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Manifesto is a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. It advances
a set of ideas, opinions, or views but it can also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic, it
most often concerns art, literature, or politics. Manifesto are generally written in the name of a group
sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the name of a single individual.
Table 1. Major Categories of Manifesto according to FIRSTPOST.com

Major Categories of Manifesto CHARACTERISTIC

A goal can be a manifesto when we share it with other

1. Goal people. It’s public, it’s a declaration and it’s about what
one intends to have happened.

A manifesto containing set of rules for behaving within a

2. List and Rules specific context or a list of items to be achieved or tasks
to be fulfilled.

This type of manifesto aims to create a new world. It’s

not about simple rules, instead, it presents a vision for the
future. A solemn declaration by the constituted authorities
3. World of a nation which contains the reason for its public acts
towards another. On the declaration of war, a manifesto is
usually issued in which the nation declaring war states the
reasons for so doing.

If you are going to notice the highlighted words from the characteristics of the different categories
of manifesto, the common thing about them is that a, MANIFESTO or the writer of a manifesto, aims for
a change in state or in other words, the author is trying to convince the reader to believe the concept that
he/she is trying to convey by giving arguments or logical reasons that will catch the attention of the
reader and eventually believing it.

How are these changes carried out with just the use of written words? - It is when the author
provides reasons accompanied with evidences to prove the belief, they wanted the reader to believe in or
the so- called arguments.

As a reader, the challenge however lies on how will you understand the meaning that the author
or writer wanted you to know. Add- on Info

How will you know the arguments presented? A statement can only
be considered an
argument if it
Let’s take a few moments to review your past lesson about presents proof or
arguments. evidences, however
❖ Arguments is defined as a reason or the reasoning given for or if it does not, it is
only a mere opinion.
against a matter under discussion — compare evidence, proof

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However, change can only be achieved if the reader fully understands the argument that is
accompanied with evidences(reasons) that the author is trying to emphasize. To do that, take a look
at these steps below.

Steps in Analyzing an Argument

Briefly note the Make a note of the

main assertion first reason the Write down Underline the
(what does the author makes to every other most important writer want me to support his/ her
reason. reason
believe or do? conclusion.

Table 2 Example of Manifesto and Analysis of Arguments.

Category Example of Manifesto Analysis of the Argument

1. Goal In adversity, the crisis has also brought out some of 1. The argument that the
the best in our societies, from solidarity among manifesto wanted to me
neighbors, to the bravery of health and other key to believe in is that
workers in facing down risks to their own health to “COVID- 19 Pandemic
serve their communities, to countries working has brought about
together to provide emergency relief or to research Positive Effects.”
treatments and vaccines. The “lockdown” measures 2. First reason the author
that have been necessary to control the spread of makes to support his/ her
COVID- 19 have slowed economic activity and conclusion is found on
disrupted lives- but have also given some glimpses the first sentence where
of a possible brighter future. In some places, the author uses the
pollution levels have dropped to such an extent that reason as his/ her
people have breathed clean air, or have been seen example to prove his/
blue skies and clean waters, or have been able to her claim, “Solidarity
walk and cycle safely with their children- for the among neighbors and
first times in their lives. The use of digital bravery of health and
technology has accelerated new ways of working other key workers, to
and connecting with each other, from reducing countries working
time spent commuting, to more flexible ways of together to provide
studying, to carrying out medical consultations emergency relief or to
remotely, to spending more time with our families. research treatments and
Opinion polls from around the world show that vaccines.”.
people want to protect the environment and 3. List of the other
preserve the positive that have emerged from the Reasons:
crisis as we recover ###. a. Pollution levels have
Source: Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, “What dropped where people
We Have Learned From COVID- 19,” WHO have breathed fresh
Manifesto for a Healthy Recovery from COVID- 19, air, have seen blue
May 26. 2020, www.who.int skies, and clean
waters.
b. Reduced time spent
commuting and
flexible ways of
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studying
because of
digital
connectin
g with
each
other.
c. Spending a
lot of time
with
families.
d Raise
. awareness
of
environmen
t
conservatio
n.
4 If the
. argument
has
several
different
reasons,
we select
the most
important
reason to
know the
main
argument,
but you
need not
select the
main
reason
with this
kind of
argument
where all
reasons
fall under
a single
main
reason
which is
“the
positive
effects or
impact of
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COVID
Pandemic,
”

