}lntenna aesign - }laditiona[ fa6 course (])epartment of'E(!

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(A CHRISTIAN MINORITY INSTITUTION)

JAISAKTHI EDUCATIONAL TRUST

ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL BOARD OF ACCREDITATION (NBA)
BANGAlORE TRUNK ROAD, VARADHARAJAPURAM, NASARATHPET,
POONAMAllEE, CHENNAI- 600 123.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

ADDITIONAL LAB COURSE

ANTENNA DESIGN LAB

III ECE - VI SEMESTER

LAB MANUAL
(2{) 17 - 2{) 18 EVEN SEMESTER)

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;4ntemza design - ;4 dditio na {{a 6 course (j)epartmellt of'ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

VISION

To emerge as a centre of excellence in providing quality education and produce

technically competent Electronics and Communication Engineers to meet the needs of
industry and Society.
MISSION

MI: To provide best facilities, infrastructure and environment to its students, researchers and
faculty members to meet the Challenges of Electronics and Communication Engineering
field.

M2: To provide quality education through effective teaching - learning process for their
future career, viz placement and higher education.

M3: To prepare strong insight in the core domains with industry interaction.

M4: To Prepare graduates adaptable to the changing requirements of the society through life
long learning.

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

l. To prepare graduates to analyze, design and implement electronic circuits and systems
using the knowledge acquired from basic science and mathematics.

2. To train students with good scientific and engineering breadth so as to comprehend,

analyze, design and create novel products and solutions for real life problems.

3. To introduce the research world to the graduates so that they feel motivated for higher
studies and innovation not only in their own domain but multidisciplinary domain.

4. Prepare graduates to exhibit professionalism, ethical attitude, communication skills,

teamwork and leadership qualities in their profession and adapt to current trends by engaging
in lifelong learning.

5. To VtdCliu:; piulessiullally ill a COllabOratIVe, team onented manner that embraces the
multicultural environment of today' s business world.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

l. Engineering Knowledge: Able to apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science,

Engineering fundamentals and an Engineering specialization to the solution of complex
Engineering problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Able to identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
Pani!natarl'£ngineen"ng Co[[ea:?
 Jlntenna design - Jltftfitiona{{a6 course (j)epartment ojfECE

complex Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of

Mathematics, Natural sciences, and Engineering sciences.
3. Design / Development of solutions: Able to design solution for complex Engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate considerations for the public health and safety and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Able to use Research - based knowledge
and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Able to create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modem Engineering IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex Engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The Engineer and society: Able to apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to access societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional Engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Able to understand the impact of the professional
Engineering solutions in societal and environmental context, and demonstrate the knowledge
of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Able to apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the Engineering practice.
9. Individual and Team work: Able to function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
-10. Communication: Able to communicate effectively on complex Engineering activities
with the Engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
11. Project Management and Finance: Able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one's own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life -long learning: Able to recognize the needs for, and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest contest of technological
change.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

1. Graduates should demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts in the primary area
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, including: analysis of circuits containing
both active and passive components, electronic systems, control systems, electromagnetic
systems, digital systems, computer applications and communications
2. Graduates should demonstrate the ability to utilize the mathematics and the fundamental
knowledge of Electronics and Communication Engineering to design complex systems
which may contain both software and hardware components to meet the desired needs.
3. The graduates are capable of excelling in Electronics and Communication Engineering
industry/Academic/Software companies through professional careers.

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Antenna rfesign - Arfrfitiona{{a6 course ([)epartmellt of'ECE

COURSE OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, students will

>- Understand measurement of antenna parameters and application of basic theorems in

analyzing radiation characteristics of antenna.
>- Design and implement antennas using EM simulation tools.

COURSE OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students will be able to

>- Demonstrate the structure and operation of various antennas and to describe their
parameters.
>- Apply basic theorems to analyze the variation of field strength of radiated waves.
> Measure the radiation pattern of wired, aperture, planar and array antennas.
>- Familiar with EM simulation tools to implement antenna prototypes.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Study of the structure and operation of wired, aperture, planar and array antennas.
2. Proof of Inverse square law
3. Proof of Reciprocity theorem
4. Measurement of radiation pattern of all wired and aperture antennas
5. Measurement of radiation pattern of planar antennas
6. Measurement of radiation pattern of reflector antennas
7. Measurement of radiation pattern of array anLennas
8. Analysis of co-polarization and cross polarization
9. Design and simulation of microstrip antenna using CST tool.
10. Measurement of antenna parameters using Network Analyzer.

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fl ntenna aesign - fladitiona[ faG course (j)epartment ojC£(!E

SCHEDULE
No. of Mode of
Ex.No. Name of the Experiments
classes teaching
Study of the structure and operation of wired,
l. I Demo
aperture, planar and array antennas.
2. Proof of Inverse square law
3. Proof of Reciprocity theorem Using AMS
I
Measurement of radiation pattern of all wired and kit ~

4.
aperture antennas
Measurement of radiation pattern of planar
5.
antennas
Measurement of radiation pattern of reflector Using AMS
6. I
antennas kit
7. Measurement of radiation pattern of array antennas
8. Analysis of co-polarization and cross polarization
Design and simulation of microstrip antenna using Using CST
9. I
CST tool. software
Using
Measurement of antenna parameters using
10. I Network
Network Analyzer.
Analyzer

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 jintenna aesign - jidditiona{{a6 course ([)epartment oJr£0E

