Apple Farming Project 1
Apple Farming Project 1
OneWorld Foundation India
Apple Farming Project: A social enterprise model to secure livelihoods of apple farmers
C O N T E N T S
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................1
Background ............................................................................................................................................1
Apple Farming in India ....................................................................................................................2
Genesis of the Apple Project India ...............................................................................................2
Objectives................................................................................................................................................3
Organisation Model Employed ....................................................................................................5
Farmers: The Pivot of the Model....................................................................................................6
Role of Shri Jagdamba Samiti (SJS) ..............................................................................................7
Role of Fresh Food Technology (FFT) ...........................................................................................7
Business Model Employed .............................................................................................................7
Process Flow ...........................................................................................................................................9
Stage I: Procurement of Produce and Transport to Collection Centres .............................9
Stage II: Transportation of Graded, Sorted, Precooled & Packaged Apples to Cold Storage
10
Impacts and Achievements ..........................................................................................................11
Critical Issues in Implementation of the Apple Project India ...................................13
Way Forward ........................................................................................................................................14
Social Venturing Initiative.................................................................................................................14
Farmers and their Organisations .....................................................................................................15
Spinoff Economic Ventures .............................................................................................................15
Outreach Activities...........................................................................................................................15
Social Business Consortium Approach ............................................................................................15
Executive Summary expectation is that, on an annual basis, the liability of
Despite the significant efforts made by the central and the JVCs would decrease and full ecomonic
state governments for upliftment of small and ownership will be transferred to farmer organisations
marginal farmers in the country, numerous problems once the loan is paid fully to the investor This business
continue to exist that bind farmers in a cycle of poverty model has engaged small and marginal farmers in the
and deprivation. While agricultural produce has been creation of a valueadded apple business chain. The
rising in the country, it has not translated into model has provided farmers with the capacity to sell
their products directly to the consumers and take
enhanced income for the producers of foodgrains.
charge of the prices, thus eliminating the role of
Critical factors in this have been the lack of organised
middlemen. This has resulted in better prices for small
access to markets, absence of appropriate
and marginal farmers and increased consumer
technologies, dearth of awareness about
satisfaction because of the good
actual prices in the market, lack of
quality of apples.
financial support, dominance of
middlemen and limited access to Technology has been heavily
credits. The recent farmer suicides also employed in making the project
indicate agriculture to be a challenging sustainable. The collection centres
livelihood option for many people in and the cold storage, along with
rural India. With a large proportion of the stateofart equipments
Indiaʹs rural population engaged in installed therein form the
agricultural activities, it is important to backbone of the infrastructure
empower small and marginal farmers through required for this project. Despite
innovative models of development. such investments in machines, the costs have been
kept low.
In order to switch control from the hands of the
middlemen and the mandis that control the process The success of this initiative lies in its adoption of a
from credit procurement for farm produce to unique approach aimed at creating a profitable
marketing of the end product, the Apple Project India partnership between investors and groups of farmers
was launched in 2007. The project is the work of a through establishing joint agroprocessing
consortium of partners, including Stichting Het enterprises. It is innovative since it allows farmer
Groene Woudt (SHGW) in the Netherlands, Fresh organisations to become stakeholders in the joint
Food Technology (FFT) and Shri Jagdamba Samiti venture companies along with the investors. The aim
(SJS). The project works with Uttarakhandʹs apple of creating these agrobusinesses is to make them
growers to bring them together in farmersʹ joint economically independent and free from the
venture companies and to build cooperation through dominance of middlemen.
which they secure better prices for their produce. The Apple Project India is on its way to transform the
The business model employed works on a grants and socioeconomic conditions of apple farmers at its
loans basis. Certain components like organising project sites. The project currently reaches out to
farmers in associations and trusts, trainings for yield approximately 5,470 farmers in 80 villages of
promotion, quality production; proper and timely Uttarakhand.
picking and handling of the project are covered by
grants, while the infrastructure component is funded Background
by the investor as loans. These investments, however, Over the past few decades, India has liberalised its
are loans on the farmers’ joint venture companies, and markets to avail of the benefits of a globalising
repayment is to be done on an annual basis out of the economy. However, the benefits have not accrued
profit generated through value addition. The equally to all citizens of the country and have largely
The services covered under the project include: profit seeking objectives. However, the loan is to
1. A link between apple producers, village be repaid in order to maintain the business rigour
collection centres and the market and sustainability of the model.