Explanati
on for
being a
manifesto
categorize
d under
Goal:
The
manifesto
does not
use
obviously
convincing
words
rather it
hides the
intention
of
changing
people’s
mind using
positive
pictures or
situation. It
shares to
the reader
the goal or
the picture
of
something
that
everyone
will accept
and
appreciate
with the
subtle
purpose of
making
people
believe the
premise. It
is different
with World
in the
sense that
it does not

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impose the
goal.
Note: A
manifesto
could be in
this
category if
the goal
(something
beautiful
and
acceptable
to
everyone)
is shared
to reader
for them to
appreciate
and
eventually
to believe
in the
arguments
presented.
2. List Management of people with COVID-19 or their contacts The
• Workers who are unwell or who develop symptoms consistent with manifesto
an COVID-19 should be urged to stay at home, self-isolate, and contact a simply
medical professional or the local COVID-19 information line for advice indicates
d on testing and referral.19 the
argument
Rules about the
ways to
manage
people
infected
with
COVID-
19 or their
contacts.

• Where local community transmission is high, and work continues, allow Explanation on
for a telemedicine how it is a
consultation where available, or consider waiving the requirement for a manifesto
medical note for workers who are sick so that they may stay home. under List and
Rules:
❖ The
manifesto
sets the
rules (the
bulleted
informatio
n) on how
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• All workers should be urged to self -monitor their to do
health, possibly with the use of questionnaires, and things in a
take their body temperature regularly. specific
• Thermal screening at the workplace should be situation.
considered only in the context of a combination of
measures for prevention and control of COVID -19
at the
communication.
• Standard operating procedures should be prepared
to manage a person who becomes sick at the
workplace and is suspected of having COVID -19,
including placing the person in an isolation room,
limiting the number of pe ople in contact, using
personal protective equipment and performing
follow-up cleaning and disinfection.
• It is important to contact the local health
authorities and to keep attendance and meeting
records in order to facilitate or undertake contact -
tracing. ###
Source: World Health Organization,
“Considerations for Public Health and Social
Measures in the Workplace in the Context of
COVID - 19,” May 10, 2020. www.who.int

along with risk

3. “NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. 1. The main
Worl MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested assertion
d upon me by Article VII, Section 10, Paragraph (2) of the Constitution, do that this
hereby place the entire Philippines as defined in Article I, Section 1 of manifesto
the Constitution under martial law and, in my capacity as their is pointing
commander-in-chief, do hereby command the armed forces of the at is that
Philippines, to maintain law and order throughout the Philippines, the
prevent or suppress all forms of lawless violence as well as any act of declaratio
insurrection or rebellion and to enforce obedience to all the laws and n of
decrees, orders and regulations promulgated by me personally or upon martial
my direction. law in the
country or
In addition, I do hereby order that all persons presently detained, as well also
as all others who may hereafter be similarly detained for the crimes of known as
insurrection or rebellion, and all other crimes and offenses committed in the
Proclamati
furtherance or on the occasion thereof, or incident thereto, or in
on no.
connection therewith, for crimes against national security and the law of
1081 s.
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nations, crimes against public order, crimes involving usurpation of 1972.simp
authority, rank, title and improper use of names, uniforms and insignia, ly because
crimes committed by public it is what
this
manifesto
is all
about. It
is what the
author
envisions.
2. The first
reason that
supports
the
assertion
is the one
that
follows
immediate
ly after the
assertion,
in the case
of this
manifesto,
it is the
“maintain
law and
order
throughout
the
Philippine
s”.
3. The other
reasons
mentioned
are; (a.)
prevent or
suppress
all forms
of lawless
violence
as well as
any

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 officers, and for such other crimes as will be act of insurrection or
enumerated in Orders that I shall subsequently rebellion
promulgate, as well as crimes as a consequence of (b.) to enforce
any violation of any decree, order or regulation obedience to all the
promulgated by me personally or promulgated laws and decrees, orders
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upon my direction shall be kept under detention and
until otherwise ordered released by me or by my regulations
duly designated representative.” These reasons can also
Source: The Philippine Gazette, “Proclamation be acknowledged as the
1081, s. 1972,” September 21, 1972, vision of the future that the
www.officialgazette.gov.ph author declares that makes
this manifesto as an
example
under the category “world.”

Note: It is only a manifesto

under world if the
declaration is done by an
authority or authorized
group to do the declaration
and if it envisions change in
the future.