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Italian Notes

This document provides an overview of basic Italian grammar including: 1) Pronouns for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person and how verb endings change accordingly. 2) Masculine and feminine articles ("the") and their usage. 3) Common nouns and their articles. 4) Possessive pronouns and their agreement with nouns. 5) Key terms and phrases for food, clothing, and asking questions.

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Lachlan Ceravolo
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
295 views13 pages

Italian Notes

This document provides an overview of basic Italian grammar including: 1) Pronouns for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person and how verb endings change accordingly. 2) Masculine and feminine articles ("the") and their usage. 3) Common nouns and their articles. 4) Possessive pronouns and their agreement with nouns. 5) Key terms and phrases for food, clothing, and asking questions.

Uploaded by

Lachlan Ceravolo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASICS AND GRAMMAR

1 Person
st
2nd Person 3rd Person
(I or we) (you) (he, she, they)
Verbs ending with ‘o’ Verbs ending with ‘i’ Verbs ending with ‘e’
Verbs ending with ‘a’
Suffix ‘iamo’ (we) Suffix ‘ete’ (plural) Suffix ‘ono’ (plural)
Ho (I have) Ha (you have) Ha (they have)
Sono (am) Sei (are) Siete (am/are) Sono (am/are)
Siamo (am/are)

Words with the suffix “iamo” can be used in place of “noi”


Al – to the e - and
é – is (it)
Masculine vowels are: Feminine vowels are:
- O (singular) - A (singular)
- I (plural) - E (plural)

‘THE’
The words for “the” are:
Singular:
Il – masculine – for most words beginning with consonants
(E.g. il topo or il cuoco)
Lo – masculine – for words beginning with z or s
(E.g. lo zucchero or lo squalo)
L’- masculine and feminine – for words beginning with a vowel
(E.g. l’anatra or l’uomo)
La – feminine – for words beginning with a consonant
(E.g. la cipolla or la donna)

Plural:
I – masculine – for words beginning with most consonants
(E.g. I vestiti or I guanti)
Gli – masculine – for words beginning with a vowel, ‘z,’ or ‘s’
(E.g. gli uomini or gli stivali)
Le – feminine – for all feminine words
(E.g. le tasche or le scarpe)

PRONOUNS
You We They He She
Tu (singular) Noi Loro Lui Lei
Voi (plural)
Term Which ‘the’ Italian Which ‘the’ Plural
Kitchen La Cucina Le Cucine
Cook (occupation) Il Cuoco I Cuochi
(I) cook Il Cucino
(He/she/they) cook La Cucina
(I) cut Il Taglio I Tagli
(He/she/they) cut La Taglia
Fried Fritto
Food Il Cibo
Hunger Fame
Knife Il Coltello I Coltelli
Fork La Forchetta Le Forchette
Spoon Il Cucchiaio I Cucchiai
Plate Il Piatto I Piatti
Bowl La Ciotola Le Ciotole
Apple La Mela Le Mele
Bean Il Fagiolo I Fagioli
Beef Il Manzo
Bread Il Pane
Butter Il Burro
Candy La Caramella Le Caramelle
Carrot La Carota Le Carote
Chicken Il Pollo I Polli
Grapes L’ Uva
Meat Il Carne
Onion La Cipolla Le Cipolle
Orange L’ Arancia
Pork Il Maiale
Sandwich Il Panino I Panini
Sausage La Salsiccia Le Salsicce
Steak La Bistecca Le Bistecche
Turkey Il Tacchino I Tacchini
Beverage La Bevanda Le Bevande
Bottle La Bottiglia Le Bottiglie
Cup La Tazza Le Tazze
Glass Il Bicchiere I Bicchieri
Beer La Birra
Ice Il Ghiaccio
Lemonade La Limonata
Milk Il Latte
Water L’ Acqua
AROUND THE KITCHEN
When talking about fried food “fritto” comes before the food item
(e.g. fritto pollo)
When talking about hunger the subject has hunger and is not hungry
(e.g. io ho fame [I am hungry], lei ha fame [she is hungry])

There are 3 ways to describe the presence of an ingredient in a dish:


