Preface

This note collectively consists of 3 main parts.

Part I
A table which collect all case taking items

Part II
The details of gynecological and obstetric case taking.

Part III
A Collections of all definitions and discussions of the parts that closely
related to case taking.

Great efforts were done to introduce this note in a simple and concise form
I want to express my gratefulness to.
Dr: Moh. Elnegary (Gynecology and obstetrics department
Mansura faculty of medicine) for his assistance and encouragement in
the production of this not

Finally
It is hoped that this note may be helpful for you in clinical gynecology
and obstetrics.

With My best wishes

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 Gynecology & Obstetrics
Case taking

HISTORY TAKING
-Name - Age
Personal -Address - Occupation
history -Marital status ( duration – number of offspring )
-Special habits
-In obstetric sheet - Start with gravidity , parity
- Mention number, sex of offspring
-With the patient’s own words & its duration
Complaint -In obstetric sheet start by cessation of menstruation. since.…....
-Menarche.
Menstrual cycle( rhythm , length , duration of the
flow, amount and colour )
Menstrual Dysmenorrhea.
history Inter- menstrual period. ( I.M.P )
Last normal menstrual period. ( L.N.M.P )
Expected date of delivery. ( E.D.D) in obstetric
sheet
Contraception. ( current use )
Gravidity , parity.
Obstetric Previous pregnancy :-
history Normal deliveries ( F.T.N.D)
Abnormal deliveries ( pre-term , still birth
,difficult
deliveries , CS and twins )
Last labour.
Abortion.
Previous pregnancies.
- Previous puerperia.
Past history of medical diseases
Past history of surgical operation
( General & gynecological )
Past history Past history of Trauma , radiotherapy
Drug allergy , hormonal therapy
Past history of contraception
Family history of D.M , hypertension
Family history
Malignancy , twins

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 Husband history:-
Personal history.
Sexual history Medical diseases esp. diabetes, vascular diseases.
For Infertile Surgical operations esp. varicocel
couples Previous marriages
( Duration , outcome , Age of the youngest child )
Ask for
1- Frequency of intercourse. 2- Position.
3- Dysparonia 4- Flour semenis.
5- Douching. 6- Libido
7-Orgasm
Onset , Course , Duration of the complaint.
Present history Analysis of the complaint.
For Other gynecological complaint.
Gynecological sheet Urinary and G.I.T. systems, Other system affected.
Investigation , its results.
Therapeutic history.
D.M , hypertension .
Duration of amenorrhia.
Symptoms suggestive of early pregnancy.
Confirment of pregnancy, it’s date .
Date of quickening .
Present history Analysis of the current complaint.
for Symptoms suggestive of abnormal pregnancy.
obstetric sheet Symptoms suggestive of approaching labour.
Urinary and G.I.T. systems Other system affected.
Investigation , its results .
Therapeutic history.
D.M , hypertension .
EXAMINATION
General appearance
(constitution , weight , height , gait )
Vital signs
(pulse , bl. pressure , temp. , respiratory rate )
General Complexion .
Examination (pallor , jaundice , cynosis )
Head & Neck . examination .
Chest examination.
Breast examination .
Back examination.
Upper & Lower limbs examination.

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 A- Inspection
Abdominal Abdominal contour.
Examination Respiratory . movements.
Abdominal skin.
Umbilicus.
Hair distribution.
Hernial orifices.
Divercation of the recti.
B- Palpation
Superficial palpation
For any abdominal swelling , tenderness & rigidity.
Deep palpation
( For gynecological case )
Palpation of the abdominal organs.
Palpation of an abdominal mass.
( For obstetrics case)
Palpation of the abdominal organs.
Obstetric maneuvers ( Leopold’s maneuvers ).
Fundal level . Fundal grip.
Umbilical grip First pelvic grip.
Second pelvic grip.
C- Percussion & D- Auscultation
Local Inspection of the vulva , Perineum ,…
Examination Digital palpation .
For gynecological Bimanual examination .
sheet Speculum examination.
Rectal examination.
Combined recto-vaginal examination.
Obstetric Gravidity.
diagnosis Parity.
For Obstetric Duration of pregnancy in weeks.
Sheet Presentation , position and lie.
Associated conditions and complications.

