CLARENDON COLLEGE

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

Tel fax: (043)289-7056 / admin@clarendonph.com

HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Subject English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Grade Level-Section/ Grade 11 STEM/Gregorio Y. Zara
Class/Strand Grade 11 HUMSS/Ben Cabrera
Teacher CHRISTINE LYNN R. PANGANIBAN
Module No. & Title Unit II: Writing Academic Papers
Module 13: Proofreading: Writing Mechanics
Module 14: Gathering Data
Module 15: Avoiding Plagiarism
Duration Week 29: March 21-25, 2022
Reference Materials DIWA Senior High School Series: English for Academic and Professional Purposes
Pages 115-136
Lecture Materials Format Printed, PDF

DESCRIPTION
Writing is a challenging communication skill essential in surviving in the academe and succeeding in the
workplace. It is appalling to note that some high school graduates and even some professionals have poor writing skills.
But the good news is that writing skills can be improved by regular practice and determination.

LESSON OBJECTIVE
At the end of this lesson, student should be able to:
 Uses knowledge of text structure to glean the information he/she needs (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-4);
 Uses various techniques in summarizing a variety of academic texts (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-4); and
 States the thesis statement of an academic text (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-6).

Module 13 Proofreading Writing Mechanics

The postwriting stage in the writing process is revising and proofreading one's own work (and that other people). In the last
module, common lapses in grammar and sentence structure were discussed.
In this module, we will discuss other important things that you should keep in mind while proofreading: spelling,
punctuation, capitalization, and abbreviation.
For spelling, commonly misspelled and/or misused words will be discussed. There are some confusing words in English there
are words that sound the same but are spelled differently. Then there are words that almost sound the same and spelled in almost the
same way and yet when you interchange their usage, they will give your sentence or message a different meaning.
Punctuation marks are very powerful. In fact, one mistake can lead to a mishap or misunderstanding because they can change
the meaning of a sentence. The most frequently used punctuation mark is the period, which indicates the end of thought in a single
sentence. However, there are also other punctuation marks that we use within the sentence, and these are the ones that, when used
effectively, can bring out the clear meaning of a sentence in a smooth discourse.
On the other hand, correct capitalization and abbreviation will give your writing a smooth and flawless finish. Capital letters
used at the beginning of a sentence indicates the start of a new sentence. The first letter of a word when capitalized indicates a proper
noun. Some words can be abbreviated but should be done so correctly. There are words that can be appropriately abbreviated, and
there are standardized forms of abbreviations for them. Do not create your own abbreviations.
Follow all the guidelines set in this module and abide within these parameters. Then you will notice a great improvement in
your writing.

Commonly Misspelled Words

There are words in English that can be confusing. Some of these words are the ones with contractions. Look at the next table.

Commonly Misspelled Words with and without Contractions Equivalent Spelled out Words without
Contractions
were we're we are
your you’re you are
his he’s he is
their they’re they are
its it's it is

To lessen your confusion, spell out the contracted word and see if it is grammatically correct. For example, let's look at the
sentence "It's amazing!" Spell out the contracted word "It's" to "It is amazing," and you will see that the sentence is grammatically
correct; therefore, the word to use should be the contracted word “it’s” and not "its."
Another example is if you are going to write "We're/Were going home," which word will make the sentence grammatically
correct? Spell it out in your head. “We are going home" is the one that will make your sentence grammatically correct, so use "we’re"
instead of "were."
Big Idea: Knowing how to properly use contractions will help you improve your writing.
 Aside from contractions, here is a table of commonly misspelled or misused words. Their definitions are also given so you
can differentiate the two.