*dish* di *ingredient* when the ingredient is the only component of
the dish – article never before ingredient
(e.g. succo di limone [lemon juice] succo d’arancia [orange juice])
*dish* con *ingredient* when the ingredient is a garnish or visible
component of the dish – article before ingredient
(e.g. fragola con panna [strawberries with cream])
*dish* al *ingredient* when the dish is flavoured as or tastes like
the ingredient – article always before ingredient
(e.g. torta al cioccolato [chocolate cake])

Pasto – meal
Colazione – breakfast
Pranzo – lunch
Cena – dinner

POSSESSION
My Your Your His/her/its/ Our Their
(singular) (plural) your (formal)
Mio Tuo Vostro Suo Nostro Loro
Mia Tua Vostra Sua Nostra
Miei Tuei Vostri Suoi Nostri
Mie Tue Vostre Sue Nostre

The use of which possessive pronoun depends on whether the noun is


masculine or feminine. Additionally, possessive pronouns agree with the
object it describes.
So, Giulia’s dog when it is referred to as her dog is “il suo cane” because
“cane” is masculine even though it is HER dog.

An article is almost always mandatory before a possessive. The


exceptions are:
 When referring to your close family members (unless the
possessive is “loro”)
 In a small number of phrases (e.g. casa mia [my house])

CLOTHING
Term Which ‘the’ Italian Which ‘the’ Plural
Buy Compra
Bag La Borsa Le Borse
Belt La Cintura Le Cinture
Blazer/jacket La Giacca Le Giacche
Boot Il Stivale I Stivali
Clothes I Vestiti
Clothing L’ Abbigliamento
Coat Il Cappotto I Cappotti
Dress Il Vestito I Vestiti
Gloves Il Guanto I Guanti
Hat Il Cappello I Cappelli
Jewellery (+ store) La Gioellerira
Jumper/sweater Il Maglione I Maglioni
Leather Il Cuoio I Cuoi
Pants I Pantaloni
Pocket La Tasca Le Tasche
Sandal Il Sandalo I Sandali
Shirt La Camicia Le Camicie
Shoe La Scarpa Le Scarpe
Sock La Calza Le Calze
Suit L’ Abito
Skirt La Gonna Le Gonne
Uniform La Divisa Le Divise
Wallet Il Portafoglio I Portafogli

QUESTIONS
Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? Which? How much?
Quando? Quanto?
Cosa? Quanta?
Chi? Quali? Quanti?
Che? Dove? Perche? Come? Quale? Quante?

Add “siete” to any question to ask “are you”


Add “sono” to any question to ask “am I”
The verb of a question is enough for the question (i.e. “mangi” to ask “do
you eat?”)

Question – Domanda Answer – Risposta


Ask - Domandi
PRESENT TENSE VERBS
Verb 1st person use 2nd person use 3rd person use
Want Voglio (I), Vogliamo (we) Vuoi Vuole(s), Vogliono (p
Have Ho (I), Abbiamo (we) Ha Ha (s), Hanno (p)
Make / do Fai Fai Fai
Am / are Sono (I am), Sei (we are) Siete Sono
Can Posso (I), Possiamo (we) puoi Possa (s), Possano (p
Find Trovo (I), Troviamo (we) Trovate Trova (s), Trovano (p
Know Conosco (I), Conosciamo (we) Sai
Say Dico (I), Diciamo (we) Dici Dicono
Do Faccio (I), Facciamo (we) Fai Facciano
See Vedo (I), Vediamo (we) Vedi Vedi
Go Vado (I), Andiamo (we) Vai Vanno
Take Prendo (I), Prendiamo (we) Prendi Prenda (s), prendono
Talk Parlo (I), Parliamo (we) Parli Parla
Ask Chiedo (I), Chiediamo (we) Chiedete Chiede (s), Chiedano
Think Penso (I), Pensiamo (we) Pensi Pensa (s), Pensano (p
Wear Portare Porti Porta (s), Portano (p
Put Metto (I), Mettiamo (we) Metti Metta (s), Mettano (p
Hear Sento (I), Sentiamo (we) Senti Sente (s), Sentano (p)
Believe Credo (I), Crediamo (we) Credi Crede (s), credono (p
Become Divento (I), Diventiamo (we) Diventi Diventa (s), Diventan
Keep Tenete / tieni
Use Uso (I), Usiamo (we) Usi Usare
Work Lavoro (I), Laviamo (we) Lavori Lavorano
Remember Ricordo (I), Ricordiamo (we) Ricordate Ricorda
Call Chiamo Chiama
Die Muoio (I), Moriamo (we) Morite Mori
Follow Seguire (I), Seguiamo (we) Segui Segue (s), Seguano (p
Watch Guardare (I), Guardiamo (we) Guardi Guarda (s), Guardano
Wait Aspetto (I), Aspettiamo (we) Aspetti Aspetta (s), Aspettano
Open Apro (I), Apriamo (we) Apri Apra (s), Aprano (p)
Live Abito (I), Abitiamo (we) Vivete Abita (s), Abitano (p)
Sleep Dormo (I), Dormiamo (we) Dormire Dorme (s), Dormano
Come Vieni / Venite
Give Da (s), Danno (p)
Leave Lascio (I), Lasciamo (we) Lasci Lascia (s), Lasciano (p