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 A- History Taking

Personal History
A patient named …… , aged ….. ….y , from .……, (house wife) married since
……… y, has……..offspring ,with ( no ) special habits.
NB :- In obstetric sheet :- Start by …G…P
- Mention the number and sex of offspring
PName :
- To follow up the patient
-To be familiar with her.
- Essential in hospital and clinical records
PAge :- It is very important in personal history
A- Detection different periods in the female life .
- Period of infancy: 0 –2 y . - Period of childhood: 2-6 y .
- Period of adolescence: 6-10 y . - Puberty phase: 10-16 y .
- Child bearing period: from puberty to menopause
- Peri-menopause : the period before cessation of menstruation 40 – 51 y
- Post-menopause:1 year after cessation of menstruation ( after 51 y )
B- Importance of the age in gynecology.
- Some diseases have more incidence in certain age groups
- Fibroid in 35-45y . - Cancer cervix 40-50y .
- Cancer vulva 60-70y .
C- Importance of the age in obstetrics :-
- To detect female of high risk for pregnancy .
1- Young primgriveda < 15y .
a-She is physiologically, psychologically unfit for pregnancy .
b-During pregnancy (increase incidence of PET and IUFD )
c-During labour (increase incidence of post-partum psychosis )
2- Elderly primgriveda > 35 y increase risk of
a- During pregnancy :- Increase incidence. of - Abortion (3 times more)
- Twins ( 5 times more)
More liable to D.M& hypertension and PET .
b-During labour :- Increase incidence. of - Breech presentation
- Traumatic deliveries
c-During puerprum :- More liable to puerperal sepsis .
d- Increase incidence of genetic abnormalities of the foetus ( Down syndrome )
POccupation :-
1- Stressful jobs more liable to premature labour .
2- Industrial workers including radiation technicians ( increase incidence of
teratogenicity,carcinoma and affect fertility state )

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 PResidence :- Some disease endemic in certain areas .
PMarital status :- Mention the number of marriages , duration of each and
number of offspring .
PSpecial habits :- Including
- Smoking - Drug addiction
- Alcohol - Feeding habits - Athletes

Smoking Alcohol Drug addiction

↓ placental perfusion - Foetal alcohol syndrome -↑foetal anomalies
I.U.G.R - I.U.G.R I.U.G.R
↑ incidence of - Foetal mental retardation I.U.F.D
Ante-partum Hge
Premature labour
Premature rupture of the membrane.

Complaint

- Should be written in patients own words (avoid seintific terms).

- If there are more than one complaint arrange them according to their importance
and chronicity.
- Mention duration of complaint.
A- In Gynecology :
ÿ The main gynecological. Complaints are
1- Bleeding. 2- Pain
3- Discharge. 4- Infertility
5-Mass ( abdominal or mass protruded from the vulva )
6- Urinary complaint ( frequency , incontinence and dysuria )
ÿ Other complaints as :
1- Cessation of menstruation 2- Hairsutism
3- Hot flushes
B- In obstetric :
1- Start by cessation of menstruation since …..
2- The patient may
a- Coming for antenatal care ( diabetic , hypertensive , rheumatic or has
previous CS , abortion, ……,…… )
b- Presented by one or more of the symptoms denoting abnormal pregnancy as :
- Headache - Pain
- Blurring of vision - Vaginal bleeding
- Swelling of the lower limb - Escape of the watery fluid per vagina
c- For confinement

