WHAT 1S DYSLEXIA?

of
According to the Diagnostic Manual, the DSM-5, dyslexia is a subtype a

specific learning disorder:

1. Specific learning disorder with impairment in reading includes possible

deficits in:

Word reading accuracy

Reading rate or fluency
Reading comprehension
DSM-5 diagnostic code 315.00.

Note: Dyslexia is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of learning

difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word
recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abiilities.

DEFINITION OF DYSLEXIA:
There is no universally accepted definition of dyslexia. From many avenues
of research, the definition of dyslexia adopted by an organisation/entity
greatly depends on the philosophy and outlook for that organisation. The
definitions can have a medical, psychological, pedagogical/ remediation
focus.

The Dyslexia Association, Australia defines dyslexi.

the
capacity to process information differently, enabling innovative
thought and perception. it is characterised by a visual and experiential
learning style and cognitive diversity. Teaching methods that utilise this
learning style allow people with dyslexia to realise their
potential.
WHAT IS READING?

Reading is an active and interactive process of

process is both
constructing meaning. The
complex and dynamic and includes:
the integration of the three language cueing systems (graphophonic,
semantic and syntactic)
knowledge of the linguistic systemn
the application of skills and
strategies
understanding the situational context and constraints of the
event. reading
CURRENT RESEARCH INDICATES:
30% of the
population strongly uses visual (picture)
verbally (words) and 45% uses both visual and thinking, 25% think
verbal.

http://pegy.org.uk/Upside-Down%20Brilliance%20-A4%20pdf.pdf
Dyslexics tend to be visual thinkers, however a few will be visual/verhal
which means their visual
learning style is resistant to phonics based
reading strategies.
The Dyslexia Association states: A dyslexic individual can be successful
BECAUSE of their abilities not "in spite" of. A dyslexic may struggle to
succeed BECAUSE of their negative experiences in the learning
environment not because of dyslexia.
Dyslexic individuals have different talents or strengths no one is the
Same.

ALTERNATE LABELS:
in place of Dyslexia. Because the
There many other labeis that are used
are
be labelled (identified)
symptoms can overlap a particular symptom may
instead of the actual cause- Dyslexia.

Some of these are:

Auditory Processing Disorder

Central Auditory Processing Disorder

Language Based Disorders
Non-specific Learning disability
Specific Learning Disability
Poor Short Term Memory
Poor Working Memory
Reading Disability
Visual Motor Deficient
Visual/Perceptual Processing Disorder
Irlen or Scotopic Syndrome
Dysphonetia (Dysphonetic)
Dyseidesia (Dyseidesic)
MAYO
CLINIC

Dyslexia
Overview
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying
speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called a
reading disability, dyslexia is a result of individual differences in areas of the brain that process
language.
Dyslexia is not due to problems with intelligence, hearing or vision. Most children with dyslexia
can succeed in school with tutoring or a specialized education program. Emotional support also
plays an important role.

Though there's no cure for dyslexia, early assessment and intervention result in the best
outcome. Sometimes dyslexia goes undiagnosed for years and isn't recognized until adulthood
but it's never too late to seek help.

Symptoms
Signs of dyslexia can be difficult to recognize before your child enters school, but some early
clues may indicate a problem. Once your child reaches school age, your child's teacher may be

the first to notice a problem. Severity varies, but the condition often becomes apparent as a

child starts learning to read.

Before schooi

Signs that a young child may be at

risk of dyslexia include:

Late talking
.Learning new words slowly
.Problems forming words correctly, such as reversing sounds in words or confusing words
that sound alike
numbers and colors
.Problems remembering or naming letters,

Difficulty learning nursery rhymes or playing rhyming games

Schooi age
may become more apparent, including:
Once your child is in school, dyslexia symptoms

.Reading well below the expected

level for age

heard
ypeqpaa
Problems processing
and understanding what is
Difficulty finding the
right word or forming answers to questions
.Problems remembering the sequence
of things
Difficulty seeing (and occasionally hearing) similarities and differences in letters and words
Inability to sound out the pronunciation of an
unfamiliar word
Difficulty spelling
Spending an unusually long time completing tasks that involve reading orwiting
Avoiding activities that involve reading

Teens and adults

Dyslexia signs in teens and adults are a lot like those in children. Some common dyslexia
symptoms in teens and adults include:

.Difficulty reading, including reading aloud

.Slow and labor-intensive reading and writing
Problems spelling
Avoiding activities that involve reading
Mispronouncing names or words, or problems retrieving words
Spending an unusually long time completing tasks that involve reading orwriting
.Difficulty summarizing a story
Trouble learning a foreign language
.Difficulty doing math word problems

When to see a doctor

Though most children are ready to learn reading by kindergarten or first grade, children with
dyslexia often have trouble learning to read by that time. Talk with your health care provider if
your child's reading level is below what's expected for your child's age or if you notice other
signs of dyslexia.

When dyslexia goes undiagnosed and untreated, childhood reading difficulties continue into
adulthood.

Causes
Dyslexia results from individual differences in the parts of the brain that enable reading. It tends
to run in families. Dyslexia appears to be linked to certain genes that affect how the brain
processes reading and language.

Risk factors
A family history of dyslexia or other reading or learning disabilities increases the risk of having
dyslexia.

Complications Feedback
 hters for Disease
nTrol and Prevention

Dyslexia can lead to several problems, including

rouble learning. Because reading is a skill basic to most other school subjects, a child
with dyslexia is at a disadvantage in most classes and may have trouble keeping up with

peers.
Social problems. Leftuntreated, dyslexia may lead to low self-esteem, behavior problems,
anxiety, aggression, and withdrawal from friends, parents and teachers.
Problems as adults. The inability to read and comprehend can prevent children from
reaching their potential as they grow up. This can have negative long-term educational,
social and economic impacts.
Children who have dyslexia are at increased risk of having attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), and vice versa. ADHD can cause difficulty keeping attention. It can also
cause hyperactivity and impulsive behavior, which can make dyslexia harder to treat.

By Mayo Clinic Staf

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