Come – like / as
CONJUNCTIONS

But – Ma / Bensi Whether/if – Se And – E / Ed / Che


Or – O / Oppure Both – Sia While – Mentre
That/what – Che Until – Finche non Are – Sei

PREPOSITIONS

The main prepositions are di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra, fra and change
when paired with the different forms of ‘the’

English Italian Il Lo La L’ I Gli Le


Of / From Di Del Dello Della Dell’ Dei Degli Delli
To / At A Al Allo Alla All’ Ai Agli Alle
By / Since Da Dal Dallo Dalla Dall’ Dai Dagli Dalle
In In Nel Nello Nella Nell’ Nei Negli Nelle
On Su Sul Sullo Sulla Sull’ Sui Sugli Sulle
For Pe Per il Per lo Per la Per l’ Per i Per gli Per le
Between Tra/fra Tra il Tra lo Tra la Tra l’ Tra i Tra gli Tra le

Some other prepositions include:

Along – Lungo Despite – Nonostante Before / By – Entro


Towards – Verso Except – Tranne Until – Fino
Days of the Week
Monday Lunedi
Tuesday Martedi
Wednesday Mercoledi
Thursday Giovedi
Friday Venerdi
Saturday Sabato
Sunday Domenica

TIME (ORA)

- Yesterday Ieri
- Today Oggi
- Tomorrow Domani

Time of Day
Morning Mattina
Midday / Noon Mezzogiorno
Afternoon Pomeriggio
Evening Sera
Night Notte
Midnight Mezzanotte
Months of the Year
January Gennaio
February Febbraio
March Marzo
April Aprile - Summer Estate
May Maggio - Autumn Autunno
June Giugno - Winter Inverno
July Luglio - Spring Primavera
August Agosto
September Settembre
October Ottobre
November Novembre
December Dicembre

Measurements of Time
Second Secondi
Minute Minuto
Hour Oro
Day Giorno
Week Settimana
Month Mese
Season Stagione
Year Anno
Decade Decennio
Century Seccolo
Ago Fa
Late Ritardo
Early Presto

OCCUPATION
There are three ways to specify a person’s occupation:
1. ‘Fare’ + definite article + profession (i.e. faccio il medico)
2. ‘Essere’ + indefinite article + profession (i.e. sono un medico)
3. ‘Lavorare come’ + profession (i.e. lavoro come medico)

English Italian (masculine) Italian (feminine)


Anchor / Presenter Il conduttore La conduttrice
Architect L’architetto L’architetta
Captain Il capitano
Clown Il pagliaccio La pagliaccia
Director Il direttore La direttrice
Doctor Il dottore / Il medico
Engineer L’ingegnere
Farmer Il contadino
Fisher Il pescatore La pescatrice
Guard Il guardio La guardia
Lawyer L’avvocato
Mailman Il postino La postina
Mechanic Il Meccanico
Plumber L’idraulico
Police Officer Il poliziotto La poliziotta
Researcher Il ricercatore La ricercatrice
Secretary Il Segretario La Segretaria
Worker L’operaia
Writer Lo scrittore La Scittrice