Word 1 Meaning Word 2 Meaning

accept to agree to receive or do except not including
adverse unfavorable, harmful averse strongly disliking; opposed
advice recommendations about what to do advise to recommend something
affect to change or make a difference to effect a result; to bring about a result
aisle a passage between rows of seats isle an island
all together all in one place, all at once altogether completely; on the whole
along moving or extending horizontally on a long referring to something of great length
aloud out loud allowed permitted
altar a sacred table in a church alter to change
amoral not concerned with right or wrong immoral not following accepted moral standards
appraise to assess apprise to inform someone
assent agreement, approval ascent the action of rising or climbing up
aural relating to the ears or hearing oral relating to the mouth; spoken
balmy pleasantly warm barmy foolish, crazy
bare naked; to uncover bear to carry; to put up with
bated in phrase "with bated breath" (i.e., in baited with bait attached or inserted
great suspense)
bazaar a Middle Eastern market bizarre strange
berth a bunk in a ship, train, etc. birth the emergence of a baby from the womb
born having started life borne carried
bough a branch of a tree bow to bend the head; the front of a ship
brake a device for stopping a vehicle; to stop a break to separate into pieces; a pause
vehicle
breach to break through, or break a rule; a gap breech the back part of a gun barrel
broach to raise a subject for discussion brooch a piece of jewelry
canvas a type of strong cloth canvass to seek people's votes
censure to criticize strongly censor to ban parts of a book or film; a person
who does this
cereal a grass producing an edible grain; a serial happening in a series
breakfast food made from grains
chord a group of musical notes cord a length of string; a cord-like body part
climactic forming a climax climatic relating to climate
coarse rough course a direction; a school subject; part of a
meal
complacent smug and self-satisfied complaisant willing to please
complement to add to so as to improve; an addition compliment to praise or express approval; an
that improves something admiring remark
council a group of people who manage or advise counsel advice; to advise
cue a signal for action; a wooden rod queue a line of people or vehicles
curb to keep something in check; a control or kerb (in British English) the stone edge of a
limit pavement
currant a dried grape current happening now; a flow of water, air, or
electricity
defuse to make a situation less tense diffuse to spread over a wide area
desert a waterless, empty area; to abandon dessert the sweet course of a meal
someone
discreet careful not to attract attention discrete separate
disinterested uninterested; impartial; not interested uninterested not interested
draught a current of air draft a first version of a piece of writing
draw an even score at the end of a game drawer a sliding storage compartment
dual having two parts duel a fight or contest between two people
elicit to draw out a reply or reaction to make illicit not allowed by law or rules
certain that something will happen
ensure to make certain that something will insure to provide compensation if a person dies
happen or property is damaged
envelop to cover or surround envelope a paper container for a letter
exercise physical activity: to do physical activity exorcise to drive out an evil spirit
fawn a young deer, light brown faun a mythical being, part man, part goat
flaunt to display ostentatiously flout to disregard a rule
flounder to move clumsily; to have difficulty founder to fail
doing something
forbear to refrain forebear an ancestor
foreword an introduction to a book forward onwards, ahead
freeze to turn to ice frieze a decoration along a wall
grisly gruesome, revolting grizzly a type of bear
hoard a store horde a large crowd of people
imply to suggest indirectly infer to draw a conclusion
 loath reluctant, unwilling loathe to hate
loose to unfasten; to set free lose to be deprived of; to be unable to find
meter a measuring device metre a metric unit; rhythm in verse
militate to be a powerful factor against mitigate to make less severe
palate the roof of the mouth palette a board for mixing colors
pedal a foot-operated lever peddle to sell goods
pole a long, slender piece of wood poll voting in an election
pour to flow or cause to flow pore a tiny opening; to study something
closely
practice the use of an idea or method; the work or practise to do something repeatedly to gain skill;
business of a doctor, dentist, etc. to do something regularly
prescribe to authorize use of medicine; to order proscribe to officially forbid something
authoritatively
principal most important; the head of a school principle a fundamental rule or belief
sceptic a person inclined to doubt septic infected with bacteria
sight the ability to see site a location
stationary not moving stationery writing materials
storey a level of a building story a tale or account
titillate to arouse interest titivate to make more attractive
tortuous full of twists; complex torturous full of pain or suffering
wreath a ring-shaped arrangement of flowers, wreathe to surround or encircle
etc.

Source: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/commonly-confused-words (accessed 14 October 2015)

Beyond Walls 13.1 Go Online

Visit http://www.playbuzz.com/toddbv10/can-you-correctly-use-these-commonlymisused-words (accessed on 14 October 2015).
Answer the quiz to improve your skills.

Punctuation Marks
Perhaps the most basic punctuation mark is the period. But it is interesting to note that even with the basic rule of placing the
period at the end of a sentence, many students still forget to follow this rule. Always remember to complete the thought or the idea in
your sentence, and then place a period at the end of it. The only time a period is not used in a sentence is when you are writing a
question or when you are expressing a very strong idea or feelings (and you use an exclamatory point instead). Thus, we will no
longer have a separate discussion about the use of a period.
In this module, we shall discuss the comma, the colon, and the semicolon. Using these punctuation marks effectively will
improve your sentence structure and writing style.

Comma Rules
Commas are not used because there should be a break or pause in your sentence. Make sure that you know the reason or the
rule for placing a comma. Here are basic rules in using a comma.

 Use commas to separate items in a series.