EXPERIMENT NO.1

STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND OPERATION OF WIRED,

APERTURE, PLANAR AND ARRA Y ANTENNAS
Dipole antenna

In radio and telecommunications a dipole antenna or doublet is the simplest and most
widely used class of antenna. The dipole is anyone of a class of antennas producing a radiation
pattern approximating that of an elementary electric dipole with a radiating structure supporting
a line current so energized that the current has only one node at each end. A dipole antenna
commonly consists of two identical conductive elements such as metal wires or rods, which are
usually bilaterally symmetrical

The driving current from the transmitter is applied, or for receiving antennas the output
signal to the receiver is taken, between the two halves of the antenna. Each side of the feedlineJo
the transmitter or receiver is connected to one of the conductors. This contrasts with a monopole
antenna, which consists of a single rod or conductor with one side of the feedline connected to it,
and the other side connected to some type of ground. A common example of a dipole is the
rabbit ears" television antenna found on broadcast television sets.
t1

The most common form of dipole is two straight rods or wires oriented end to end on the
same axis, with the feedline connected to the two adjacent ends, but dipoles may be fed
anywhere along their length This is the simplest type of antenna from a theoretical point of view.
Dipoles are resonant antennas, meaning that the elements serve as resonators, with standing
waves of radio current flowing back and forth between their ends. So the length of the dipole
elements is detellTIined by the wavelength of the radio waves used.

The most common form is the half-wave dipole, in which each of the two rod elements is
approximately 114 wavelength long, so the whole antenna is a half-wavelength long. The
radiation pattern of a vertical dipole is omnidirectional; it radiates equal power in all azimuthal
directions perpendicular to the axis of the antenna. For a half-wave dipole the radiation is
maximum, 2.15 dBi perpendicular to the antenna axis, falling monotonically with elevation angle
to zero on the axis, off the ends of the antenna .

..
,
-----~-

.,
('
,. "

".
'11

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 )l.ntenna aesigll - )l.cftfitiona{{a6 course (j)epartment ofCEC£

Advantages:

I. It receives balanced signals.

2. Receives signals from a variety of frequencies.
3. Loss is less.

Disad vantages:

I. The outdoor antennas are large and wide.

2. This type of antenna is no t used for space communication.
3. Installation of outdoor antennas is difficult.

Applications:

1. Set-top TV antenna.
2. FM broadcasting antenna.
3. Dipole towers and dipole arrays.

Monopole antenna

A monopole antenna is one half of a dipole antenna, almost always mounted above some
sort of ground plane. The case of a monopole antenna of length L mounted above an infinite
ground plane.

The radiation pattern of monopole antennas above a ground plane are also known from
the dipole result. The only change that needs to be noted is that the impedance of a monopole
antenna is one half of that of a full dipole antenna. For a quarter-wave monopole (L=O.25* A. ),
the impedance is half of that of a half-wave dipole, so Zin = 36.5 + j21.25 Ohms. This can be
understood since only half the voltage is required to drive a monopole antenna to the same
current as a dipole (think of a dipole as having +V12 and -V/2 applied to its ends, whereas a
monopole antenna only needs to apply +V/2 between the monopole antenna and the ground to
drive the same current). Since Zin = Vfl, the impedance of the monopole antenna is halved.

Monopole antennas are half the size of their dipole counterparts, and hence are attractive
when a smaller antenna is needed. Antennas on older cell phones were typically monopole
antennas, with an infinite ground plane approximated by the shell (casing) of the phone.

PanimaCarCEngineering Co[fege
 Antenna aesign - Aadltiona[[a6 course (j)epartment ojf£CE

Folded dipole

A folded dipole is a dipole antenna with the ends folded back around and connected to
each other, fanning a loop. Typically, the width d of the folded dipole antenna is much smaller
than the length L. Because the folded dipole fonns a closed loop, one might expect the input
impedance to depend on the input impedance of a short-circuited transmission line of length L.
However, you can imagine the folded dipole antenna as two parallel short-circuited transmission
lines of length L/2 (separated at the midpoint by the feed in Figure). It turns out the impedance of
the folded dipole antenna will be a function of the impedance of a transmission line of length
L/2.

Also, because the folded dipole is "folded" back on itself, the currents can reinforce each other
instead of cancelling each other out, so the input impedance will also depend on the impedance
of a dipole antenna of length L.

d
~

nt
I I

Advantages:
I. Reception of balanced signals.

2. Receives a particular signal from a band of frequencies without losing the quality.
3. A folded dipole maximizes the signal strength.

Disad vantages:
I. Displacement and adjustment of antenna is a hassle.

2. Outdoor management can be difficult when antenna size increases.

 )1.ntemla design - )1. dtfitiona{[a6 course (j)epartment ofrt'-C£

Applications:
I. Mainly used as a feeder element in Vagi antenna, 'parabolic antenna, turnstile antenna,
log periodic antenna, phased and reflector arrays, etc.
2. Generally used in radio receivers.
3. Most commonly used in TV receiver antennas.

Vagi antenna

The Yagi-Uda antenna or Vagi Antenna is simple to construct and has a high gain,
Typically greater than 10 dB. The Yagi-Uda antennas typidlily operate in the HF to UHF bands
(about 3 MHz to 3 GHz), although their bandwidth is typically small, on the order of a few
percent of the center frequency. The elements of yagi antenna are Directors, Reflector and
Driven element. It is used as a TV receiving antenna.

2
1

-'1 2

T
hl t
t2
+~
4r
4 krk
~.