2. Agricultural information transfer and sharing
4. Farmer ownership: As repayments are made on
3. Farmersʹ Database Management Information
the investments, the economic ownership of the
System (MIS)
company is automatically transferred to farmer
4. MIS on planning of apple production
groups.
5. MIS on ownership transfer and profit
distribution to farmers 5. Continued strategic guidance by professional/
6. Current market prices including the price project partners: While farmers are to gain
build up complete economic ownership over the business
7. Purchasing apples from farmers and and are to be represented in the governing body
delivering to the market (Board of Directors), the majority of the Board of
8. Processing work flow and inventory Directors will remain professional or project
management partners to ensure that the longterm interest of the
9. ICT kiosks in different village centres company and continued strategic guidance is
secured.
The Apple Farming Project has successfully created a
profitable business partnership between investors and 6. Invest, but also plough back profits: While
farmers groups by setting up joint agroprocessing investing in higher valueaddition processing, the
enterprises that are based on external funding model is intended to plough back part of the
agencies like the SHGW. This has resulted in creating profits to the farmers and into new economic
more employment, income, technological skills and activities in the region.
capacity building for the apple growing farmers of 7. Collective action to save time, energy and money
Nagaon, Purola, Tyuni and Harshil areas of 8. Improvement in bargaining position of small and
Uttarakhand. The project has empowered small scale marginal farmers.
farmers of these regions and promoted sustainable
socioeconomic development. The model has enabled 9. Take out intermediaries: This includes exclusion of
leadership amongst the farmers, making them self the middlemen or informal lenders.
reliant and facilitating a bridge between them and the 10. Overcome difficulties in handling and logistics:
markets. For instance, inaccessibility and transportation,
The guiding principles anchoring the project are as particularly in undulating terrains, leads to
under: excessive wastage. Collectively, the farmers can
1. Investing in profitable agrobusiness ventures: more easily organise solutions or obtain external
Setting up farmerowned businesses, based on support (such as from (local) government or
professional feasibility analysis and business private sector.
plans. (Source: Shri Jagdamba Samiti report on the Apple Project
2. Farmers as equal business partners: Farmers are in India www.sjsindia.org)
not merely ʹbeneficiariesʹ or ʹthe target groupʹ,
instead they are equal business partners of the Objectives
private business partner/investor. The Apple Project India aims to ʹcreate a model of
3. Loan, not free money: The investment required is business driven, decentralised, independent and
brought in by a private business partner, driven by small scale production with coordinated
its social corporate responsibility rather than by its arrangements for processing and marketing by
providing technical, managerial and investment Establish partnership between investors and
support to enable farmers farmer groups through
collectively to move up the value ICTenabled agro
chainʹ. processing enterprises.
Based on the ideas of equity, Abolish the concept of
inclusiveness, empowerment and middlemen, informal
concern for the community, the lenders and other
project works to: external intermediaries.
Empower the small and Ensure farmers get better
marginal apple farmers through prices for their products
ownership of value addition business chain. through social enterprise model.
Increase the income sustainability of farmers Provide farmer organisations with adequate
by organising formal farmer organisations technical and financial support for the production
and joint venture companies. and storage of apples.
Organisation Model Employed
The key stakeholders in the project and the manner in which they are related to each other
are given in Figure 1 (20072009) and Figure 2 (20092012).
Reporting
Source: Shri Jagdamba Samiti, 20072009
AOFG or FFT project Shri Jagdamba
team- Jubbal Samiti (SJS),
Support and technical Uttarakhand
backstopping by AOFG
Figure 1: Ownership arrangements and relationship between different stakeholders under Apple Project India (20072009)
100 % shareholder
Source: Shri Jagdamba Samiti, 20092012
Initially 10% shareholding, max 49%*
Farmer
Farmer Companies
100 % membership Secondary processing
Companies
Primary processing
Initially 10% shareholding, max 49%*
Farmer Trusts
Secondary processing
Trustee
Shri Jagdamba Samiti
(SJS)
Figure 2: Ownership arrangements and relationship between different stakeholders under Apple Project India (20092012)
8 Phases of implementation of Apple Project India
Feasibility study
- Study conducted on Long Term Storage Facility (LTF) for apples
Phase II - Cold storage facility developed in 2010 that operated through controlled atmosphere (CA)
storage of 1000 MT capacity set up in 2011.
