FLOOR & ROOF SYSTEM 5.
Once inspections have been cleared, concrete is
placed. It is important to confirm the formwork has
MANUFACTURING PROCESS been braced properly to withstand hydrostatic
1. Production of reinforced cages and main pressure concrete to prevent any movement of the
connections forms or worse, a “blowout”. Also, a third-party
2. Assembly of molds inspection firm will typically take concrete samples
3. Mix being poured. during the concrete placement for future
4. Compaction of concrete using poker vibrator verification of concrete strengths and
5. Precast concrete being moved to the storage area. specifications.
6. Storage of high- quality units in works area 6. After placement of the concrete, it will need 3 to 28
7. Transport to site days to cure, depending on the concrete curing
8. Erection at site specifications and strength requirements. The
strength of the concrete is often confirmed by
SPACE FRAMES: METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION performing proof load compressive strength tests
on sample concrete cylinders.
1. Scaffolding method (High altitude bulk method)
7. Once curing requirements are met and the concrete
• Individual elements are assembled in place
has reached the required strength, the formwork
at actual elevations; members and joints
can then be removed.
or prefabricated sub-assembly elements
8. Any required patching or clean-up can be
are assembled directly in their final
performed at this point and a final inspection is
position. Fabricated at the shop and
done to confirm the dimensions of the concrete
transported to the construction site, and
structure still meet tolerances.
no heavy lifting equipment is required.
9. Finally, backfilling can take place. The backfilling
2. Block Assembly method
process typically takes place in several layers of
• The space frame is divided on its plan into
backfill anywhere from 6” to 18” at a time while
individual strips or blocks. These units are compacting each layer during the process.
fabricated on the ground level, then
hoisted up into their final position, and INSTALLATION PROCESS FOR PRECAST CONSTRUCTION
assembled on the temporary supports. METHOD:
Suitable for double layer grids.
1. Excavating, shoring, and prepping for the subgrade.
3. Lift-up method
2. Setting the precast concrete structure with an
• The whole space frame is assembled at
excavator or crane to the final position.
ground level so that most of the work can
3. With structures having multiple sections, joint
be done before hoisting. This will result in
sealant or grout is applied between sections to
increased efficiency and better quality.
ensure a proper seal.
CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE AND PRE-CAST CONCRETE 4. Lastly, because the precast structure is already fully
& WALL PANEL SYSTEMS cured to design strength, backfilling can take place
immediately. The backfilling process typically takes
INSTALLATION PROCESS FOR CAST-IN-PLACE place in several layers of backfill anywhere from 6”
CONSTRUCTION METHOD: to 18” at a time while compacting each layer during
the process.
1. Excavating, shoring, and prepping for the subgrade.
2. Fabrication and tying of the steel reinforcing rebar. FLAT TYPE WALL PANEL SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
Performed by a separate trade referred to as
rodbusters and generally, the rebar is prefabricated 1. Low and Mid-Rise Offices
offsite, where it is cut and bent to specifications. 2. Convention Centers
The rodbusters will assemble and tie the rebar and 3. Performing Arts Centers
place it in the proper position in the excavated area. 4. Arenas Airport Terminal Buildings
3. Formwork is set in place around the structure. This 5. Schools and Universities
is the wood or steel panels that are assembled to 6. Hospitals
hold the fresh concrete in place long enough to 7. Retail buildings
harden. 8. Hangars
4. At this point, there is usually an inspection required 9. Prison Facilities
by a third-party firm to verify the proper spacing 10. Equipment Maintenance
and clearances of the reinforcing steel relative to 11. Buildings
the formwork and check that the overall 12. Manufacturing Facilities
dimensions of the formwork are within tolerance of 13. Warehouses
specifications. 14. Distribution Centers
15. Self-storage complexes
16. Utility Buildings method is economical and is used in almost all pre-
tensioning factories.
RIBBED TYPE WALL PANEL SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
POST-TENSIONING - is a method of prestressing in which the
1. Retail Buildings
tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened and
2. Hangars
the prestressing force is primarily transferred to the
3. Prison Facilities
concrete through the end anchorages.