T
~
hk
0 MaHimum
Kl K2 K3 K4 Kk X Gain

Renector
Driven
Element
1+ Directors +1
Geometry of a K elements Yagi-Uda

Advantages:

I. High gain is achieved.

2. High directivity is achieved.
3. Ease of handling and maintenance.
4. Less amount of power is wasted.
5. Broader coverage of frequencies.

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 ,lIntenna aesign - ;Mfitiona[[a6 course (])epartmcnt oj1:.0£

Disadvantages:

I. Prone to noise.
2. Prone to atmospheric effects.
Applications:

I. Mostly used for TV reception.

2. Used where a single-frequency application is needed.

Log periodic dipole array

The log periodic dipole array consists of a number of dipole elements. These
progressively reduce in size from the back to the front - the direction of maximum radiation is
from the smaller front.

Each dipole element of the LPDA is fed, but the phase is reversed between adjacent
dipole elements - this ensures that the signal phasing is correct between the different elements. It
also means that a feeder is required along the length of the antenna.

1 .. R1----~·-···--!
)...~~-.--.- ....- .... Rz ···....·_ .._··_·....·····..-11
'--R... i.
l·-~R"
i---R ....
.. -.. -

.JI",
"s
. .J
"+
-I.

Advantages:

I. The antenna design is compact.

2. Gain and radiation pattern are varied according to the requirements.
Disadvantages:

I. External mount.
2. Installation cost is high.

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 )lntenna design - )ldditiollarra6 course (f)epartment ojf£CE

Applications:

I. Used for HF communications.

2. Used for particular SO[1 of TV receptions.
3. Used for all round monitoring in higher frequency bands.

Slot antenna

The slot antenna consists of a radiator formed by cutting a narrow slot in a large metal
surface. The slot length is a half wavelength at the desired frequency and the width is a small
fraction of a wavelength. The antenna is frequently compared to a conventional half- wave
dipole consisting of two flat metal strips. When energy is applied to the slot antenna, currents
flow in the metal sheet. These currents are not confined to the edges of the slot but rather spread
out over the sheet. Radiation then takes place from both sides of the sheet.

Advantages:

• It can be fabricated and concealed within metallic objects

• It can provide covert communications with a small transmitter
Disadvantages:

• Higher cross-polarization levels

• Lower radiation efficiency
Applications:

• Usually for radar navigational purposes

• Used as an array fed by a wave guide

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 jlntellfla design - jlaaitiona[(a 6 course (j)epartmel1t ofrt:C£

Microstrip antenna

Microstrip antenna is one of the most popular types of printed antenna. It plays a very
significant role in today's world of wireless communication systems. Microstrip antennae are
very simple in construction using a conventional microstrip fabrication technique. Microstrip
patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate (FR4) that has a
ground plane (eu) on the other side as shown in Fig.

The patch is generally made up of a conducting material such as copper or gold and can
take any possible shape like rectangular, circular, triangular, elliptical or some other common
shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually photo-etched on the dielectric substrate.

Microstrip patch antennae radiate primarily because of the fringing fields between the
patch edge and the ground plane. For good antenna performance, a thick dielectric substrate
having a low dielectric constant «6) is desirable since it provides higher efficiency, larger
bandwidth and better radiation. However, such a configuration leads to a larger antenna size.

Advantages:

1. Ease of manufacturing
2. It has a very low fabrication cost.
3. Microstrip patch antennas are efficient radiators.
4. It has a support for both linear and circular polarization.
5. Easy in integration with microwave integration circuits.

Uisadvantages:

I. Low impedance bandwidth.

2. Low gain.
3. Extra radiation occurs from its feeds and junctions.
4. Excitation of sutface waves.
5. Size of micro strip antenna comes in both advantages and disadvantages but there are
some applications where the size of microstrip antenna is too large to be used.

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 }lntenna tfesign - }ltfdltiona[ faG course (j)epartment ojf£CE

Applications:
I. Mobile and satellite communication.

2. Global Positioning System, RFID, Wimax, Radar, rectenna and telemedicine

applications.

Table: Vatious Antenna configurations and its applications

Name of the Antenna Applications Name of the Antenna Applications

; - - - - - vi - - - - - . " AM and FM s10t antenna
i
Half broadcasting Broadband and
Wave dual band
dipole applications
antenna

Mobile phone Hom antenna Microwave

receivers applications

Folded Microstrip Patch antenna WLAN, WiFi

dlpole and Wi Max
antenna applications

wi
I
I
H H
Mictostrip CoaII\!eQ
f~

Loop antenna Radio Turnstile antenna FM a1ld base

,':']
.

...•..

~.
. receivers,
Aircraft
receivers,
Direction
station
receivers

.tf
rIH\
finding & UHF
transmitters

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 .Jlntenna tfesign - II tftfitio na {{a 6 course (j)epartment ofr£c£

Blconicai antenna L{)g PenodlC \hhtarv

o
"
VHF and UHF Dipole array reception
band and
auport
communicatIon

Yagi Ucla array TV reception Helical antenna High gain

satellite
communication
andGPS

Parabolic reflector Used in DTH Spiral antenna MilitaIv, and

and TV aircraft
reception applications

Hyperboloidal
reflector
EXPERIMENT NO : l..