AROUND THE HOUSE


English Bathroom
Bathtub Vasca da bagno
Shower Doccia
Shampoo Sciampo
Bathroom
Soap Sapone
(Bagno)
Towel Asciugamano
Toothpaste Dentifricio
Toothbrush Spazzolino
Razor Rasoio
Mirror Specchio
Bed Letto
Desk Scrivania
Bedroom Curtain Tenda
(Stanza di Letto) Toy Giocattolo
Pillow Cuscino
Blanket Coperta
Bed sheets Lenzuola
Oven Forno
Kitchen Fridge Frigorifero
(Cucina) Table Tavolo
Chair Sedia / Seggiola
Rug Tappeto
Furniture Mobile
Couch Sofa / Divano
Living Room Telephone Telefono
(Soggiorno) Heating Riscaldamento
Lamp Lampada
Light Luce
Window Finestra
Floor Pavimento
Wall Muro
Balcony Balcone
Courtyard Cortile
Entrance Entrata
Outside the House Roof Tetto
(Fuori la Casa) Door Porta
Key Chiave
Gate Cancello
Ladder Scala
Stairs Scale
ADJECTIVES

Most adjectives are placed after the word they’re describing.


This is excepting adjectives that describe size, quality or age, which come
before the word they’re describing

Most adjectives have masculine singular endings with ’O’ or ‘E’


- Adjectives ending with ‘O’ have four different forms:
o ‘O’ – masculine singular
o ‘A’ – feminine singular
o ‘I’ – masculine plural
o ‘E’ – feminine plural
- Adjectives ending with ‘E’ have two different forms
o ‘E’ – masculine and feminine singular
o ‘I’ – masculine and feminine plural

English Italian
Different Diverso
New Nuovo
Same Stesso
Old Vecchio
Tall Alto
Short Basso
Good Bravo
Free Gratuito
Foreign Straniero
Expensive Caro
Famous Famoso
Rich Ricche
Cheap Economico
Popular Popolare
Modern Moderno
Electric Elettrico
Daily Quotidiano
Useful Utile
Capable Capace
Only Solo / Unica
Strange Strana
Dangerous Pericoloso
Strong Forte
Next Prossimo
Hard Duro
Whole Intero
Short Corte
Full Pieno
Ready Pronto
Easy Facile
Sure Sicuro
Certain Certo
Right Giusto
Common Comune
Cold Freddo
True / Real Vero
Short / Brief Breve
Young Giovane
Hot Caldo
Clear Chiaro / Limpido
CLITIC PRONOUNS

There are 6 different types of object pronouns:

1. Direct Objects – these usually answer the question “what?”


1 person singular
st
Mi 1st person plural Ci
2 person singular
nd
Ti 2 person plural
nd
Vi
3 person singular
rd
Lo / La 3 person plural
rd
Li / Le

These are usually placed before the verb:


i.e. “vedo la ragazza” becomes “la vedo”

2. Indirect objects – these usually answer the question “to whom?”


1 person singular
st
Mi 1st person plural Ci
2 person singular
nd
Ti 2 person plural
nd
Vi
3 person singular
rd
Gli / Le 3 person plural
rd
Gli

These also come, typically, before the verb:


i.e. “scrivo a mia sorella” becomes “le scrivo”

You can also use tonic pronouns for emphasis but “a” is required:
i.e. “Scrivo a lei”

The exception is “loro,” which does not require an “a”


i.e. “scrivo loro”

3. Objects of preposition
After a preposition (“con,” “di” or “per”) you should use a tonic pronoun
i.e. “non so niente di te” (I don’t know anything about you)

4. Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive verbs are when one is doing the action to themself They have
their own pronouns. These are the same as above except for

3rd person singular Si 3rd person plural Si

5. The passive “si”


We use this when not specifically stating who did the action
i.e. “in Italia si mangia la pizza” (in Italy they eat pizza)
For reflexive verbs, you add “ci” before “si”
i.e. “ci si alza presto” (one gets up early)

6. “Ci” and “ne”


“Ci” and “ne” replace prepositional phrases:
- Ci replaces “in” or “a”
- “Ne” replaces “di” and its object

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