English Grammar

Auxiliaries (Helping Verbs)

Subject + Auxiliary + Verb + Object (Prepositions, Adverbs, Adjectives, gerunds, infinitives)

Positive Auxiliaries Negative Auxiliaries Primary Auxiliaries

Is Isn’t
Am
Aren’t
Are Be
Was Wasn’t
Were Weren’t

Does Doesn’t
Do Don’t Do (D’Bros)
Did Didn’t

Has Hasn’t
Have Haven’t Have (H’Bros)
Had Hadn’t

Modal Auxiliaries
Will Won’t
Would Wouldn’t
Shall Shan’t / shalln’t
Should Shouldn’t
Can Can’t
Could Couldn’t
May May not
Must Mustn’t
Might Might not
Ought to Ought not
Dare to Dare not
Need to Need not
Used to Not used to

D & H Bros
Does Has Present Tense Singular
Do Have Present Tense Plural
Did Had Past Tense Singular /Plural

He does his hw on the due date. (Present Tense Sent)

He has done his hw on the due date. (Present Perfect tense Sent)

Mitesh Sir English Notes TSPH

Functions of Modal Auxiliary
1) Will
a) Future Tense: He said that he will be late today.
b) Polite request: Will you help me in the kitchen?
c) Order: Will you leave the room immediately?
d) Determination / Willingness: I will not do my homework today. I will only eat Pizza in
the meal.
2) Would:
a) Past tense of will: He said that he would be late today.
b) Polite request: Would you help me in the kitchen?
c) Habitual Action in the past: He would go to the gym in the morning.
3) Shall
a) Prohibition: You shall not leave the class without my permission.
b) Suggestion: We shall watch this movie tonight.
4) Should
a) Past tense of shall: You should not leave the class without my permission.
b) Obligation: You should help the needy people. / You should respect your parents.
c) Suggestion: We should go for a party tonight.
5) Can
a) Ability: I can solve my problems.
b) Permission: Can I leave the class early today?
6) Could
a) Past tense of can: I could swim in deep waters when I was in college. / He said that he
could play piano.
b) Past ability: I could drive car fast when I was young.
c) Polite request: Could you help me solving my homework?
d) Permission: Could I speak to the officer for a minute?
7) May
a) Possibility: We may have a holiday tomorrow.
b) Permission: May I come in, Sir?
8) Might
a) Past tense of may: He said that he might go for the movie.
b) Remote possibility: It might rain in the next week.
9) Must
a) Obligation: We must respect all religions
b) Compulsion: We must reach office on time.
10) Ought to
a) Obligation: You ought to respect your parents.
b) Probability: They ought to win the match.
11) Used to
a) Past Habit: I used to read novels before I sleep. / I used to go for jogging every morning.

Mitesh Sir English Notes TSPH

 Question Tag
Rules
1) Always search for an auxiliary verb.
2) If the sentence is Affirmative, the answer will be negative and vice versa.
3) If the Auxiliary is present – Use the same,
4) If the Auxiliary is absent – Check the tense and use D’Bros.
5) H’ Bros are DANGEROUS WORDS
If followed by a Verb – NO PROBLEM
If not followed by a Verb – BIG PROBLEM
Then, USE H & D BROS
6) Request/Command/Order – (ans) will you? / won’t you?
7) Let’s / Let us – (ans) shall we?
8) List of negative words – No, not, never, none, no one, nothing, nobody, hardly, scarcely.
9) For subjects like anyone, someone, no one (any other collective noun) – Use the Pronoun ‘They”.

__________________________________ , Auxiliary Pronoun?

He has done his hw on the due date, hasn’t he?

He has no money, does he?

1. I can solve my problem, can’t I?

2. He has no money, does he?
3. He had stop writing her, hadn’t he?
4. Please stop talking, won’t you?
5. Stop talking, will you?
6. Let’s go for dinner tonight, shall we?
7. You like him, don’t you?
8. He likes her, doesn’t he?
9. He liked her, didn’t he?
10. It isn’t ready yet, is it?
11. They will go home soon, won’t they?
12. He will never give up, will he?
13. You have tea for breakfast, don’t you?
14. Give and receive, will you?
15. The house is quiet, isn’t it?
16. We should respect our elders, shouldn’t we?
17. Yet his voice was pleasant, wasn’t it?
18. Mom & I broke down, didn’t we?
19. No wall is too high for us, is it?
20. Stop being stupid, will you?
21. I am trying to solve the problem, aren’t I?

Mitesh Sir English Notes TSPH

Tenses

Tenses Formula Example

Simple Present Tense Verb (s)(1) He writes a letter.
They write a letter.
Present Continuous Is/Am/Are + Verb (ing) He is writing a letter.
(Progressive) Tense They are writing a letter.
Present Perfect tense Has/Have + Verb (3) He has written a letter.
They have written letters.
Present Perfect Has/Have + Been + Verb He has been writing a
Continuous Tense (ing) letter.
They have been writing
letters.

Simple Past Tense Verb (2) He/She/They wrote a

letter.
Past Continuous Tense Was/Were + Verb (ing) He was writing a letter.
They were writing letters.
Past Perfect Tense Had + Verb (3) He had written a letter.
They had written letters.
Past Perfect continuous Had + Been + Verb (ing) He had been writing a
Tense letter.
They had been writing
letters.

Simple Future Tense Will + Verb (1) He will write a letter.

Future Continuous Will + be + Verb (ing) He will be writing a
Tense letter.
Future Perfect Tense Will + Have + Verb (3) He will have written a
letter.
Future Perfect Will + Have + been + He will have been writing
Continuous Tense Verb (ing) a letter.

Mitesh Sir English Notes TSPH

Change the Voice
Rules:
1) S + Aux + Verb + O + ROS (rest of the sentence)
O + Aux + Verb +by + S + ROS
2) If the Auxiliary is Present – Use the Same Passive Voice
If the Auxiliary is absent – Check the tense,
For Present tense – Use (is/am/are)
For Past tense – Use (was/were)
(A) He ate an apple
(B) An apple was eaten by him.
3) For Continuous Tense (such as eating) – Being (eaten)
(A) I am eating an apple.
(B) An apple is being eaten by me.
4) For Perfect Tense (has/have/had eaten) – (has/have/had) Been (eaten)
(A) I have eaten an apple.
(B) An apple has been eaten by me.
5) For Modal Auxiliary – Use ‘Be’ in the Passive Voice
(A) I would eat an apple.
(B) An apple would be eaten by me.
6) For Interrogation – Sentence starting with ‘Who’ replace it to ‘By whom’ in the Passive
Voice.
(A) Who ate the apple?
(B) By whom was the apple eaten?
7) Always write the Verb in Past Participle Form (3rd form of Verb).
8) To identify Subject – Ask the question ‘Who’ or ‘What’.
9) To identify Object – Ask the question ‘Whom’ or ‘What’.
10) For Imperative Sentences (Request/Command/Order) – Begin with ‘Let’ & use ‘Be’ in the
passive voice
I have been writing articles on different topics since morning.
Articles have been (being) written by me on different topics since morning.

The national Anthem is sung by us.

We sing the national anthem.
Exercise
1) Nowadays, we do not do the tailoring ourselves.
2) Mitesh Sir teaches us Grammar.
3) The doctors discovered a new vaccine for Corona Virus.
4) Do you know the cat ate them?
5) I saw him flying a kite.
6) A cold fear gripped us.
7) Never betray them.
8) Don’t lose your hope.

Mitesh Sir English Notes TSPH