TO PROVE INVERSE SQUARE LAW

OBJECTIVE

To Measure the variation of field strength of radiated wave, with distance from
transmitting antenna.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX RX Transmitter Receiver CABLE

antenna antenna· input output

Wire or Microstrip Any antenna Source Detector SMA To 1

I
I
I

DIPOLE (RF output) (RF input) SMA cable I

i
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2
I
SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

Circular Loop
Antenna
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.
2. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
3. Open the AMS-A.exe file Select the corresponding COM PORT and Click on
Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
4. Select the PROOF OF THEOREM and then select the experiment of
INVERSE SQUARE LAW.
5; Then select the RX antenna and click on START button.
6. A Pop-Up window will appear asking user to Keep the Distance between TX
and RX as 10cm then click on NEXT button.
7. After completion of one reading again a popup window will appear asking to
Increase the TX and RX distance by 10cm.
8. Repeat the procedure up to a distance of 100cm at an interval of 10cm; click
on NEXT to plot the graph.
9. After that it will plot the radiation pattern in inverse square law graph (i.e.
Distance in cm VIS power in dBm).
10. While taking the readings, ensure that no scattering objects are in the vicinity
of the antenna, this could reradiate and distort the fieid pattern and
consequently the readings. Avoid any movement of persons while taking the
readings.
11. Plot these readings manually on graph paper with distance between
antennas on X axis and signa! level in dB at Y-axis.
12. Use the graph template provided below for plotting your graph.
13. Now take the readings and observe the plots for different types of antenna.
 Field strengtv vs Distance
OdBm rl.1 I I I I I I 1I111111 ~ I I t ~ ~ ~TI I I ~ ~ I I I II I I I I I I TTl
1--: .:.. :.' . . . " ..: ..:.;.:.:.: .:.. : ...... , ... " .......... ,. .............. . .. :..:.;. ;.: ... :-
....
'

~10dBm 1--: ':':' . . • .... - . ',' ',' : • : • : • : . :• • : • • • '0' ~ ••. : - : . :• • : • • : . ~ • ., ............ .. .:..' :.;" ..... :-
f-: .:.. :..:..:. • '0' -0' : . . . . . . . . . .0 _0_ • • •: . : ••• : • : . :• • : • •: . ~ • . ............. ,.,. .:.. :.. :..:.;.;.;.:.:-
1--: .:.. :. ..:-
-20 dbm
f-: ... ".0 _0' • • ••• .. · . · 0 _,
· ...... . .
'0' '0_ .. . _o' .;.:-
f-' ;.-
1--; '.' ;.:-
• . • . . . . e_. . ..
\-: '.' ~ '0' .. • • • .. • '" • 0° '.' .... .. .. .;.:-
-30dbm
· ....... .
~; .. , ........... ~ • ,. • 0° -0_ ° 0 , .. .
:.:-
.;.:-
\-:
1-,:
1-,: ............................. -.. , ... J
•••••••••••• , •••••• , . _ : •.•.• '0. _.
<-
• ••••• 0; ••

-40dbm
~~~~~~~~~~~4-~:~:~:7:~:~:~:~:~:~~~~~~~~~~~-~
f-: · .. - ...... _. - ... - . - .. -0- _., .. ~ .;.:-
f-: .:.:-
·
· ..." ......
....... " "

1-,: • • ~.. • •••••• • •• ~ ." ••• - • .. • -0 •• , ,;. .. • .:.:-

1--: .:.:-
-SOdBm
f-; .
f-: .", ... ... . .:! : . :-. :. :": .:. .: ..:", ~.

1--:
L: • • ••• .••• ..0." •••0· ... _ • _ '0- .0' ••

-70d8m
. i .
0
20 175 err:
SOcm 75cm Distance. (.",:.) l00em 125 em
EXPERIMENT NO.3

TO PROVE RECIPROCITY THEOREM

OBJECTIVE

To demonstrate that the transmitting and receiving radiation patterns of an

antenna are equal and hence confirm the reciprocity theorem of antennas.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX RX Transmitter IReceiver Cable

antenna antenna input I output

Dipole Dipole Source Detector SMA To

RMSA RMSA (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable

OTY=1 OTY=1 OTY =1 OTY=1 OTY=2 I

II
I

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

Dipole
Antenna
Dipole
Antenna
PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1 meter, consult theory
for details of far field region.
3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file Select the corresponding COM PORT and Click on
Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
5. Select the PROOF OF THEOREM and then select the experiment of
RECIPROCITY THEOREM.
6. Then select the RX antenna and click on START button.
7. After completing it will plot the readings.
8. Now interchange the antenna and again take the next reading.
9. Compare both the plots they must be same, hence reciprocity theorem is
proved.
10. Similarly do the experiments for different types of antenna.

NOTE:

1. Keep in mind that an antenna that is being rotated is plotted in reception

and transmission mode both for proving the reciprocity theorem.
2. Observe the two plots and they must be approximately same.
EXPERIMENT NO. ll- ~
RADIATION PATTERN OF ALL WIRED ANTENNA

OBJECTIVE

To plot the Radiation pattern of all WIRED antenna and observe its parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX RX Transmitter Receiver CABLE l

Antenna antenna input output

SMA To
Any wired Source Detector
Wire DIPOLE SMA cable
antenna (RF out) (RF input)

QTY=1 OTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 OTY=2

SET UP ARRANGEMENT:

Linear Dipole

Helix
Antenna
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.
2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult
theory for details.
3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX
antenna then click on START
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. Now repeat for CROSS-POLARIZTION of antenna and observe the plot.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout whenever
required.
Example 1)
.....

TX RX Transmitter Receiver Ii Cable

antenna I antenna input output
I
I Wire Dipole ; Helix
Source Detector I SMA To
i (RF out) (RF input) I SMA cable
i
OTY=1 ii OTY =1 QTY=1 OTY=1 OTY=2
i

RADIATION PATTERN:

.--\;-'
1
I.

.I
".."
..... .

".,/ .~.­
... .. \
i
,./Y·'II

.~- .\.

\. .,'

' ...... / ... ;-. "A.

• '>""

. . . . -. '. .~< .
.,_."
...-
.~ ....

:"/fJ
Example 2)

TX RX Transmitter Receiver Cable

antenna antenna input output
Wire Dipole Log periodic Source Detector SMA To
(RF out) (RF input) SMA cable

QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

• RADIATION PATTERN:

'-'-+'-----=io::--~------------'·-·l I]
~--~=-~~.=-----------~--~. 12
Example 3)
, ~~ .. ~

-- -----

i
TX I RX Transmitter Receiver
CABLE
antenna I antenna input output
Wire Dipole Yagi UDA Source Detector SMA To
(5 elements) (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable

QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 I QTY =1 QTY=2

i

.. RADIATION PATTERN:

?I'U
Example 4)
TX i RX Transmitter Receiver Cable
antenna ! antenna input output
Wire Dipole I Wire Source Detector SMA To
j monopole (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable
i
I
QTY=1 I QTY =1 QTY=1 OTY=1 OTY=2

• RADIATION PATTERN:

90
~~~?=~======================-9

