8/29/2019
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Electromagnetic Waves
Lecture Outline
• Maxwell’s Equations Predict Waves
• Derivation of the Wave Equation
• Solution to the Wave Equation
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Maxwell’s Equations
Predict Waves
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Recall Maxwell’s Equations in Source Free Media
In source‐free media, we have 𝐽⃗ 0 and 𝜌 0.
Maxwell’s equations in the frequency‐domain become
Curl Equations Divergence Equations
E j B D 0
H j D B 0
Constitutive Relations
D E
B H
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The Curl Equations Predict Waves
After substituting the constitutive relations into the curl equations, we get
E j H H j E
A time‐harmonic magnetic field will induce a A time‐harmonic electric field will induce a
time‐harmonic electric field circulating about time‐harmonic magnetic field circulating
the magnetic field. about the electric field.
A time‐harmonic circulating electric field will A time‐harmonic circulating magnetic field
induce a time‐harmonic magnetic field along will induce a time‐harmonic electric field
the axis of circulation. along the axis of circulation.
An H induces an E. That E induces another H. That new H
induces another E. That E induces yet another H. And so on.
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How Waves Propagate
Start with an oscillating
electric field.
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How Waves Propagate
This induces a
circulating magnetic
field.
H j E
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How Waves Propagate
Now let’s examine the
magnetic field on axis.
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How Waves Propagate
This induces a
circulating electric field. E j H
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How Waves Propagate
Now let’s examine the
electric field on axis.
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How Waves Propagate
This induces a circulating
magnetic field.
H j E
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How Waves Propagate
…and so on…
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Derivation of the
Wave Equation
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Wave Equation in Linear Media (1 of 2)
Since the curl equations predict propagation, it makes sense that we derive
the wave equation by combining the curl equations.
E j H H j E
Solve for H
1
E
1
H
j
1
E j E
1
j Slide 14
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Wave Equation in Linear Media (2 of 2)
The last equation is simplified to arrive at our final equation for waves in linear
media.
E E
1 2
This equation is not very useful for performing derivations. It is typically used
in numerical computations.
Note: We cannot simplify this further because the permeability is a function of
position and cannot be brought outside of the curl operation.
E 2 E
1
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Wave Equation in LHI Media (1 of 2)
In linear, homogeneous, and isotropic media two important simplifications can
be made.
First, in isotropic media the permeability and permittivity reduce to scalar
quantities.
E E
1 2
Second, in homogeneous media is a constant and can be brought to the
outside of the curl operation and then brought to the right‐hand side of the
equation.
E E
2
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Wave Equation in LHI Media (2 of 2)
A A 2 A
Now apply the vector identity
E E
2
E 2 E 2 E
In LHI media, the divergence equation
E E E
2 2
can be written in terms of E.
D 0
E 0
E E 0
2 2
E 0
E 0
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Wave Number k and Propagation Constant
We can define the term as either
k 2 2 or 2 2 k 2
This provides a way to write the wave equation more simply as
E k 2E 0
2 or E E 0
2 2
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Solution to the Wave
Equation
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Components Decouple in LHI Media
We can expand our wave equation in Cartesian coordinates.
2 E k 2 E 0
2 Ex aˆ x E y aˆ y Ez aˆ z k 2 Ex aˆ x E y aˆ y Ez aˆ z 0
2 Ex aˆ x 2 E y aˆ y 2 Ez aˆ z k 2 Ex aˆ x k 2 E y aˆ y k 2 Ez aˆ z 0
E2
x k 2 Ex aˆ x 2 E y k 2 E y aˆ y 2 Ez k 2 Ez aˆ z 0
We see that the different field components have decoupled from each other.
All three equations have the same numerical form, so they all have the same 2 Ex k 2 Ex 0
solution.
2 Ey k 2 Ey 0
Therefore, we only need the solution to one of them.
2 E k 2 E 0 2 Ez k 2 Ez 0
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General Solution to Scalar Wave Equation
The final wave equation for LHI media is
2 E k 2 E 0
This could be handed off to a mathematician to obtain the following general
solution.
E r E0 e
jk r jk r
E0 e
forward backward
wave wave
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General Solution to Vector Wave Equation
Given the solution to the scalar wave equation, the solutions for all three field
components can be immediately written.
Ex r Ex e
jk r jk r
Ex e
E y r E y e jk r E y e jk r
Ez r Ez e
jk r jk r
Ez e
These three equations are assembled into a single vector equation.
E r Ex r aˆ x E y r aˆ y Ez r aˆ z
E0 e jk r E0 e jk r
forward wave backward wave
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General Expression for a Plane Wave
The solution to the wave equation gave two plane waves. From the forward
wave, the general expression for plane waves can be extracted.
jk r
E r Pe Frequency‐domain
E r , t P cos t k r
Time‐domain
The various parameters are defined as
r xaˆ x yaˆ y zaˆ z position k wave vector
E total electric field intensity 2 f angular frequency
P polarization vector t time
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Magnetic Field Component
Given that the electric field component of a plane wave is written as
E r Pe jk r
The magnetic field component is derived by substituting this solution into
Faraday’s law.
E j H
1 jk r
Pe jk r
j H H k P e
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Solution in Terms of the Propagation Constant
The wave equation and it solution in terms of is
2 E 2 E 0 E r E0 e r E0 e r
forward wave backward wave
The general expression for a plane wave is
E r Pe r Frequency‐domain
The magnetic field component is
1 r
The wave vector and propagation
H P e constant are related through
j jk
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Visualization of an EM Wave (1 of 2)
People tend to draw and think of electromagnetic waves this way…
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Visualization of an EM Wave (2 of 2)
However, this is a more realistic visualization. It is important to remember that plane waves
are also of infinite extent in all directions.
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