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 Menstrual History

- Menarche was at …….. ... years, the Menstrual cycle are / were (regular)
recurring every ……. days , of ……. days duration , …….amount,…… colour.
- Dysmenorrhea
- I.M.P , free from ( pain , bleeding , discharge ).
- L.M.P , since ….
- ( No ) current use of contraception & if present in the form of …., since…
NB :- In obstetric sheet add E.D.D after L.M.P
P Menarche
- Normally between 10 –16 years
- If occur before 10 y precocious puberty .
- If occur after 16 y delayed menarche .
NB :- female with delayed menarche more liable to
( Infertility, delayed pregnancy, Premature labour and abortion.
P Menstrual Cycle
1- Rhythm refer to the recurrence of menstrual cycle.
normally regular any irregularity should be taken in consideration .
2-Length normally 28 7 day ( 21-35 ) .
oligomenorrhea > 35 & polymenorrhea < 21 days .
3-Menstrual flow ( duration ) : 2-7 days .
4- Amount normally average 50 – 80cc ( mean = 60cc )
ÿ To judge the amount asking for
a- Blood clots if present denote excessive bleeding .
b- Colour normally dark red , bright red in excessive bleeding
and in scanty bleeding .
c- Number of towels changed by the patient per day , night
ÿ General characters of the menstrual blood
1- Colour :- Dark red as the vaginal acidity acting on some blood turn its HB into
met-Hb ( Brown ) .
- In excessive bleeding : Blood escape from the acidity appear bright red.
- In scanty bleeding : The acidic action become more apperant
2- Odour :- Offensive due to decomposition of blood elements mixed with sebaceous
secretion at the vulva .
3- Clotting :- Normally not clot due to fibrolytic activity of the endometrium
- In excessive bleeding :- Blood escape from the fibrolytic activity of the
endometrium so blood clots may appear.
4- Composition :- ( Endometrium , RBCs, cervical mucus, cervical and vaginal
epithelium and enzymes ) .

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P Dysmenorrhea
There are to types of dysmenorrhea

Congestive Spasmodic
1- Age - After marriage. - Shortly after puberty.
2- Parity - Multipara. - Nullipara
3- Onset - 3-5 days before the onset of the menst - Start with the onset
4-Site, reference - In the lower abdomen, referred - In the suprapubic, referred
to the back. to lower limb
5-Characters - Continuos dull aching pain, backache. - Colicky , intermittent
6-Relive - By menstrual flow. - By menstrual flow

NB :- You should differentiate between dysmenorrhea and pre-menstrual tension

syndrome .
P Inter-menstrual Period ( IMP ) :- The period from the last day of the menstruation
to the 1st day of the next one .
- Asking for ( pain , bleeding , discharge .)
P Last Normal Menstrual Period
ÿCharacters of LNMP :
1-Should be proceeded by 3 normal cycles .
2-Normal in amount , duration .
3- Not induced by hormonal contraception.
ÿ Importance of LNMP :
1- Calculation of the expected date of delivery ( EDD ) in obstetric sheet .
2- Expectation of pregnancy if there is amenorrhea .
3-Determine the date of some operation as ( cautery, tubal patency test, vaginal
operation ) which done in post menstrual period.
How to calculate E.D.D ?
By ( Naegles rule ) which based on addition of 7 days and 9 months to the date of
the L.N.M.P :
- Add 7 days and 9 months in the 1st 3 moths of the year
- Add 7 days and subtract 3 months from the rest of the months.
( EDD in the next year )
Example : 1- If the LNMP in the 25/ 1/ 2000
So EDD in the 2/ 11/ 2000.
2- If the LNMP in the 2/ 4/ 2000.
So EDD in the 9/ 1/ 2001.
From the EDD you can calculate the duration of the pregnancy
ÿ Duration of pregnancy :
- 40 week +2 w - 280 day + 14 d
- 266 day ( from a single coitus ) - 9 calender months

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 NB : In patient who forget the date of LNMP do your best to reach the near date by
making relationship between it and a famous date for her
(date of marriage , a date of festival )
P Contraception :
If currently used ( within 6 months ) comment on it in the menstrual history ,
otherwise comment in the past history.
ÿ The most commonly used methods are .
- O.C.Ps ( oral contraceptive pills )
- I.U.D ( intrauterine device or loop )
- Injectable contraception .
- Others.
( She use contraception in the form of ………… since ………)

Obstetric History

1- Gravidity ,Parity.
2- Previous deliveries ( in details ).
- Normal labour (FTND).
- Abnormal deliveries ( pre-term labour , still birth , difficult labour , C.S and twins )
3- Abortion .
4- Previous Pregnancies.
5- Previous Puerperia.
& Gravidity :
& Parity :
NB : - Nullipara is more liable to PET & eclampsia.
- Grandmultipara more liable to Ante-partum & post-partum Hge and dizygotic
twins.
& Previous deliveries
20 weeks 28 weeks 37-38 weeks 42 weeks
Abortion pre-term F.T.N.D post-term

1 st trimester 2nd trimester 3 rd trimester

14 weeks 28 weeks

ÿ According to the date :

- Pre-term labour between 28 – 37 weeks
- Full-term labour between 38- 42 weeks
- Post-term pregnancy After 42 week
At first comment on full –term normal deliveries .

