12.

1 All Questionbank

1. [1 mark] Which element is represented by the first eight successive ionization energies on the graph?

A. Mg

B. S

C. Cl

D. Ar

2. [1 mark] Which of the following transitions in the hydrogen atom emits the least energy?

A. n = 2 to n = 1

B. n = 3 to n = 1

C. n = 4 to n = 2

D. n = 4 to n = 3

3. [1 mark] This question is about sodium and its compounds.

Plot the relative values of the first four ionization energies of sodium.

   
4a. [2 marks] Dinitrogen monoxide, N2O, causes depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.

Different sources of N2O have different ratios of 14N : 15N.

Predict, giving two reasons, how the first ionization energy of 15N compares with that of 14N.

4b. [2 marks] Explain why the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than both carbon and oxygen.

Nitrogen and carbon:

Nitrogen and oxygen:

5. [1 mark] The values for the first three successive ionization energies for two elements X and Z are given.

Which pair of elements represents X and Z?

6. [1 mark] Which transition on the diagram corresponds to the ionization of hydrogen in the ground state?

7. [1 mark] The graph shows the first ionization energies of some consecutive elements.

Which statement is correct?

A.     Y is in group 3

B.     Y is in group 10

C.     X is in group 5

D.     X is in group 18
8. [2 marks] Properties of elements and their compounds can be related to the position of the elements in the periodic
table.

Sketch a graph to show the relative values of the successive ionization energies of boron.

9a. [1 mark] The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.

Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 1015 s−1 for its convergence limit.

Calculate the ionization energy, in J, for a single atom of hydrogen using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.

9b. [1 mark] Calculate the wavelength, in m, for the electron transition corresponding to the frequency in (a) using
section 1 of the data booklet.
10. [1 mark] The graph represents the first ten ionisation energies (IE) of an element.

What is the element?

A. O

B. S

C. Ne

D. Cl

11. [1 mark] Which statement explains one of the decreases in first ionization energy (I.E.) across period 3?

A.     The nuclear charge of element Al is greater than element Mg.

B.     The electron-electron repulsion is greater, for the electron with the opposite spin, in element S than in element P.

C.     A new sub-level is being filled at element S.

D.     The p orbital being filled in element Al is at a lower energy than the s orbital in element Mg.

12a. [2 marks] Titanium and vanadium are consecutive elements in

the first transition metal series.

Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a

sample of titanium gave the following data:

Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal

places.
12b. [1 mark] State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom.

12c. [1 mark] State the full electron configuration of the ion.

12d. [1 mark] Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.
13. [2 marks] Bonds can be formed in many ways.

The first six ionization energies, in kJ mol–1, of an element are given below.

Explain the large increase in ionization energy from IE3 to IE4.

14. [1 mark] A period 3

element, M, forms an oxide of
the type M2O. Which represents
the first four successive
ionization energies of M?

15. [1 mark] The diagram shows the first ionization energies of four
consecutive elements in the periodic table. Which element is in Group
14?
16a. [1 mark] Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.

Magnesium ions produce no emission or absorption lines in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Suggest why most magnesium compounds tested in a school laboratory show traces of yellow in the flame.

16b. [2 marks]

(i) Explain the convergence of lines in a hydrogen emission spectrum.

(ii) State what can be determined from the frequency of the convergence limit.

17a. [2 marks] Tin(II) chloride is a white solid that is commonly used as a reducing agent.

Outline, giving the full electron configuration of the vanadium atom, what is meant by the term transition metal.
17b. [6 marks] Eight successive ionisation energies
of vanadium are shown in the graph below:

(i) State the sub-levels from which each of the

first four electrons are lost.

First:    Second:    Third:    Fourth:    

(ii) Outline why there is an increase in

ionization energy from electron 3 to electron 5.

(iii) Explain why there is a large increase in the

ionization energy between electrons 5 and 6.

(iv) Vanadium is comprised almost entirely of 51V. State the number of neutrons an atom of 51V has in its nucleus.
18. [1 mark] The first ionization energies (in ) of five successive elements in the periodic table are:

1314, 1681, 2081, 496 and 738

What could these elements be?

A.     d-block elements

B.      The last two elements of one period and the first three elements of the next period

C.     The last three elements of one period and the first two elements of the next period

D.     The last five elements of a period

19. [1 mark] What is the electron configuration of the copper(I) ion, ?

A.    

B.    

C.    

D.    

20a. [1 mark] Copper is a metal that has been used by humans for thousands of years.

State the full electron configuration of .

20b. [2 marks] State one difference in the physical properties of the isotopes and and explain why their
chemical properties are the same.

Physical:

 
 Chemical:

21. [1 mark] Successive ionization energies for an element, Z, are shown in the table below.

What is the most likely formula for the ion of Z?

A. Z+

B. Z2+

C. Z3+

D. Z4+

22. [1 mark] Which equation represents the second ionization energy of potassium?

A.    

B.    

C.    

D.    

23a. [4 marks] A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25 and magnesium-26, with
abundances of 77.44%, 10.00% and 12.56% respectively.

(i)     Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to two decimal places.

(ii)     Predict the relative atomic radii of the three magnesium isotopes, giving your reasons.
23b. [3 marks] A graph of the successive ionization energies of magnesium is shown below.

(i)     Explain the increase in ionization energy values from the 3rd to the 8th electrons.

(ii)     Explain the sharp increase in ionization energy values between the 10th and 11th electrons.

24a. [2 marks] Transition metals form complex ions which are usually coloured.

State the full electron configurations of Cr and Cr3+.

Cr:
 Cr3+:

24b. [2 marks] Explain how the number of electrons in the outer main energy level of phosphorus, P, can be determined
using the data of successive ionization energies.

25a. [2 marks] Magnesium, a reactive metal found in many common minerals, is also an essential nutrient for both plants
and animals.

Define the term first ionization energy.

25b. [4 marks] Successive ionization energies of magnesium are given in the table below.

(i)     Explain why the second ionization energy is greater than the first ionization energy.

(ii)     Explain why the third ionization energy is much greater than the second ionization energy.