General

Concepts &
STS Historical
Developments
MODULE 1: WEEKS 4-6
PREPARED BY:
MRS . ELI ZABETH D. BAYBADO, LPT.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
UNIT 3
Objectives

• analyze how science and technology govern the

early life up to the present time

• appreciate the importance of science and

technology in the society
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Science can be defined as:

1.Science as an idea.
2.Science as an intellectual activity.
3. Science as a body of knowledge.
4. Science as a personal and social activity.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Science can be defined as:

1.Science as an idea.
2.Science as an intellectual activity.
3. Science as a body of knowledge.
4. Science as a personal and social activity.
Some Intellectuals and their
Revolutionary Ideas
• One of the Renaissance men,
particularly in the field of science,
Nicolaus Copernicus knowledge
about the nature of the universe
(Gribbin, 2003).
• Copernicus resembled the Greek
ancient philosophers or thinkers—
he did not do anything extensive
such as observing heavenly bodies
or inviting people to test his ideas.
Some Intellectuals and their
Revolutionary Ideas
• Copernicus was strongly
influenced by a book entitled
Epitome published in 1496 by a
German author, Johannes
Mueller. This book contains
Mueller's observations of the
heavens and some commentary
on earlier works especially that
of Ptolemy.
Some Intellectuals and their
Revolutionary Ideas
• Copernicus's idea and model of
the universe was essentially
complete in 1510. Not long after
that, he circulated a summary of
his ideas to his few close friends
in a manuscript called
Commentariolus {Little
Commentary).
Some Intellectuals and their
Revolutionary Ideas
• The publication of his book De
revolutioni bus erbium coelestium
(On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as
the start of the scientific revolution.

• In his book, he wanted a model of

the universe in which everything
moved around a single center at
unvarying rates (Gribbin, 2003)
COPERNICUS
THEORY
• Copernicus placed
the Sun to be the
centerpiece of the
universe. The Earth
and all the planets
are surrounding or
orbiting the Sun
each year.
COPERNICUS
THEORY
• The Moon, however,
would still be seen
orbiting the Earth.
Copernicus's model
of the Earth orbiting
around the Sun
automatically
positioned the
planets into a
logical sequence.
COPERNICUS
THEORY
In his model, Copernicus
outlined two of planetary
motion:
(1) the orbits of Venus and
Mercury lay inside the
orbit of the Earth, thus,
closer to the Sun; and
(2) the orbits of Mars,
Saturn, and Jupiter lay
outside the Earth's
orbit, thus, farther from
the Sun.
Charles Darwin
• Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution.
He changed our concept of the world's
creation and its evolution.
• Darwin published his book The Origin of
Species in 1589. This book is considered to
be one of the most important works in
scientific Literature.
Charles Darwin
• Darwin's observational skills as a scientist were
extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of
plants and animals into the realms of humans.
• His book The Descent of Man was impressive yet
very controversial. He introduced the idea of all
organic life, including human beings, under the
realm of evolutionary thinking.
 A famous figure in the field
of psychology. Rosenfels
(1980) also described him
as a towering literar y figure
and a ver y talented
communicator who did his
share to raise the
consciousness of the
civilized world in
psychological matters.

Apart from these, Freud also made a significant contribution

in the scientific world popularly known as the method of
psychoanalysis.
 According to Weiner
(2016), his method of
psychoanalysis was
proven to be effective in
understanding some
neurological conditions
that were not understood
by medicine at that time.

His method was unorthodox—focusing on human sexuality

and the evil nature of man. This posed immense challenges
to scholars and ordinary citizens of his time.
Cradles of
Early
Science
Development of
Science in
Mesoamerica
 ▪Famous civilizations that lasted for
Cradles of approximately 2,000 years. These people
Early are known for their works in astronomy.