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 ÿ Full term normal delivery ( FTND )
- Spontaneous without interference ( except epiziotomy )
- Mature between 37 - 42 w ( obstetric viability )
- Natural birth canal (vagina )
- Reasonable time between 3–24h . less than 3 h ( precipitate labour), more than
24 h
( prolonged labour ) .
- Vertex present Mean that the head is the presented part in full flexed attitude
- Without maternal complications as ( shock , pp Hge, puerp sepsis … Etc)
- Without foetal complications as ( asphyxia ,intracrainal Hge ,Skull
fracture,…….Etc).
ÿ Abnormal deliveries
A- Pre -term pregnancy comment on .
1-Number
2-Duration of pregnancy on each
3-Results ( living , dead ) .
B-Still birth comment on
1-Number
2-Wither Antenatal or intranatal
By asking the patient about the foetal movements before the onset of labour, if she
did not feel it denote that it is antenatal .
3-Characters of the newborn ( sex , weight , any congenital anomalies ) .
C- Difficulty Deliveries
1-Number , date of each
2-Nature
D- Caesarean section
1- Number 2- Date
3- Cause 4- Place
5-Post-operative complications
& Last Labour
1-Date ……. 2-Nature
& Abortion
1- Number & date of each ( Habitual abortion if 3 successive spontaneous abortion)
2- Duration of pregnancy ( to know the cause )
st
- In the 1 12 week usually due to chromosomal anomalies
- In16 –24 week usually due to incompetent cervix
- In between 20 –24 usually due to ( fibroid , placenta praevia ,syphilis)
3- Mode of onset ( spontaneous or induced )
4- Mode of termination medical or surgical (surgical before 12-14 week )
5- Post-operative complications .

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 & Previous Pregnancies :-
- May pass without any complication
- May complicated by
● P.E.T. ● Ante-partum Hge
●Gestational D.M ● Others
& Previous Puerperia:-
- May complicated by
● Puerperal sepsis ● Puerperal pyrexia
● Post-partum Hge ● U.T infection
● Genital prolapse ● Acute mastitis
● Deep venous thrombosis
Past History
1- Past history of medical diseases as (D.M . hypertension ,T.B, hepatic, cardiac,
and pulmonary diseases )
2- Past history of surgical operation ( general & gynecological )
a-Abdominal and pelvic operations may result in adhesion which may
lead to infertility.
b-Gynecological operations .
- Cervical cautery may result in stenosis
- Cervical dilatation may result in incompetence
- Over curettage lead to thinning of the uterine wall ( rupture uterus )
- Plastic operation as ( repair of prolapse , vesico-vaginal fistula ) in this cases it is
better to delivered by CS to avoid recurrence of the lesion
N .B :- Always 2 C.S followed by C.S
- One C.S always hospital delivery
3- Past history of
● Trauma ● Radiotherapy
● Drug allergy ● Hormonal therapy
ÿRadio therapy may cause amenorrhae
ÿDrug allergy to assess the safety of the used drug
4- Past history of contraception
ÿIt direct the physician for the most useful method
ÿTo avoid repeated question to the patient on follow up
ÿ Texte : She used contraception in the form of ……. Since ……. For …….,
If more than one method used :-
Then she withdraw it for ….., then use ……… , Since ……….. for….