Funding procurement
Proposal presented to SHGW and banks to invest in construction of cooling centre and LTF
Phase III for apples. Support from Government of India’s National Horticulture Board
- subsidies on
importing CA technology and equipment
Process Flow produce from farmers in the villages. This prevents
The process of procurement of apples from the the need for the farmer to travel anywhere to hand
over his produce as well as ensures safe
farmers to the marketing of the produce includes
transportation conditions and at no cost
broadly two stages.
involvement on the farmerʹs part. When the produce
Stage I: Procurement of Produce and Transport is collected, each farmer is given a formal
acknowledgment bill (Figure 4) clearly mentioning
to Collection Centres the amount of produce, classified as per grades, and
Apples are collected from the farms and are brought the value of the produce. Every collection centre is
to the collection centre (Figure 3). Farmers provide equipped with one grading/ sorting equipment and
the details to the collection centre about the number one precooling container with a refrigerated truck.
of trees and current produce. Centre managers then Once the apples are graded and sorted by the machine
give advice about the number of crates required by (Figure 5), they are precooled (Figure 6) and packed in
farmers and supply them. To start with, the plastic crates for transportation to the cold storage
collection centre sends a vehicle to collect the apple (Long Term Storage Facility).
Source: OneWorld Foundation India, 2013
Source: OneWorld Foundation India, 2013
Figure 3: Collection centre at Purola where apples Figure 4: Farmers are given receipts with details of
are graded, sorted, precooled and packaged the volume, quality and value of their produce at the
time of collection
Source: OneWorld Foundation India, 2013
Source: OneWorld Foundation India, 2013
Figure 5: The grading and sorting equipment at Figure 6: Apples are precooled in a dark room fitted
Purola collection centre with cooling equipment in order to increase their shelf
life and transport them safely to the cold storage
Stage II: Transportation of Graded, Sorted, Pre prepare them for market, they are washed and cleaned
cooled and Packaged for further processing.
Apples to Cold Storage Equipment to grade and sort
Source: OneWorld Foudation India, 2013
The Long Term Storage the apples has also been
Facility, or the cold storage, is installed at the cold storage
fitted with Van Amerongen (Figure 8). The apples are
Controlled Atmosphere (CA) placed on the conveyor belt
technology and has been (Figure 6) where they are
established at Kotiyal Gaon passed through a camera
(Nagaon) Uttarkashi. It has a which sorts the apples on the
capacity of holding 1,000 MT. basis of their size and quality
The apples are preserved in and segregates them.
the cold storage chambers
(Figure 7) and can be held for The apples are then
nearly 8 months. manually picked from this
conveyor belt and packed in
Once the apples are removed Figure 7: Cold storage corridor at the boxes for sale in the market
from the cold storage to long term storage facility in Nagaon
(Figure 9) and transported.
Source: OneWorld Foundation India, 2013
Source: OneWorld Foundation India, 2013
Figure 8: Conveyor belt for sorting and Figure 9: Farmers are engaged on an adhoc
grading equipment in the cold storage basis to package apples for sale in the market
Impacts and Achievements
The Apple Project India in Uttarakhand is changing them with an innovative solution through which they
the mindsets of farmers and protecting them from the can sell their produce in an organised way directly to
exploitation of middlemen and other intermediaries. the consumers and at better prices. The outreach of
It has not only organised farmers into organisations or the project has steadily been increasing and has been
joint venture companies but has also provided them augmented by enhanced infrastructure. Figure 10
with infrastructural, technological and storage shows the increase in the number of farmers impacted
options for their produce. Moreover, it has provided by the project since its inception.
6000
Number of farmers involved
5420
5000
4000
3470
3000
2567
2567
Source: Shri Jagdamba Samiti and
OneWorld Foundation India 2013
2000
1500
1000
300
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year of operation
Figure 10: Increase in the number of farmers involved in the Apple Project India (20072012)
12
Number of collection centres
10
10
8
8
6 7
Source: Shri Jagdamba Samiti and
OneWorld Foundation India 2013
6 6
4 4
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year of operation
Figure 11: Enhancement in the infrastructural facilities under the Apple Project India (2007 2012)
90
Source: Shri Jagdamba Samiti and OneWorld Foundation India 2013
80
72 72 72 80
Number of villages covered
70
60
50
40
35
30
20
10 12
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year of operation
Figure 12: The number of villages covered under the Apple Project India has steadily increased (20072012)
Note: In year 2010, the number of collection centres included six collection centres and one central cold store. In 2011, it included six
collection centres, one central cold store and one juice processing unit with a woman farmer. In 2012, it included eight collection
centres, one CA store and one juice processing plant.