I'd like to buy apples, oranges, lemons, and mangoes.
 Use commas to separate independent clauses.
I took the challenge, so you should not be scared to try it, too.
 Use a comma after an introductory clause or dependent clause.
Therefore, all things have worked as planned.
 Use commas in direct address.
David, please leave the room.
 Use commas to set off appositives.
Rosemarie, the best aunt ever, sent me a ticket to Canada.

Semicolon Rules
A semicolon adds flavor in your writing style. It cannot always replace a period; however, it can be used to shorten the gap
between two short sentences with parallel thoughts.
The curtain closed; the audience clapped.

 A semicolon is also placed before conjunctions such as "however," "therefore," and "furthermore."
Gerald knows the truth; however, he remained quiet during the entire time of investigation.

 A semicolon is placed in a series when the series contains commas.

I have been to Sarrat, Ilocos Dorte; Legazpi, Albay; and Mambajao, Camiguin.

Capitalization and Abbreviation

The rules in capitalization and abbreviation are very simple, but you should keep them in mind every time you write. The
most basic rule of capitalization is to capitalize the first letter of the first word of every sentence. You should also capitalize all proper
nouns and proper adjectives.
There is no specific rule on how to abbreviate words, and remember that not all words can be abbreviated. Words that are
usually abbreviated are names of places such as countries, streets, and provinces, units of measurement, and titles. If you are not sure
regarding the abbreviation of something, check the dictionary or the app that you have downloaded earlier.

Big Idea: Academic papers make use of correct capitalization and abbreviation rules.
 Extend Your Knowledge
Visit http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/clause-phrase.asp (accessed on 14 October 2015) for more grammar rules and
writing mechanics.
Big Idea: Like in grammar rules, you must also be aware of the different writing mechanics. They are used for academic and
professional purposes.

ESSENTIAL LEARNING
Learn to proofread your own write-up before you submit any of your work. Your work is a mirror of yourself, and it tells the
reader a lot about you. In proofreading your own work, you should also look for common lapses in writing mechanics such as spelling,
punctuation, capitalization, and abbreviation.
It takes patience and constant exposure to these things to imbibe them. If you are not sure with anything, you can always use
the dictionary or your downloaded mobile apps.

Module 14 GATHERING DATA

At the end of this module, I can:

 Apply the principles of writing effectively;
 Cite specific sources to support claims;
 Gather manifestoes and analyze the arguments used by the writer(s);
 Classify the source of a data into primary source or secondary source; and
 Handle and interpret information accurately in data gathering.

The content of your writing must be filled with substantial information. Don't write from the top of your head, especially if
the paper is not to be written and submitted on the spot. A paper given as an assignment is expected to be better and carefully thought
of since you had so much time to write it.
One way of filling your paper with substantial information is to do thorough research. Do not trust your stock knowledge
alone, even though you probably know a lot of things. In writing academic papers, you have to check or find sources that will agree
with your stock knowledge and then cite these sources.
So it's time for you to gather data. You should be able to answer these questions during this process:

 Where do you gather data?

 What are the available resources?
 How do you know if the available resources are reliable?

In this module, you will first identify the types of sources available for you when you go out and gather data or information
for your paper. Then you will classify these sources of data into primary and secondary sources. You will also look at the validity and
reliability of sources because not all sources, especially those from the Internet, are to be trusted.
Then you will look at the different ways by which you can gather data. Data are very important; however, you should handle
them carefully and interpret them accurately.

Sources of Data: Primary and Secondary

In writing papers, you need to gather information from various sources. There are three major sources of information-- the
library, the Internet, and the field (as in field research). Your writing will be even more effective if you can get balanced inputs from
these three sources.

Primary Sources of Data

Primary sources are raw data collected firsthand by the researchers or writers done through field research. These data can be
gathered through surveys, interviews, direct observations, experiments, etc. The writer/researcher has the freedom to design the tool
that would elicit the specific information needed for the output. The challenge in gathering primary data is the design of the process or
methodology for conducting it. Data from primary sources must be handled carefully and interpreted accurately. Data from primary
sources can be supported by data from secondary sources.

Secondary Sources of Data

Secondary sources of data abound anywhere in printed and electronic forms. Printed forms of secondary sources of data are
books, articles, journals, magazines, records, and so on. The electronic forms of secondary sources are, of course, from the Internet
where you can download e-books, e-journals, and e-magazines. A lot of information can also be gathered from Web sites, online
forums, and blogs. You can also get information from images or pictures, videos, and multimedia formats.
Online sources, such as PDF-based publications (e-journals) and several credible Web sites are the best sources of
information available.

Big Idea: Sources of data could either be primary or secondary. Be sure that you know how to distinguish primary from
secondary sources.