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 Family History
Family history of
● D.M ● Hypertension
● Malignancy ● Twins

Sexual History
( for infertile couples )
1- Husband history:-
Personal history.(name, age, occupation, ……,…..)
Medical diseases esp. diabetes, vascular diseases.
Surgical operations esp. varicocel
2- If she / he previously married
( Date of marriage , results of this marriages )
3- Ask her about the following :-
a- frequency of the intercourse :
As frequent intercourse lead to production of immature or no sperms.
(the ideal is 2 per week)
b- Position of her :
As it affect semen deposition ( the ideal is the dorsal position )
c- Dysparenia
It means painful coitus which may be
● Superficial in vulval lesion.
● Deep in vaginal or cervical lesion .
d- Flour semines :
It means semen expulsion by strong contraction of perivaginal muscles which
lead to semen expulsion and no fertilization.
e- Douching
It may be pre-coital or post-coital and it may contain anti-sperms agents or may
clear the vagina from the semen .
f- Orgasm
It means pleasurable sensation after the intercourse
g- Libido
It means the desire to act .

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 Present history
( of the gynecological sheet )
The present history of a gynecological case written as the following :-
1- Onset , course and duration of the complaint
2- Analysis of the complaint
3- Other gynecological complaint ( bleeding ,discharge , pain )
4- Other system affected ( urinary , G.I.T , others )
5- Investigation and its results .
6- Therapeutic history ( date of admission , treatment received )
7- D.M and hypertension .
Analysis of the complaint
A- A case of bleeding
1- Characters of the blood ( colour ,amount , odour )
2- Relation of the bleeding to the menstruation
3- Factors that increase or decrease the bleeding
4- Presence of ( blood clots , low back ache and colicy pain )
5- If preceded by amenorrhea ( ectopic pregnancy , abortion , … )
6- If there is bleeding from other body orifices .
B-A case of discharge
1- Characters of the discharge ( colour , amount ,odour , consistency )
2- Associated symptoms as :
- Itching ( pruritis vulva ) - Menstrual irregularities
3- Factors that increase or decrease the discharge
ÿ Characters of monilial discharge ( candida )
Scanty ( moist the vulva ) , thick , whitish , curd-like , associated with itching
and increased by D.M , pregnancy
ÿ Characters of the trichomonas discharge
Profuse ( stain the internal clothes , yellow ,offensive and usually post- menstrual.

C-A case of pain

1- Site , reference
Pain of genital organ is felt in the suprapubic region , refered to the lower back .
Ovarian pain may felt in one or both iliac fossea
2- Characters of the pain:-
Colicy : Usually of uterine origin which may be due to placental or membrane
remnant , blood clots in the uterus or I.U.D.F
Dull aching : mainly due to pelvic congestion felt in the lower abdomen
Pricking , Burning , Throbbing ,….,….. ,etc
3-Factors that increase or decrease the pain.
4- Associated symptoms as ( menstrual irregularities and vaginal discharge )

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 D – A case of swelling
May be abdominal or at the vulva ( prolapse )
1- Site ,and size
The patient may describing it as lemon or orange size
2-Swelling at other sites of the body ( may be malignant )
3- Factors that increase or decrease the complaint .
4- For prolapse
Effect of straining on it ( present all over the time or only on straining )
Associated urinary or G.I.T symptoms .

E- A case of infertility
1- The condition started since …… , as the patient failed to conceive in spite of
continous , regular , unprotected marital relationship
2- She sought medical advice in which the husband was investigated by semen
analysis which was ……….
3- She was investigated by
- Hysterosalpingography ,………… ( results )
- Pre-menstrual biopsy ,………….. ( results )
- Post-coital test ,…………. ( results )
- Others………….

F – A case of amenorrhea
1- Duration of amenorrhea ( since ….. )
2-It may be 1ry or 2ry
ÿ For 1ry amenorrhea
a- Presence or absence of secondary sex characters
( breast size , pubic and axillary hair )
b- Cyclic lower abdominal pain
( Associated with abdominal enlargement and urinary symptoms )
● 1ry amenorrhea may be a part of hypothalamic or pituitary syndrome
ÿ For 2ry amenorrhea
a- Presence of symptoms of early pregnancy ( the most common cause )
b- Attack of previous similar conditions
c- Galactorrhia ( milky or serous discharge from the breast )
d- Menopausal symptoms
e-Hirsutism ( excess androgen )

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 Present history
( of the obstetric sheet)
1- The condition started by 2ry amenorrhia since ……..
2- This followed by symptoms suggestive of early pregnancy ….,…,…..,..
3- This confirmed by ……… since ……
4- Quickening was at …………………..
5- Analysis of the current complaint
6- Symptoms suggestive of abnormal pregnancy ( pain ,discharge , bleeding )
7- Symptoms suggestive of approaching labour
8- Other systems affected ( GIT, Urinary, others )
9- Investigation and its results
10- Therapeutic history (date of admission, treatment received)
11-D.M and hypertension .