.,.,....-----t6

270
Example 5}
---- --
I TX RX
--

Transmitter -----1 Receive;;- -TCABLE--l

antenna antenna input output
I
Ii Wire Dipole Rectangular Source Detector SMA To !
!
I loop (RF out) \ (RF input) SMA cable
I
--
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

.. RADIATION PATTERN:
Example 6)

TX
antenna
RX
antenna
Transmitter
input
Receiver
output
CABLE I
Wire Dipole VEE Source Detector SMA To
(RF out) (RF input) SMA cable I
I
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY =1 QTY=1 QTY=2
J
• RADIATION PATTERN

90.: .
~~~~~~==============~24

·-l":--='-'+-~:::'...,,::-i~~~~~~-:..26

"-+~~~~~~~~~~-------27

~-',-----2a

.~4"...-.:::::±C:--'--'~-'-'."-.::-~~~~'----29

~-!;-"''''''''':'~~k..--:''::''~~~'''''':';'';:''-''--''&-,---<30

,;;;",;,,:,'r=~?"'.="'--"il(---.. 31
Example 7)
~ ._------
TX RX Transmitter Receiver
Cable
antenna
Wire Dipole
antenna
Circular loop
input
Source
output
Detector SMA To
I
(RF out) (RF input) SMA cable
I
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2 I
J

• RADIATION PATTERN:

90
-12
14
16
-18
20
,
I,
'-"."'\
~(:,(

<~4
?6
-28
!
-.30
1
-34
36

1
1
CIRCULAR LOOOP J
EXPERIMENT NO. +.6)

RADIATION PATTERN OF ALL APERTURE ANTENNA

OBJECTIVE

To plot the radiation pattern of all APERTURE antenna and observe its
parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX RX Transmitter Receiver Cable

Antenna antenna input output

Any
Planar Source Detector SMA To
APERTURE
DIPOLE (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable
. antenna
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SET UP ARRANGEMENT:

Planar
Dipole

. . ·UD
!liLa III
~~ ~===~ aoa
=D=
.mmltllllllll
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.
2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult
theory for details.
3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX
antenna then click on START
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. Now repeat for CROSS-POLARIZTION of antenna and observe the plot.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout whenever
required.

Example

TX RX Transmitter Receiver
CABLE
antenna antenna input output
Planner E-Horn Source Detector SMA To
Dipole (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable

QTY =1
I
QTY=1 I QTY =1 QTY=1 QTY=2
I I I I , • • _ 0 _ _ _ ._ •• - I I

e RADIATION PATTERN
: :.9;t:0::=-;~::;;;:==========::::-lA

49

E HORN
E.xPER\MEN\ NO. 5"
RADIATION PATTERN OF ALL PLANAR (MICROSTRIP) ANTENNA

OBJECTIVE:
To plot the radiation pattern of all PLANAR ( MICROSTRIP) antenna and observe its
parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX RX Transmitter Receiver CABLE

Antenna antenna input output
PLANAR Any PLANAR Source Detector SMA To
DIPOLE antenna (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable

QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SET UP ARRANGEMENT:
PROCEDURE:
A ,-.._.8. .. _ LL _ _ _ . ___ ._~ ______ .J.. ________ 1_______ ?. r. _ .t
I. vt;l Up lilt; t;Xpt;IIlTlt;[ll a:S pel ~mown Hl figure aOOV8.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult

theory for details.
3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX
antenna then click on START
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. Now repeat for CROSS-POLARIZTION of antenna and observe the plot.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout whenever
required.
Example 1)

TX RX Transmitter Receiver CABLE

antenna antenna input output
Planar Dipole 2 X 1 Array Source Detector SMA To
(RF out) (RF input) SMA cable

QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

?}O
EXAMPLE 2)

TX RX Transmitter Receiver CABLE

antenna antenna input outQut
Planar Dipole Insert feed Source Detector SMA To
(RF out) (RF input) SMA cable

OTY=1 OTY=1 OTY=1 OTY=1 OTY=2

• RADIATION PATTERN
Example 3)
-_. ... __.. --~ . "'----- .
TX RX Transmitter Receiver CABLE
antenna antenna input output
Detector SMA To
Planner TMSA Source
(RF input) SMA cable
Dipole (RF out)

QTY=1 OTY=1 OTY=1 OTY=1 OTY=2

• RADIATION PATTERN

TMSA
270
Example 4)
. ---
TX RX Transmitter Receiver ,I CABLE I
antenna antenna input output

Planner Angular ring Source Detector SMA To

Dipole (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable
... - -
...

QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

• RADIATION PATTERN

90.

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
180 60

:>70
Example 5)
-------- --------------
1-TX - RX Transmitter Receiver CABLE
antenna antenna input output
Planner CMSA Source Detector SMA To
Dipole (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

90

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
'180 60
EXPERIMENT NO. ,

RADIATION PATTERN OF ALL REFLECTOR ANTENNA

OBJECTIVE

To plot the radiation pattern of all REFLECTOR antenna and observe its
parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX RX Transmitter Receiver CABLE

Antenna antenna input output --
Wire DIPOLE Any Source .. Detector SMA To
REFLECTOR (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable
antenna

QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SET UP ARRANGEMENT:

Corner
Reflector
 PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.
2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult
theory for details.
3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
'",

on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX
antenna then click on START
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. Now repeat for CROSS-POLARiZTiON of antenna and observe the plot.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout whenever
required.

Example

TX RX Transmitter Receiver CABLE

antenna antenna input output
Wire Dipole Corner Source Detector SMA To
reflector (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable

QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

• RADIATION PATTERN:

5
!O
IS
20
25
30
35
~o

.5
so
55
180 60
EXPERIMENT NO.1

RADIATION PATTERN OF ALL ARRAY ANTENNA

OBJECTIVE

To plot the radiation pattern of all ARRAY antenna and observe its parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX
Antenna
RX
antenna
'.'-
". ----- . .----_...- .....
Transmitter
_i~~! ____
Receiver
output
CABLE
l
Wire DIPOLE Any ARRAY Source Detector SMA To
antenna (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable

OTY =1 OTY=1 OTY=1 OTY=1 QTY=2

SET UP ARRANGEMENT:

Array
Antenna
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.
2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult
theory for details.
3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX
antenna then click on START
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. Now repeat for CROSS-POLARIZTION of antenna and observe the plot.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout whenever
required.
Example 1)
TX RX Transmitter Receiver CABLE
antenna antenna input output
Wire Dipole Broadside Source Detector SMA To
array (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable

QTY=1 QTY=l QTY=l QTY=l QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:
EXAMPLE 2)

I :~tenna
IRX Transmitter Receiver CABLE
I antenna input output
I Wire Dipole End fire Source Detector SMA To
I (RF out) (RF input) SMA cable
I
!OTY =1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2
---'

RADIATION PATTERN:

5
10
IS
20
2S
30
35
40
'IS
so
55
180 60

270 POLAR PLOT

EXPERIMENT NO.8

CO-POLARIZATION AND CROSS-POLARIZATIION

OBJECTIVE
To observe the effect of CO-POLARIZATION and CROSS-POLARIZATIION sing
vertical and horizontal polarization of antenna.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX RX Transmitter Receiver
CABLE
antenna antenna input output
-~ - --
1. WIRE DIPOLE 1. Any WIRE Source Detector TcSMA
2. PLANAR(Microstrip) antenna (RF out) (RF input) ~able
DIPOLE 2. Any
MICROSTRIP
antenna
_.. _- I
r---- QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY =1 QTY=2
I

PROCEDURE:

CO-POLARIZATION:

Circular Loop
Antenna
 1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.
2. Set transmitting as well as receiving antenna in same polarization i.e.
VERTICAUHORIZONTAL.
3. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult
theory for details of far field region.
4. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
5. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
6. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX
(either WIRE or PLANAR) antenna then click on START
7. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
8. After completing it will plot the readings.

CROSS POLARIZATION:
Circular Loop
Antenna

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set transmitting as well as receiving antenna in opposite/different
polarization i.e. VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL.
3. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult
theory for details of far field region.
 4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.
5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CROSS-POLARIZATION, select RX
(either WIRE or PLANAR) antenna then click on START.
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. After completing it will plot the readings.
8. Observe the effect of change in polarization of antenna.

EXAMPLE:

TX antenna RX antenna TX frequency Separation Measurement

Planar Co polarization
RMSA 2428MHz 60cm
Dipole Cross-Polarization

I
IC

" I
" I
"
"
"
.1(

<t

"
«

Co-Polarization Cross-Polarization
jIntenna design - }ldditiona{{a6 course <Department oftECE

EXPERIMENT NO.9

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA USING CST TOOL

1. Accessing CST MWS

a. From start menu select Programs> CST STUDIO SUITE 2006 > CST
DESIGN ENVIRONMENT

b. The main window s~own in Fig. 1 will be opened

c. From the main window click on "CST Microwave Studio" icon then click
OK

Fig. 1 CST main window

d. A new pop-up window called "Create a New project" will appear, from this
window that shown in Fig. 2 you can select the type of project you are
working on, i.e. Antenna (on planar substrate) in case of designing a
CFanimahr tE11fJineering Co{kge
 n_. r· ""rr'.' rrr
fin~Cnlla aesl{jll - /WalilOllat UlV course (j)epartment ofr£(!E

microstrip patch antenna or Antenna In free space In case of designing a

dipole or a monopole.

Note: the purpose .li"OJ1l selecling the project type is to adjllst the bOlindary
condition .automatically, if you don 'f like this YOU can select "None" and YOLI
~ '.. ~

can adjust the houndary conditions later.

Fig. 2 Create new project window

e. After click on OK the main layout window will appear as shown in Fig. 3.
Now we need to give a name to the project and save it.

f. From Main Menu select> File> Save as, now you should write the name of
your project in the specified area e.g. "Rectangular Patch" as shown in Fig. 4

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)1.ntenna aesign - )1.£tfitiona{fa6 course ([)epartment of£O£

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jerint ...
Print Preview
Print Setup ...

Distributed Computing ...

Preferences ...
license ...
Project Info.

Recent Files .::J

.. :~: n~~--;;:';'tjiihf~./;.;:,;::t~::;~·
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Fig. 4 Saving the working project

([>animafar engineering Co{{ege

Antenna aesiyn- fiaaiiiulla[[aD course

2. Rectangular patch antenna design

Step I specifying the project units

From main menu select> Solve> Units, then from the units window select
the dimensions to be in mm, Frequency in GHz and time to be in ns as shown in
Fig.5.