A word of caution, though, in the use of Internet sources: you should make sure that you choose reliable sites only. Choose
sites that are well-known for they are the ones that are often reliable. On the other hand, you should also be aware that, because of
advertisements, even the most reliable sites can be biased. Ask yourself and find out if information published on a Web site is not
favorable to a certain product being advertised.
For example, an article published on a certain Web site claims that kidneys need vitamins. If the writer endorses a vitamin
product at the end of the article, then you already know that the aim of the article is not to convince you that kidneys need vitamins,
but to make you buy a certain product and thereby increase its sales. A good rule of thumb is this: if the source endorses a product,
then you should question its credibility. Reliable sites are usually those of an educational institution (.edu) or a nonprofit and nonstock
organization (.org).
 The Library. It is the source of secondary data. Most competent libraries follow a system that would make it easy for you to
access books. Some libraries have already adapted technologies that would help students find information faster.
Going to a library is the best place for you to get certain information, especially when you cannot access the Internet at home.

Extend Your Knowledge

Discover more information about primary and secondary sources by reading the information on this Web site:
http://guides.library.ucsc.edu/primarysecondary (accessed on 14 October 2015).

ESSENTIAL LEARNING
There are three major sources of information: the library, the Internet, and the field (as in field research). These are further
categorized into primary sources and secondary sources. Primary sources are the ones done through field research. The
writer/researcher is the one who gathers data through surveys, interviews, direct observations, etc. Secondary sources are found in the
library and on the Internet. Secondary sources can also be in printed form or in electronic form. Electronic sources also include images
and videos.

Module 15 AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

At the end of this module, I can:

 Apply the principles of writing effectively;
 Define what plagiarism is; and
 Cite specific sources to support claims.

This module will briefly discuss what plagiarism is and what you should do to avoid committing it.
Plagiarism can be likened to a contagious disease that spreads quickly. When plagiarism is committed by a student and it
goes unnoticed, he or she will continue to plagiarize until it becomes inherent in him or her.
However, students are not the only ones tempted to plagiarize. Not too long ago, there was a senator in the Philippines
accused of plagiarizing part of his speech. The plagiarized section was said to be extracted from former US President John F.
Kennedy's speech in 1966. There is also another issue wherein a student from one of the prestigious because of plagiarism universities
in the country participated in an international photography contest. This particular event brought shame to the participant when the
submitted photo was found out to be not an original of his. And there was even another issue of a music arranger copying another
musician's work.

BIG IDEA: Your reputation and dignity as a person can be at stake because of plagiarism.

The point is that plagiarism is rampant. So how can you avoid committing plagiarism?
Plagiarism, as defined in the dictionary, is "the act of using another person's word, ideas, or work without giving credit to
that person." Based on this definition, plagiarism is not only the verbatim copying of another person's work but also copying an idea
even if you have stated it in your own words.
Plagiarism, by the way, is not only committed through writing, but also through speaking. For instance, if you told a story
about the road accident that morning as if you had personally witnessed the accident, then you are committing plagiarism already. But
if you say that you heard that story from a colleague who was able to witness it himself, then you are not plagiarizing.
To give you more ideas, visit Plagiarism. org. The Web site has listed the different ways on how one commits plagiarism.
These include the following:

 Turning in someone else's work as your own

 Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
 Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
 Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
 Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit.
 Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit
or not
 Copying media (especially images) from other Web sites to paste them into your own paper or Web sites
 Making a video using footage from others' videos or using copyrighted music as part of the soundtrack
 Performing another person's copyrighted music (i.e., playing a cover)
 Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily from another composition

Source: http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism/ (accessed on 14 October 2015)

Big Idea: Plagiarism is more than copying and pasting information from the Internet. Exercise caution and respect others'
works by citing them.

Citation
One of the most effective ways on how to avoid plagiarism is to give credit to through proper citation. As a reminder,
however, you are always to use the APA citation style all throughout this module. You may go back to this module to review the
lessons you've learned about citing sources.
Citing sources can be done easily with the help of today's technology. MS Word 2010 or 2013, for instance, can do the
citation for you. Just go to the References tab and discover how the buttons work. You can click the style that you want, from APA,
MLA, CMS, etc. Then you can click the Bibliography tab and key in the information being asked from you.
Now, as you are typing information from a source, you can click the Insert citation button and click on the source that you
are using. At the end of your writing text, click the References tab again; in the Bibliography drop-down menu, you can choose which
terminology you would like to use on your paper (e.g., Bibliography, Works Cited, or References).