The use of ICTs has enabled small and marginal benefits that the model offers. Longstanding
farmers of different villages to establish linkages with dependence on middlemen and money lenders has
the nearby village centre offices and collection centres prevented the farmers from accessing sources of
which directly connect them to CA store from where reliable information on apple markets, thereby
the stored apples are sold in an open market. The decreasing their confidence in any model that is not
supported by the intermediaries since the latter are the
project has created value additions as all the centres
farmersʹ only sources of information. In order to
purchased apples from the farmers groups and
circumvent this challenge, attempts were made to
further engaged in activities such as quality sorting, establish strong profitable partnerships in which
grading, packing and finally selling it in the market at farmers along with investment partners become equal
higher prices during the harvesting season of 2008 business partners of the investor. To make sure that
2012.To build the faith of farmers and maintain their farmers benefit most from this model, it is focussed on
trust in this model, the implementing agency created strengthening the farmersʹ collectives or organisations
awareness on how to manage resources by formation and provided them with necessary financial and
of groups at village level. It has also introduced technical assistance.
farmers to new approaches to improve the cultivation Keeping in mind that apple farming is in hilly regions
of apples and provide them technical training where the villages are scattered and far away from the
whenever required. reach of modern technology or methods, it is
important to introduce new ways and innovative
The model is working towards building a strong
models to reach the farmers. Constraints like lack of
network among the farmers in the Uttarakhand region
communication, unpredictable weather conditions,
so that the community at large can benefit from this
and poor transport facility restrict the growth of
model, which is doing business along with
industries, thereby limiting the earning capacity of
empowering the farmers. It has organised farmers in farmers. However, the project has brought technology
collectives through which they can process and sell closer to the farmers and, after handson training, also
their products at fair prices. involved them in certain work processes.
The advent of ICTs has helped the model to function in A major concern in establishing a social business
an efficient, transparent and accountable manner. model deals with the requirement of expert partners
Since the MIS is maintained and data is fed regularly and other stakeholders. One of the advantages that
into it, the chances of misappropriation of funds and partnerships or collaborative agreements offer is
resources are minimal. With a onetime capital availability of resources for the project and scope of
expenditure and low maintenance and operation widening the network. While the project has
costs, the project is sustainable. effectively brought together a variety of stakeholders,
it is crucial to maintain cooperation among all of them.
The business model followed ensures that farmers Initially, the implementation of this model required
own the companies once they have repaid the loan. efforts to convince all the stakeholders in investing
Not only does this ensure a greater interest in the their resources in this model but gradually the new
enterprise on part of the farmers but also solidifies approach enabled setting up of sustainable agro
their economic standing for the future. businesses that helped farmers to gain economic
ownership along with the support of community
Critical Issues in Implementation of Apple based organisations and private business partners.
Project India It is crucial for the success of the model that all
One of the major challenges the project had to deal stakeholders should focus not only on financial profit
with was to convince farmers to go for the new but also on social profit for all the stakeholders
business model and make them understand the involved. It is believed that the success of the business
Figure 13: Proposed framework for the Social Venturing Initiative
Cultivation Village level farmers 10,000
Supply
Coordination
Level1 Farmers Association at
area level
Value Addition
Transport
Grading
Packaging SJS Farmers Trust JV Comapny SHG W
Cooling
Marketing
FTT
Source: Shri Jagdamba Samiti, 2013
Level2
Value Addition Himalayan Fresh
Long term Produce Pvt Ltd
cooling
Packaging Kincaid Agri Products
Marketing Pvt Ltd
Source: Shri Jagdamba Samiti, 2013
Figure 14: Social Business Consortium model proposed by the SJS
Conclusion
The Apple Project India is an innovative social prices while helping them earn increased returns on
business model to help small and marginal apple their produce. This model exemplifies the manner in
farmers flourish in the market. Its uniqueness lies in which a social business model can give profits back
its strength to use ICTs in facilitating agricultural to the farmers while creating more employment
activities and providing new innovative solutions to opportunities, income and building capacities for the
traditional challenges faced by apple growers in apple growing farmers in remote rural areas of
regions of Uttarakhand. The project has been in Uttrakhand. According to the implementing
operation for six years and is adapting to the partners once it will be recognised for replication it
requirements of small and marginal farmers and is will be helpful in reducing the migration of youth
gaining acceptability among stakeholders, including from green rural areas to urban slums by creating
farmers. This business model works towards making employment in rural areas and ensuring the quality
apple growers the owners of the corporate entity food supply to contribute in food security and
created to procure and market their produce at fair healthy life of the nation
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