Again, Good evening everyone, I’m Althea Perales and my topic is just the continuation of Alicaya’s

topic. As we explore Development of Science in Asia. Dli magpaulhi ang China.

Chinese civilizations have greatly influenced many of its neighbor countries like Korea, Japan,
Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, ug other countries that belong to the old Silk Road.
Silk road, a great trade route linking China to other Roman Empire where it allowed transport and
exchange of goods in these regions. So basically daghan kayo nig connections ang china that’s why some
of their discoveries has contributed a lot in western science.

The Chinese are known for traditional medicines,

A product of centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. They discovered various
medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness. So, expertise ni nila
ang mga herbal medicines and other ways sap ag treat ug sakit.

An example is the practice of acupuncture. Acupuncture, ancient Chinese medical technique for
relieving pain, curing disease, and improving general health. So kaning acupuncture ang main
instrument is ang needle, a thin, solid, metallic needles that are manipulated by the hands or electrical
stimulaton. Again daghan ni siyang purpose it can relieve the pain, cure disease and improve general
health. And now in present time gina use na sad ning acupuncture sa anesthesiology.

In terms of technology. the Chinese are known to develop many tools. Hangtod karun diba. Bisag unsa
nalang ila tools nga panghimo.on. Halos mga gamit pud aris ato puro maid in chin ana. Diba Miniso is a
Chinese company man nuh, malingaw bya kag tuyok2 ngadto bisag wala kay paliton.

Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations were compass, papermaking,
gunpowder, and printing tools that became known in the West only by the end of the Middle Ages.

Kaning compass na discover ni nila while mining ores and melting copper and iron, Chinese people found
a natural magnetite that attracted iron and pointed fixedly north. After constant improvement the
round compass came into being. Referred to as a “South-pointer”, the spoon- or ladle-shaped
compasses of magnetic lodestone, and the plate is of Bronze. The circular center represents Heaven,
and the square plate represents Earth. The handle of the spoon points south. The plate bears Chinese
characters which denote the eight main directions of north, north-east, east, etc. This type of compass
has been scientifically tested and found to work tolerably well.

The invention of gunpowder had a close relationship with the advanced ancient workmanship of
smelting industry. As People began to know a lot of chemistry knowledge about the nature of different
mineral materials during the process of smelting operation. With that knowledge, ancient necromancers
or ang mga babaylan or witches sa una whose into sorcery who tried to seek the elixir of immortality
from certain kinds of ore sand fuel. Although they failed to get what they were looking for which is ang
infinity stones ni thanos, na discover man pud nila that an explosive mixture could be produced by
combining sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate）. This mixture finally led to the invention
of gunpowder.

Before paper was invented, Qin Shihuang, the first emperor in Chinese history, had to go over 120 kilos
of official documents written on bamboo or wooden strips. Chinese people decided to help their
emperor, so they brainstormed. They successfully the made of paper, a court official named Cai Lun
made a new kind of paper from bark, hemp, rags, fishnet, wheat stalks and other materials. It was
relatively cheap, light, thin, durable and more suitable for brush writing.

With the inventions of paper and ink, stamper gradually became popular during the Jin Dynasty, which
was the early form of Carved Type Printing. Block Printing first appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The text
was first written on a piece of thin paper, then glued face down onto a wooden plate. The characters
were carved out to make a wood-block printing plate, which was used to print the text. Wood-block
printing took a long time as a new block had to be carved for every page in a book.

They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller, among others.

They developed a design of different models of bridges, one of their discoveries is the suspension bridge
a flat roadway suspended from cables, which probably evolved from simple rope bridges developed to
span small gorges.

Invented the first seismological detector, The Chinese astronomer, mathematician and seismologist,
Zhang Heng (78-139 A.D.) described the earliest seismoscope known in about 132 A.D. When it picked
up a vibration, it dropped a ball from the mouth of a metal dragon into a metal frog, creating a loud
clang. The first time that happened, nobody in the court reportedly felt anything, but a few days later, a
messenger from a village 400 miles away arrived to inform the emperor that an earthquake had
occurred there.

and developed a dry dock facility.

In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar
eclipses, and comets, which were carefully recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly
bodies and their effects to our world. They observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather
changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities. They used lunar calendars, too. The Chinese
are also known in seismology. This made them more prepared in times of natural calamities.

So atong una palang, advances na gyud kayo ang mga Chinese, it’s like they are born to be researchers.
Nasobrahan nalang pud atong nakahimo silag CoVid19.

So, let’s move on to the development of science in Middle east countries.

But contrary to the Greeks, Muslim scientists placed greater value on science experiments rather than
plain- thought experiments.

Ibn al-Haytham’s work was remarkable for its emphasis on proof and evidence. He is known to have
said:

“If learning the truth is the scientist’s goal… then he must make himself the enemy of all that he
reads. ” By this he meant it was essential to conduct experiments to test what is written rather than
blindly accepting it as true.

He experimented to prove that we see because light from objects travels in a straight line into our
eyes.
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer geographer
and a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. He developed the concept of the algorithm in
mathematics (which is a reason for his being called the grandfather of computer science by some
people). Al-Khwarizmi’s algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences.

Jābir ibn Hayyān is considered to be the “Father of Chemistry” (Derewenda, 2007; Warren, 2005). He
emphasized systematic experimentation and did much to free alchemy from superstition and turn it
into a science.

He is more popularly known in the West as Avicenna. Not only was Ibn Sina a great physician and
scientist, he was also a prominent philosopher as well. He contributed in different fields such as
psychology, geology, mathematics, chemistry and astronomy He invented an instrument for observing
the coordinates of a star. He made several astronomical observations and stated that the stars were
self-luminous. At the age of 13, he started studying the medical sciences. By the age of 18, he was
already a well-established physician and his reputation grew, both in the country and beyond.

Let’s go through the development of Science in Africa.

So, atong un apa man, naa nay mga agawan ng lupa nahitaabo.

the oldest known mathematical artifact, is a tally stick Offsite Link with 29 distinct notches that were
deliberately cut into a baboon's fibula. It was discovered within the Border Cave in the Lebombo. The
Lebombo bone’s 29 notches “may have been used as a lunar phase counter, in which case African
women may have been the first mathematicians, because keeping track of menstrual cycles requires a
lunar calendar.” However, the bone is clearly broken at one end, so the 29 notches may or may not be a
minimum number.