Science ▪They incorporated their advanced

understanding of astronomy into their
temples and other religious structures.
▪This allows them to use their temples for
The Maya astronomical observation.
civilization ▪The Mayans are also known for
measuring time using two complicated
calendar systems.
 The following were scientific ideas and tools that
Cradles of they developed to help them in everyday life:

Early ▪1. roads paved with stones;

▪2.stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes
Science and other disasters;
▪3. irrigation system and technique for storing
water for their crops to grow in all types of land;
▪4.calendar with 12 months to mark their
The Inca religious festivals and prepare them for planting
season;
civilization
▪5.the first suspension bridge;
▪6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep
records that only experts can interpret.
 Some of their contributions are the
Cradles of following;
Early 1. Mandatory education
Science 2. Chocolates
3. Antispasmodic medication
The Aztec 4. Chinampa
civilization 5. Aztec calendar
 ▪India is a huge peninsula surrounded by
Development vast bodies of water and fortified by huge
of Science in mountains in its northern boarders.
Asia ▪The Indians creatively developed various
ideas and technologies useful in their
everyday lives, they are known for
manufacturing iron and in metallurgical
INDIA
works.
▪Their iron steel is considered to be the
best and held with high regard in the
whole of Roman Empire.
 ▪The Middle East countries are
Development dominantly occupied by Muslims.
of Science in ▪Muslim scientists placed greater value
Asia on science experiments rather than
plain-thought experiments.
▪A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-
MIDDLE EAST
Haytham is also regarded as the
COUNTRIES Father of Optics, especially for his
empirical proof of the intromission
theory of light.
 ▪In mathematics, the mathematician
Development Muhammad ibn Musa alKhwarizmi
of Science in gave his name to the concept of the
algorithm while the term algebra is
Asia derived from al-jabr, the beginning of
the title of one of his publications.
▪What is now known as the Arabic
MIDDLE EAST Numeral System originally came from
COUNTRIES India, but Muslim mathematicians did
make several refinements to the
number system.
 ▪In particular, some scholars
Development considered Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the
of Science in "Father of Chemistry"
Asia ▪In the field of medicine, Ibn Sina
pioneered the science of experimental
medicine and was the first physician to
conduct clinical trials. Among his many
MIDDLE EAST contributions are the discovery of the
COUNTRIES contagious nature of infectious
diseases and the introduction of
clinical pharmacology.
 ▪They tried to study human anatomy
Development and pharmacology, and applied
of Science in important components such as
examination, diagnosis, treatment,
Asia and prognosis for the treatment of
diseases.
▪Astronomy was also famous in the
AFRICA African region.
▪Metallurgy was also known in the
African regions during the ancient
times.
 ▪The Lebombo Bone from the mountains
Development between Swaziland and South Africa, which
of Science in may have been a tool for multiplication,
division, and simple mathematical
Asia calculation or a sixmonth lunar calendar, is
considered to be the oldest known
mathematical artifact dated from 35,000
BCE.
AFRICA
Development ▪The Islamic regions in Africa during
of Science in the medieval period was also
benefiting from mathematical learning,
Asia
which is considered advanced during
those times, such as algebra,
geometry, and trigonometry.
AFRICA
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-
BUILDING
UNIT 4
Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines
• Science, in pre-Spanish Philippines, is
embedded in the way of life of the
people.
• Science is observed in the way they
interpret the movements of heavenly
bodies to predict seasons and
climates, and in organizing days into
months and years.
• Technology is used by people in
building houses, irrigations, and in
developing tools that they can use in
everyday life.
• They developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for
fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and for
transportation, both on land and on waterways. They also developed
technologies in creating musical instruments.
• The different archeological artifacts discovered in different parts of
the country also prove that the Metal Age also had a significant
influence on the lives of early Filipinos.
• The sophisticated designs of gold and silver jewelry, ceramics, and
metal tools proved that their technological ideas helped in the
development of different tools.
• Also, trading with China, Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries
have influenced their lives by providing different opportunities for
cultural and technological exchange.
 • The Philippines, being one of the
centers of global trade in
Southeast Asia during that time,
was considered to be one of the
most developed places in the
region. Although, the country is
blessed with these
developments, the superstitious
Spanish Time
beliefs of the people and the
• They established schools for boys and girls and Catholic doctrines and practices
introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines. during the Spanish era halted
• Technology focuses on using and developing house
tools used in everyday life.
the growth of science in the
• Medicine and advanced science were introduced in country.
formal colleges and universities established by the
Catholic orders.
Contributions:
• established the public education system
• improved the engineering works and the
health conditions of the people
• established a modern research
university, the University of the
Philippines
• created more public hospitals
• the mineral resources of the country
were also explored and exploited
• transportation and communication The Americans
systems were improved • Researches were done to
• reorganized the learning of science and control malaria, cholera, and
introduced it in public and private tuberculosis and other
schools tropical diseases.
• The Protestant church missions in different places in the
country also brought hospitals and schools to far-flung areas.
• After the World War II, the reparation money from Japan was
also concentrated on building highways and in providing
technological training and human resource development in the
country.
• It has explored the use of ODA or Overseas Development
Allocations from different countries to help the country
improve its scientific productivity and technological capability.
Human resource development is at the heart of these efforts
focusing on producing more engineers, scientists, technology
experts, doctors, and other professionals in the country.
Government Policies on Science and Technology

