need to
offer a catalogue of perhaps over a million different graphic images to choose from. The fact is,
most landscapers would find it easier to draw the plants freehand to represent what they have in
their head.
Auto CAD is a computer-aided software drafting program. It is used for a number of
applications like creating blueprints for buildings, bridges and computer chips to name a few.
AutoCAD is 2D and 3D computer aided drafting software application. It is commercial
software.