Fig. 5 Main units definition

Panimafar f£ngineering Co[fege

)1.ntenna design - )1.dditiona[[a6 course ([)epartment of~CE

.Step 2 Assiglling the Backgrollnd material

From main menu select> Solve> Background Material, Now a new

window called "Background properties" will pop up. Choose Material type to be
normal and keep all other parameters as the defaults as shown in Fig. 6

r Multiple Iaye,~,
f."

Fig. 6 Background material definition

Step 3 Antenna substrate definition

From main menu select > Objects > Basic Shapes > Brick, Then double
click on the working area and drag the mouse and double click again to end the
drawing mode. Now a new window called "Brick" will appear, from this window
that shown in Fig.7 you can adjust the required dimensions of the substrate, its
name and its material.
In this project we need to adjust the substrate dimensions to be 100* 100
mm 2 by changing Xmin to be -50 and Xnwx to be 50 and Ymin to be -50 and Ymax
to be 50. And in this example we will choose the thickness of the substrate to be
1.575 mm, so change Zmin to be -1.575 and Zmax to be O.
For the substrate material we need to change it to RT 5880 (£r=2.2) to do that
click on the material select box and choose "Load from material library" then
select the material stated before as shown in Fig.8

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Fig. 7 Substrate definition

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Fig. 8 Changing the Material of the substrate to RT 5880

PanimaCar tEngineering co[rege

)Intenna aesign - )Iatfitiona{(n6 course ([)epartment ojrtCE

Step 4 Alltenna grollnd defillition

For the antenna ground you need to create another brick "same as stated
before" with a very thin thickness (I choose it to be 0.1 mm) as shown in Fig.9 and
change its matelial to be copper

Fig. 9 Adding the ground plane of the antenna

Step 5 Drawing the radiating patch

To draw a rectangular patch create another brick with the following

parameters Xmin = (-49.412), Xmax = (49.412) and Ymin = (-41.312), Ymax = 50.
And Zmin = 0, Zmax = 0.1 and assign its material to be copper as shown in Fig.10.

Step 6 Drawing illsetfeed slot

Create a brick with the following parameters Xmin = (-41.312), Xmax =

(41.312 +14.5) and Ymin = -3.5, Ymax = 3.5. And Zmin = 0, Zmax = 0.1 and assign
its material to be copper as shown in Fig.II.

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)1.ntenna design - )ldditionoJfa6 course CDepartment oftE(!E

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Fig. 10 Drawing the radiator patch

Fig.II Drawing the inset feed slot

Panimafar tE1lIJineering Co({ege

)Intenna design - )Idditiona{t:a6 course ([)epartment ofCEC£

Step 7 Cutting the inset feed slot from the patch

a. From the left pane click on "Componentl" to show all the components of your
projects
b. Click on patch to select it
c. Click on "Boolean subtract (-)" icon from the toolbar, see Fig. 12
d. Now, click on slot and press enter key, see Fig. 13
e. You should now see something looks like Fig. 14

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Fig. 12 Cutting the inset feed slot from the patch (a,b,c)

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Fig. 13 Cutting the inset feed slot from the patch (d)

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Fig. l4 Cutting the inset feed slot from the patch (e)

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}lntenna design - }ldditiona{{a6 course ([)epartment ojf£Cf£

Step 8 Drawing the 50 ohm feed Line

Create a brick with the following parameters Xmin = (-4.85/2), Xmax =

(4.85/2) and Ymin = -50, Ymax = 0. And Zmin = 0, Zmax = 0.1 and assign its
material to be copper as shown in Fig.IS.

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Fig.IS Drawing the 50 ohm feed line

Panimawr f£ngineering Correge

/lntenna desiBn - fi£ditiona[[au course {j)epartment ojCECE

Step 9 A1erging the feed line with the patch

a. From the left pane under "Component 1" sub-menu click on Feed/ine then hold
the ctrl key in the keyboard and click on Patch to select both of them
b. From the toolbar click on "Boolean add (+)", see Fig.16
c. Now they are merged together and become one component as shown in Fig.17

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Fig.16 Merging the feed line with the patch

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Fig.I7 The feed line and the patch after merging

Step 10 Defining the wave port for the antenna

a. From main menu select> Solve> waveguide ports or by click on waveguide

ports icon in the toolbar
b. From the waveguide port window select Nonnal to be Y
c. Select free in the position box and enter the following dimensions for the wave
port: Xmin = -20, Xmax = 20 and Zmin = -1.575, Zmax = 10
d. Check "free normal position" in position box and change Ypos to be -50 as
shown in Fig.I8
e. After you click ok you should see port 1 defined as shown in Fig. 19

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Antenna d"esign - fidJ'iiiorw{[a6 course (f)epartment off£QE

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Fig.IS Definition of the wave port

Fig.19 Definition of the wave port

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Step 11 Defining the simulatioll frequency range

a. From main menu select> Solve> Frequency or by click on frequency range

icon in the toolbar
b. Enter the frequency range of your simulation as Fmin = 1, Fmax=5 then click ok

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Step 12 Adding radiation patteI'll alld sllIface current to your simulation results

a. From main menu select> Solve> Field Monitors or by click on field monitors
icon in the toolbar
b. From Monitor window select FaifieldiRCS for plotting the radiation pattern and