4. Equipment Maintenance
5. Buildings SHELL STRUCTURES
6. Manufacturing Facilities
7. Warehouses APPLICATIONS OF SHELL STRUCTURE
8. Distribution Centers 1. Architecture & Buildings
9. Self-Storage Complexes 2. Structural Engineering
10. Utility Buildings 3. Power & Chemical Engineering
11. Low and Mid-Rise Offices 4. Vehicle Body Structure
12. Mid-Rise Office Spandrel Panels 5. Composite Construction
13. Convention Centers
14. Performing Arts Centers PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDING PROCESS
15. Arenas
1. Approval Drawings (1 week)
16. Airport Terminal Buildings
2. Approval by Customer (1 Week)
17. School & Universities
3. Fabrication
18. Hospitals
4. Dispatch
5. Painting
6. Erection
7. Sheeting
8. Handover to Customer
APPLICATIONS OF PRE- ENGINEERED BUILDINGS
1. Houses & Living Shelters
2. Factories
3. Warehouses
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
4. Sports Halls (Indoor and Outdoor)
PRE-TENSION - Is a method of prestressing concrete in which 5. Aircraft Hangers
tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed. 6. Supermarkets
7. Workshops
METHODS OF PRE-TENSIONING 8. Office Buildings
9. Labor Camps
1. Anchoring the tendons against the end abutments.
10. Petrol Pumps/Service Buildings
2. Placing of jacks.
11. Schools
3. Applying tension to the tendons.
12. Community centers
4. Casting of concrete.
5. Curing of concrete. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION METHOD
6. Cutting of the Tendons.
o Other types of composite construction are mentioned,
NON-PRESTRESSED CONSTRUCTION METHOD including the timber-concrete slab bridge, a timber-
steel composite truss utilizing high-strength bridge
1. Preparation strand as the lower chord, a wood-steel open web joist
2. Forming which provides nailable chords, and light gage metal
3. Setting out and Leveling decking with a concrete slab. The most frequently
4. Concrete Pouring encountered combination of construction materials is
5. Finishing that of steel and concrete.
6. Curing of Concrete
7. Column Concreting and Wall Concreting COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION METHOD
8. Slab, Beam and Foundation Concrete Pouring
1. Mobilization.
9. Slab, Beam and Foundation Concrete Pouring
2. Temporary site facilities, office, bunkhouse.
HOYER SYSTEM - Also called long line method. This is 3. Building layout, survey, staking
generally used for the production on large scale of pre- 4. Based on structural design, order required I beams,
tensioned structural element of the structure only. This wide flange, base plates, anchor bolts, deformed
bars, steel decks, etc.
5. Site clearing, excavation for column footing, grade MEMBRANE STRUCTURES
beams.
6. Grade preparation, gravel bedding, compaction. o Membrane structures are lightweight spatial structures
7. Footing, pedestal rebars, provide ground spacers made of tensioned membranes. Membrane can be used
between rebars and gravel bedding. to construct roofs and façades, free standing buildings,
8. Formworks for footing, pedestal. building envelopes, skylights, indoor ceilings and/or
9. Order conc mix, transit mix (3500 to 4000psi). accent enclosures.
10. From batching plant to site, it should only take 30
GEODESIC STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTION METHOD
to 45mins.
11. Discard conc mix if more than 1hr. o According to Fabhouse Corporation, Geodesic
12. Set up pump trucks, boom pump, line pump prior to structures are modern structures that utilizes
transit mix delivery.
Modern Methods of Construction (MMC). It is
13. Pumps should be primed with at least 2 bags
created using a triangular framework held together
cement aggregates, water.
14. Arrival of transit mix. in tension. Geodesic construction is rooted in the
15. Transit mix supplier will set aside 6 cylinders of conc notion that triangles are fundamentally stable
mix for lab test. To guarantee desired strength. shapes regardless of size and that they may be
Concrete Design is 3500 to 4000psi. used to build geodesic structures that are both
16. Pouring of concrete mix. Average from 10 to 15mins light and incredibly robust. Geodesic structures are
depending on difficulty of location. made of five platonic geometries that are utilized
17. After conc mix has been poured to footing and in construction. Despite the dome's seeming
pedestal. Set anchor bolts and baseplates. complexity, construction is rapid and simple. The
18. Full effective strength at 28days.
icosahedron is primarily employed in the formation
19. 24 to 48 hours conc mix starts to harden.
of geodesic domes, which are based on the five
20. After 7 days curing depending on conc design.
Setting of I-beams and wide flange columns on top Platonic solids. A geodesic dome frame is
of pedestals / baseplate. Full weld. constructed through flattening the end of a metal
21. Setting of Beams, girders full weld to columns. tubing bent slightly and drilling a hole on both
22. Setting of steel decks. ends. Bolts are used to connect the bent metal
23. Layout temperature bars for one way or two-way tubings in a tetrahedron (a pyramid with three
slabs. sides and a base) and octahedron (an eight-sided
24. On top of steel decks. Once required steel decking, figure—two pyramids with four sides and a base,
temp bars has been installed in place. Concrete slab placed base to base). The dome is then covered
pouring is scheduled.
with double polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-coated,
25. Concrete design 3500 to 4000psi. Depending on
polyester, waterproof UV-protected DIN 4102 B1
structural design and analysis
26. Concrete pouring via transit mix, boom pump, line M2 European standard. Additionally, it can be
pumps. coated with polymer coatings such as ETFE
27. Note that all required pipes for plumbing, water (Ethylene tetrafluoride, ethylene) are used that are
lines, electrical must be in placed prior to pouring. both waterproof and lightweight.
Roughing ins of pipes.
28. 7days curing, 28days effective full strength.
29. After 7days layout required CHB walls and dry walls.
30. Depending on your design I-beams, wide can be
exposed. Proper epoxy rust protection is needed.
31. Or you opt to cover steel columns and beams with
cement 33. The rest of the process after all steel
frames has been set. Will be typical/ same with
conventional construction.
CABLE AND TENSILE STRUCTURE
o Steel Cables are either spiral strands where circular rods
are twisted together and “glued” using a Polymer, or
Locked Coil Strands, were individual interlocking steel
strands form the cable.