Discussion on present history of obstetric case

& Symptoms suggestive of early pregnancy
●2ry amenorrhia ● Slight abdominal enlargement
●Morning sickness (nausea,vomiting) ● Change in appetite
●Frequent micturation
●Breast changes ( enlargement , fullness , tingling , mastalagia )
& Pregnancy confirmed by :-
1- Physical examination
2- Urine pregnant test
3- Ultrasound ( sonar )
& Quickening : This is the first perception of the foetal movement by the mother
(16- 18 w in multigravida , 18-20 w in primigravida )
& Symptoms suggestive of abnormal pregnancy
● Headache ● Blurring of vision ● Epigastric pain
● Vomiting ● Lion pain ● Vaginal bleeding
● Vaginal discharge ● Swelling of the L.L
& Symptoms suggestive of approaching labour
1- Lightening which described by the patient as coming down of the abdomen
2-Increase vaginal discharge
3-False labour pain
4-Pelvic pressure symptoms ( frequent micturation , difficult in walking )
& Symptoms suggestive of the onset of labour
1- Passage of show ( cervical mucous pulg streaked with blood )
2- True labour pain

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 Analysis of the current complaint
A –Case of pre-eclamptic toxaemia ( P.E.T )
1- Onset ,course and duration of the symptoms
2- Ask about the signs and symptoms of the problem
( headache , blurring of vision , swelling lower limb ,……..,…… )
3- Attack of similar condition on previous pregnancy
4- If she is still feel the foetal movement .
5- Symptoms of imminent eclampsia
● Aggravation of P.E.T symptoms ● loss of vision
● Sever epigastric pain ● Sever vomiting ● Oliguria

B- A case of diabetes with pregnancy .

1- The age of the onset and duration of the diabetes
-To determine the classification of the patient (modified White’s classification )
2-Dose of insulin or hypoglycaemic tablets taken.
3- Associated symptoms
Polyuria , polydepsia , numbness in the limbs , decrease in the weight .
4- If she is still feel with the foetal movement .
5- Symptoms of associated P.E.T .

C- Pregnancy of a cardiac patient .

1- About the cardiac disease
Onset ( congenital , before pregnancy , during pregnancy )
Course ( progressive , stationary , retrogressive )
Duration ( since …………..)
Nature ( rheumatic , congenital , artificial valve , ……. )
2- About the association
Dyspnea ( at the rest , on exertion , orthpnea ,…….. )
Cough ( dry or productive , characters of sputum )
Haemoptysis , chest pain
Pain in the right hypochondrium ( liver congestion )
3- If she is still feel with the foetal movement .
4- Therapeutic history especially if she take Lanoxine.

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 A-General examination

1- General appearance 5-Chest examination.

2- Vital signs - Breast examination
3-Complexion - Back examination
4-Head & neck examination - Upper and lower limbs
examination.
1- General appearance
A- Constitution
May be :-
a- Average feminine constitution
- Average height ( 150-200cm )
- Well developed female sex characters ( feminine fat distribution , well developed
breast, developed pubic and axillary hair )
- Pelvic girdle > shoulder girdle .
b- Infantile constitution
- Short < 150 cm
- Undeveloped female sex characters
c- Masculine constitution
- Tall
- Male sex characters ( hoursness of voice ,hairsutism, muscle bulk )
- Pelvic girdle < shoulder girdle
B-Weight
● Determined by :
- Thickening of the skin folds ( triceps )
- Body mass index = weight(kg)
( height)2 meters = 19-25
For example : W = 75k , H = 165cm , BMI= ?
BMI = 75 / 3.3 = 22.7
● The weight may be ( average , underweight or obese )
● Normally the weight of the pregnant female increased by 2-2.5 kg/ month.
& Excessive weight gain & Excessive weight loss or no gain
- Multiple pregnancies Intrauterine foetal death
- Polyhydraminos Oligohydraminos
- Occult oedema IUF growth retardation

