√ Christopher Colombus landing in the new world (1492) had dramatic consequences :

- Western europeans communities

- Agrarian societies (society in which the main activity is agriculture)

- Improved farming methods

Livestocks : water mills,
Iron plows,
Harnessing ox and horse power
Crop rotation = increased productivity = Population tripled between 1000 and 1300

- Patrilocal societies

- Feudalism : landowning lords vs landless peasants

- Christians (roman catholic church)

- Contrast between the doctrine and the realities of catholic church

- Love of Gof, neighbor, and the fellowship versus the landownership;

√ Technological developments in the renaissance (1300s and 1400s)

- Portuguese studied seagering technics of Asia and athe Muslim world

√ Columbian Exchange
1. Definition

It is the circulation of plants, human beings, animals, and diseases between the old world
(Africa, Asian, Europe) and the new world (America), following the arrival of Christopher
Colombus in the Americas in 1492.

2. Consequences
- Decimated 90℅
- Enslavement of American and after African populations
- European migration

√ Settling colonialism (England)

1. England in Chesapeake
- Tobacco, expansion and conflict
- Tobacco, the merchantable good
- First commercial shipments to England after 1613; first ROI of Virginia Co.
- Environmental impact; expansion into native American territory
- Labor-intensive crop : headright grants attracted 4500+ English settlers (many poor and
desparate people) (1619 to1624).
- Low population growth
- Focus on agriculture : no trade with Native Americans
- Good Friday uprising (workers revolted because of their condition (1622 to 1632) :
Virginia Co. goes bankrupt
- 1624 : Virginia becomes a royal colony
- Algonquians deccimated by disease and war; peace treaty (1645); granted reserves (one
part for native Americans and the other part for English)

A) Jamestown
- Royal charters by king James I (1603) to control a part of south America.
- Capital venture (virginia company)
- 100 men built a fort named Jamestown
- Local naive population : algonquians
- Early experience with spanish
- Agency : trade and military alliance
- The English and work : dependence on the native Americans who gived not enough food
to them; conflict (1609); starvation (winter 1609) which leads English to cannibalism and
near extinction.
- Reinforcements sent; control (1613); peace treaty (1614)

B) Maryland
- Land grant to the calverts (1632)
- Proprietary colony to generate rents
- Appointement of civil servants
- Catholic owners (calverts), encouraged catholic settlers
- Wealthy catholic landlords in govern council
- Headright grants to attract men from England : quick expansion

C) Indentured servants
- 75℅ of the English who traveled to America ; Young, unskilled males
- Fixed-term contract (2 to 7 years; until to 21 years for children); lengthened if servant
attempts to escape
- 40℅ death rate before end of term
- Masters' obligations : clothing, food, housing
- Extremely harsh work conditions; cruelties
- Freedom dues
- Indenture servitude

D) Life in the Chesapeake

- Demographics : more women than men
- Higher male mortality rate
- Marriage conditions favorable to women
- Drab living conditions
- Few schools and churches
- Little interactions with native Americans

√ New england colonies

1. Puritanism
- English followers of John Calvin; aimed to purify church of England from within
- Gained promine'ce in the last years of Elisabeth I
- Values : entreprise and hard work; appealing to merchants, entrepreners farmers; favored
rural community life, abhorred idle, masterless men
- Monitored their members' behaviors
- Influental at oxford and cambridge by the 17th century
- No religion toleration under King James I : persecution of puritans
- Puritans turned more political, more vocal : coE too catholic
- Critical of Charles I : 1629 : parliament dissolving
- Emigration to N E

... is the trafic conflict erupted in 1637 resulting of the tension between the indians and the
english settlers from Massac

A) Plymouth and Mayflower compact

- Pilgrims : pioneer colonists in NE; religious dissenters ; English separatists
- Migrations : to Holland, then America; keader : William Bradford
- Mayflower (9/1620), landed in Massachusets ; mayflower compact (11/1620)
- Disease and malnutrition; food and advice for military alliance
- Colony produced little for export : failure for investors

B) Life in New England

- Families, few servants
- Family managed liked a kingdom
- Arranged marriages
- Economic decline in the 1640s : diversification : farming, fishing, lumbering, shipping,
fleet, intercontinental trade
- Education as a requirementas of 1647 : higher literacy rate in NE than elsewhere and in
much of Europe
- Gender-based access to education