type the monitoring frequency (in this example it is 2.4 GHz) then click apply
as shown in Fig.21
c. To plot the surface current distribution select H-fieldiSurface current and type
the monitoring frequency then click apply

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Fig.21 Adding radiation pattern(s) and surface current to the simulation results

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Step 13 RUllning the simulation

a. From main menu select> Solve> Transient solver or by click on Transient

solver icon in the toolbar
b. Form transient solver window you can adjust the solver accuracy "the error
margin" in this example I choose it to be -30 dB then click start as shown 10
Fig.22

Fig.22 Running the transient solver

Notes:
I. Increasing the accuracy resulting ill stmve,. simulation
2. There are nwre soh'ers ill CST package like freqllenC}' domain solver and eigen
mode soh'er but in this example we choose only the transient solver to be presented

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Step 14 Displaying the siuwlatioll results

a. To show the S- parameter curves (i.e. linear, dB, phase, smith chart, ..... ) go to the
left pane then click on J D Results then select the curve you want to display as
shown in Fig.23
b. To show the current distribution plots go to the left pane then click on 2D/3D
Results then select Surface current> h-fields as shown in Fig.24
c. To show the radiation pattem(s) plots go to the left pane then click on 2D/3D
Results then select Farfields > farfield (f=2.4) as shown in Fig.25

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Step 15 Displaying the post processing results

a. To show some post processed results (i.e. VSWR, Z-parameters, group

delay, ....... ) go to the main menu> Template based postprocessing as shown in
Fig.2S
b. From Template based postprocessing window select the graph you want to display
(in this example I pick VSWR) then click Evaluate as shown in Fig.26
c. Now, go to the left pane then select 1D Results> Tables> 1 D results> VSWR to
show the plot as shown in Fig. 27

Fig.2S Displaying the post processing results (a)

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Fig.27 Displaying the post processing results (c)

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EXPERIMENT NO.10

MEASUREMENTS OF ANTENNA PARAMETERS USING

NETWORK ANALYZER
The vector network analyzer, VNA is a fonn of RF network analyzer widely used for RF
design applications. A vector network analyzer is a test system that enables the RF performance
of radio frequency (RF) and microwave devices to be characterized in tenns of network
scattering parameters, or S parameters. The infonnation provided by the vector network analyzer
VNA is then used to ensure that the RF design of the circuit is optimized to provide the best
perfonnance.
There are two types of Network Analyzers - scalar and vector. The scalar network
analyzer provides essentially the same information as a swept spectrum analyzer with a return
loss bridge, and is thus not a robust tool as the vector network analyzer or VNA. Vector
analyzers measure both magnitude and phase of the response, from \:\/hich all of the, important
other data fonnats can be mathematically calculated.
The basis of the calculations in the VNA 1S S-parameters. S-parameters work by
characterizing a network, in this case an antenna or RF system, through the use of matched loads
instead of open and/or short circuit conditions. It is much simpler to characterize a resistive load
across a wide range of frequencies than it is to accurately represent a true open or short circuit
condition. For broadcasting applications S 11 and S 12 are much focused. The S 12 case arises
when examining the insertion characteristics of filters or combiners, and is the response looking
from port 1 through port 2 of the system. The S 11 case is the response when the reflected signal
at the input is compared to the incident signal, which is the measurement mode used when
viewing what is seen by the transmitter.

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 Antenna desigll - Atfcfitional fa6 course ([)epartment ojf£CE

The VNA will usually only provide information in the frequency domain. A plot in the
frequency domain will have frequency on the horizontal or X axis and the magnitude of a
particular quantity on the Y or vertical axis. Parameters such as VSWR, return loss, the linear
magnitude of the reflection coefficient, and phase can easily be viewed. When the magnitude and
phase are combined, polar return loss and the Smith chart can be obtained. These latter two
formats will qualitatively indicate which end of the system a problem is occurring.
In the time domain mode, the horizontal axis of Cartesian plots becomes time, while the
vertical axis remains in terms of magnitude. Since it takes a finite amount of time for a signal to
propagate through a transmission line, a particular "time" of interest is directly relatable to
distance down the line. The time domain information is mathematically generated through the
application of the inverse Fourier transform to the magnitude and phase acquired at each
individual swept frequency. The result is that through the proper seiection of measurement
frequencies, an issue in a system can be located with very good accuracy.
To adequately depict the condition of an antenna system both the frequency and time
domain must be considered. Frequency domain data provides a view of what the transmitter is
actually seeing. The time domain data allows anomalies in the transmission line and the
magnitude of the far end reflection, which was very important in analog television, to be
quantified.

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