Here are some other ways on how to avoid plagiarism.

Quoting and Paraphrasing
Quoting is when you use quotation marks to denote exact wordings in your work that are the same as the original source.
However, you not only quote, but you also apply the necessary citation skills in quoting.
Meanwhile, paraphrasing is stating a borrowed idea using your own words. Be aware that you still need to use proper citation
when you paraphrase to avoid plagiarism.
Big Idea: Quoting and paraphrasing are important skills you must learn to avoid committing

Beyond Walls 15.1 Go Online

To discover more about plagiarism, visit http:///zunal.com/webquest.php?w=26198 (accessed on 14 October 2015).

Using Public Domain Materials

Public domain materials are those that are free from copyright law. Each country has its own law when it comes to
copyright issues. For example, in the Philippines, the copyright protection of a literary work is an additional 50 years from the death of
the writer. Meanwhile in the USA, works can be protected 70 years from the death of the writer. Take note that most recent works
may be renewed; hence, you should check carefully if the work is indeed in the public domain or is still copyright protected.

Avoiding Self-plagiarism
Self-plagiarism is when you copy an old work and submit it as a new work. Most people commit this by using portions of
their old material and inserting them in their newer works without citing the older work. Though you might say that self-plagiarism
does no harm to others, it should be still avoided. When you submit a paper, it is always expected that it is new; however, self-
plagiarism rehashes a previous work.

Extend Your Knowledge

Improve your knowledge in plagiarism. Visit the following Web sites:
 https://owl.english.purdue/owl/resource/589/0 1/
 http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/using-sources/how-not-to-plagiarize
 http://wpacouncil.org/positions/WPAplagiarism.pdf
(All Web sites were accessed on 14 October 2015.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING
Plagiarism is defined as the copying or lifting of other people's work or ideas. There are various ways on how to avoid
plagiarism, and these must be taken into consideration whenever you write.
Some Web sites, such as those coming from the government, may issue a seal declaring most of the content as public domain.
Source: http://www.gov.ph/
.

REMINDERS:

Activity Worksheet for English for Academic and Professional Purposes Week 29
Output/s to be submitted

Deadline of Submission of Outputs March 28, 2022

Prepared by: Approved by:

CHRISTINE LYNN R. PANGANIBAN HAZEL P. PALAPUS, MEng.

Teacher Principal
 Week 29 Activity Worksheet for English for Academic and Professional Purposes

NAME:________________________________________________________ SCORE:______________________________
GRADE/STRAND/SECTION:_____________________________________ DATE:_______________________________

WRITTEN WORKS
(20 points)

A. Place a comma where needed in the following sentences (10points).

1. The presentation lasted for more than an hour and we were all very bored.
2. Jommar gave me the documents but he forgot to send the soft copies.
3. The newscaster gave a vivid account of the event and he should be commended.
4. The newsletter was published recently so you should get a copy of your own.
5. Arlyn returned the signed copies and she requested a receipt.
6. Richard did not send the package yesterday so it may arrive today.
7. Furthermore the cost of the office equipment included the scanner.
8. The package which is sent through an express delivery will be there by tomorrow.
9. Christie my best friend in school will therefore make another offer for the contract.
10. Lulu and Luca will therefore be the official twins in the new comedy show.

B. Rewrite the following sentences, observing the correct capitalization and abbreviation to refine the writing style. Write
your answer on the provided space (2 points each).

1. Peter, john, and james went to Magdalena laguna to try the newly opened whitewater rafting sports.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. My uncle vio lives at bonifacio street.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Mister and Mistress Santiago will take a month-long vacation in batanes.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Doctor tam marvel gained 10 kilos during his vacation in the united states of america.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Faith sent the check at this address: 100 rizal street santa cruz laguna Philippines.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PERFORMANCE TASKS
(10 points)

C. Avoiding Plagiarism
Directions: Briefly explain your answer in the following questions (5 points each).

1. What is the main difference between quoting and paraphrasing?

2. Why do you think people commit the outward plagiarism act of cutting and pasting information from the Internet?

RUBRICS

Criteria Expert- 2.5 Advanced -2 Intermediate-1.5 Beginner-1

Organization The statements clearly The statements imply a The statements suggest a The statements show no
show a position about the position about the topic position about the topic, position about the topic
topic but is too vague
Grammar, Mechanics, The statements contain no The statements contain The statements contain The statements contain
and Spelling errors in English usage or some errors in usage or errors in usage or numerous errors in usage
grammar grammar, but not enough grammar, that may impede or grammar, thus
to impede understanding understanding at times impeding understanding