C) Gender in Massachusets
- Puritans stressed orderliness in family and community life
- Submission of women to men : high birth rate (8 children by age of 40)
- Centralized communities with a leader
- Gender-based division of farm labor
- Women's economic and social role

D) Dissent among colonists

- Puritans lacked religious toleration
- Discontent over lack of of female suffrage in decision making (Thomas Hooker) : creation
of Hartford (1636)
- Discontent over lack of religious toleration and of secular state over Indian dispossession
(Roger Williams) : creation of providence (1636)

√ Slavery and Empire

1. The beginnings of African slavery
- Okd tradition of household slavery in Mediterranean bassin; war captives
15th century slaves : slavs, Arabs, and Africans (by Genese and venetians); Enslavement of
Christians was immoral.

Portugese efforts to access lucrative trade in west Africans by Moors.

Africans slavery vs European/Arab slavery.

1. Sugar and slavery

- Before 1492 : Africans slaves portugese sugar plantations; inhiman treatment.
- After Colombus : sugar cane introduced from Africa; use of Native American slaves but
their population shrank because of disease and warfare.
- Technological improvement(horse-powered mill; 1510) fuel demand for slaves
- From luxury item to staple for European masses; associated with proletarian hunger-
killers; expansion throughout the tropics (dutch); emulated by English(Jamaica, 1655)

2. The African slave trade

Atlantic slave trade : largest forced human migration ever (11M in four centuries)
Africans largest group

The shock of enslavement

- Slave trade implied collaboration between European and African traders; African
stakeholders left with raiding
- Africans enslaved after wars, raids, and kidnapping; deeper raids in the 18th century
because of growing demand
- Trauma of capture
- Separation of families and ethnicities in the slave ports : no collective resistance
- Middle passage was the voyage that take African captives from the African coast to
America to be exploited in plantations. (There were individual form of resistance)
3. North American slave societies

A) Slavery comes to North America

- Slaves represented 11℅ in British colonies in 1770); 20℅ in 1777
- First African in Jamestown in 1619; first slaves were indventured servants (Eg: VA)
- Former slaves became slave owners; interracial sex not forbidden : mulattoes
- Factors boosting African slavery : scarity of candidates for indentured servitude (in PA for
eg., Europeans could settle as free farmers); trauma of the Bacon rebellion in the 1670s;
increasing life expectancy for Africans : gradual replacement of indentured servants by
African slaves.
- New laws regarding slavery : Children inherited the status of their mothers (VA, 1662);
baptism no longer hindered servitude (1667) the Virginia slave code (1705).
- Under Chattel slavery, Africans became material property.

4. Americanization of Africans

Daily life
- Rural life, fields hands, a few domestic servants, specialized labor in 18th C.
- Rude clothing, hand-me-down clothes, improved diet of pork and corn by fishing and
hunting
- Autonomous cultural life

Families and communities

- No possibility of official marriages, but stanles families created by the 1730s in the
Chesapeake and lower south
- Men and women on same or neighboring plantations married with master's permission;
ceremony among themselves
- Children named after grandparents and kin; weekday names; anglo names
- Centrality of kinship, fictive kinship (uncle; auntie)
B) Culture
- Stable demography with Creole slaves provided basis for cultural evolution (merging of
different cultures)
- Distinctives patterns in music, dance, religion, speech and oral tradition
- Excluded from realm of Christianism until the great awakening (1760s)
- Separate graveyards; rituals; decoration African; spirit/soul returned to Africa
- Dance as a funeral ritual (circle dance); repoduction of African instruments; drums
outlawed; burial at night because masters objected to African rites
- Birth of an African American language (18th C.) : Black English
- Mutual acculturation of Africans and Whites : cuisine, medication, music

C) Violence and resistance

- Violence = foundation of slavery ; a dehumanizing process
- Punishments : flogginhg, extra work, public humiliation, solitary confinement, castration,
mutilation, rape, maiming, burning
- Resistance strategy : Malingering, mistreating tools and animals, destroying property,
running away, marooning, revolting, stealing; cases in the lower south : 1704, 1720; 1730,
1738)
- Stono rebellion (9/1739), New york (1712)

D) slavery and freedom

- Improving living conditions of White society
- Social structure of slave societies