B.Com. (Hons.
) IV Semester Section A
OPERATING COSTING / SERVICE COSTING
Meaning:
Service Costing is a method of costing employed by the firms which are engaged in
rendering services in order to ascertain the cost per unit of service. According to CIMA,
London, “Operating costing is that form of operation costing which applies where
standardised services are rendered either by an undertaking or by a service centre
within an organisation.”
Transport
Costing
Tourism Canteen
Costing Costing
Service
Costing
Educational
Hotel
Institution
Costing
Costing
Hospital
Costing
Figure 1: Forms of Service Costing
Characteristics:
Characteristics of such organisations/undertakings/firms are as follows1:
1. Service provided is standardised i.e., all customers receive similar kind of
services repetitively.
2. Services are produced on a continuous basis.
3. Investment in fixed assets is more than the working capital requirement.
4. Operating costs of providing services are categorised as fixed costs and
variable costs.
Cost Unit:
Selecting an appropriate cost unit is extremely important. The cost units may be:
1
Fundamentals of Cost Accounting, Surender Singh, 2019, Kitab Mahal.
DR. MANIKA JAIN 1
B.Com. (Hons.) IV Semester Section A
1. Simple Cost Unit
2. Composite Cost Unit
Cost Unit Undertaking Cost Unit
Transport Per km
Salon Per service
Simple
Cost Units Restaurant Per dish
Water Supply Per 1000 litres
Transport Per passenger km
Hotel Per room per day
Composite
Cost Units Electricity Per kw hour
Hospital Per bed per day
Figure 2: Types of Service Cost Units
TRANSPORT COSTING:
Transport costing is a type of service costing which is employed by the firms engaged
in providing transportation services, via rail, road or air. The objectives of transport
costing are:
• To determine the cost of carrying passengers or goods.
• To determine the price/freight/fare to be charged from users of such services
• To help the management in decision-making.
Cost Unit
Passenger- Goods-
Kilometres Kilometres
Absolute Commercial Absolute Commercial
tonne-km tonne-km tonne-km tonne-km
Figure 3: Determination of Cost Unit
Absolute tonne-km: cost units between two stations are separately calculated and
then totalled up.
DR. MANIKA JAIN 2
B.Com. (Hons.) IV Semester Section A
Commercial tonne-km: cost units are calculated by multiplying total distance in km by
average load quantity.
The Format:
Source: https://theinvestorsbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Operating-Cost-Sheet.jpg
DR. MANIKA JAIN 3
B.Com. (Hons.) IV Semester Section A
Illustrations:
1. Broadways Co. runs six buses between two towns which are 100 kms apart.
The seating capacity of each bus is 50 passengers. Actual passengers carried
are 70% of the seating capacity. All the 4 buses run for 25 days a month making
one round trip per day. Calculate the total passenger-kms.
Solution:
Total Passenger-kms
= No. of buses X Distance per round trip X No. of round trips per day X No. of
days X Capacity of the bus X Actual capacity utilised
= 4 X (100 kms X 2) X 1 X 25 days X 50 passengers X 70%
= 7,00,000 passenger-kms
2. A truck starts with a load of 10 tonnes of goods from station P. It unloads 4
tonnes at station Q and rest of the goods at station R. It reaches back directly
to station P after getting reloaded with 8 tonnes of goods at station R. The
distances between P to Q, Q to R and then R to P are 40 kms, 60 kms. and 80
kms. Respectively. Compute ‘absolute tonne-km.’ and ‘commercial tonne-km’.
(B. Com. Hons. Delhi; CA Inter)
Solution:
Absolute Tonne-kms
= (10 tonnes x 40 kms.) + (6 tonnes x 60 kms.) + (8 tonnes x 80 kms.)
= 400 + 360 + 640 = 1,400 tonne-kms.
Commercial Tonne-kms.
=Average load x Total km. travelled
= {10+6+8/3} tonnes x 180 kms. = 1,440 tonne-kms.
Note:
Attempt all solved illustrations and revert for queries through Google Classroom platform.
Assignment questions will be posted therefrom.
DR. MANIKA JAIN 4