• Padilla-Concepcion (2015) reported that in 2015, in response

to the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government, particularly the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST), has sought the
expertise of the National Research Council of the Philippines
(NRCP) to consult "various sectors in the society to study how
the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015
Goals.
• As a result of the consultation, the NCRP is expected to
recommend policies and programs that will improve the
competitiveness of the Philippines in the ASEAN Region.
The National Research Council of the Philippines
(NRCP) clustered these policies into four, namely:

1.Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International

Policies and Governance.
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth
and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
Philippine government through the DOST. Some of these projects are
the following:
➢ Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and
technology. The government funds basic and applied researches. Funding
of these research and projects are also from the Overseas Development
Aid (ODA) from different countries.
➢ Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of
students in the field of science and technology. Saloma (2015) pointed out
that the country needs to produce more doctoral graduates in the field of
science and technology, and produce more research in these fields,
including engineering.
➢ Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System
for training young Filipinos in the field of science and technology.
➢ Creating science and technology parks to encourage academe and
industry partnerships.
➢ Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to
come home and work in the Philippines or conduct research and
projects in collaboration with Philippine-based scientists.
➢ Developing science and technology parks in academic campuses to
encourage academe and industry partnerships.
➢ The establishment of the National Science Complex and National
Engineering Complex within the University of the Philippines
campus in Diliman. These aimed to develop more science and
technology and engineering manpower resources needed by the
country. They also aimed to produce more researches in these fields.
The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering
(PAASE, 2008) identified several capacity-building programs such as:
➢ Establishment of national centers of excellence
➢ Manpower and institutional development programs, such as the
Engineering and Science Education Program (ESEP) to produce more
PhD graduates in science and engineering
➢ Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries that
will lead the country in different research and development areas
➢ Establishment of science and technology business centers to assist,
advise, and incubate technopreneurship ventures
➢ Strengthen science education at an early stage through the Philippine
Science High School system
Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba — for his outstanding research on tissue culture in
Philippine mangoes
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso — for his works on observing the characteristics of
Antarctica by using satellite images
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. — known internationally in the field of electrical engineering; was
elected as officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz — notable for her research on sea snail venom
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit - for his research on herbal medicine
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III — for his research on tilapia culture
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. — for inventing the meconium drugs testing
8. Lian Formalejo Patena — for doing research on plant biotechnology
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz — for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist
10.Gregory Ligot Tangonan - for his research in the field of communications
technology
There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are
recognized here and abroad for their outstanding
contributions in science:

1.Caesar A. Saloma – an internationally renowned physicist

2.Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine science
3.William Padolina – chemistry and president of National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)—Philippines
4.Angel Alcala – marine science