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C- Height
● May be - Average (150-200)
- Tall > 200cm - Short > 150 cm
● Dystropia dystocia syndrome
- Occur in short stocky patient
- Signs (delayed puberty ,hirsutism , contracted pelvis and small uterus )
- During pregnancy she is more liable to ( abortion, PCT ,malpresentation )
- During labour more liable to
● Prolonged labour ● Laceration of the vagina & cervix
● Premature rupture of the membrane ● Increase incidence. of the surgical
interference as forceps, CS
- During puerperium more liable to puerperal sepsis .
D- Gait
- To comment on the gait the patient must be walking .
- The gait is normal in pregnancy except in late weeks of pregnancy which become
ÿ Waddling gait ( spinal lordosis and abduction of the thigh ) due to engagement
mainly in the pirmigravida in last few weeks but in multigravida engagement
occur in the second stage of labour .
ÿ Limbing gait :- denotes abnormal pelvis as oblique contracted pelvis
2-Vital Signs :-
a- Pulse ( 60-100/ min )
Slight increase of 10-15 / min may occur in obstetric ( physiological changes of
pregnancy )
Abnormal pulse may be ( tachycardia , bradycardia , irregular or weak pulse)
b- Blood Pressure 90-140/60-90 normally .
- Normally the blood pressure during pregnancy tend to hypotensive side due to
placental A-V shunt and heamodilution .
- Hypertension during pregnancy may one of the following ( P.E.T, Essential
hypertension or chronic nephritis )
c- Temperature ( 36.6-37.2 )normally .
Abnormal increase denote infection.
d- Respiratory rate : about 16-20 / min , pregnancy usually associated with
hyperventilation (progesteron action ).
3- Complexion :
a- Pallor :- Best seen in the inner surface of the lower lip
b- Jaundice :- Best seen in the sclera of the lower forinex
c- Cyanosis :- Seen in under surface of the tongue , conjunctiva in central cyanosis &
tip of the nose ,ear pinna , nails in peripheral cyanosis .

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 4- Head & Neck examination :
A- Head
- Examination of L.N (submandibular, preauricular,postauricular and occipital L.Ns)
- Face ( hairsutism – malar flush in mitral stenosis – acne )
- Mouth ( pallor and cyanosis ) .
- Eye ● Sclera ( jaundice )
● Cornea & conjunctiva ( Hg , vit A deficiency )
● Puffiness of the eye lid ( early in morning in chronic Nephritis )
B- Neck :
- Thyroid gland ( for enlargement )
- Neck veins ( congestive in semisitting position in heart failure)
- Lymph node ( search for any enlargement)
5-Chest examination :
1- Thoracic cage ( pigeon shaped chest in rickets )
2- Lung ( bronchitis , asthma, TB, emphysema)
3- Heart (H.F, valvular lesion )
6-Breast examination
a-Signs of pregnancy :
Enlargement , fullness , increase vascularity , pigmentation of the primary aerola &
montogomery sign
b-Nipple examination :
protrusion ,retraction ,fissure , milky discharge
c-Scar of previous operation
d-Palpable mass ( tumour )
e-Infection ( mastitis , abscess )
7-Back examination
- Any deformities ( kyphosis , sclerosis )
- Spina bifeda
8-Upper & lower limbs
A- Upper limb
- Hirsutism , muscular development in android pelvis
- Epitrochlar lymph node enlarged in $
- Hand examination ( clubbing in chronic .diseases )
B- Lower limb
- Hirsutism , muscular development ( android pelvis )
- Examine the L.Ns .
- Deformities or configurment - Varicose vein
- Sings of D.V.T ( tenderness , swelling ) - Oedema

20
 Abdominal examination
I -Inspection
II - Palpation
III- Percussion
IV – auscultation
General instruction

You should be in the right side of the patient to facilitate the movement of right arm
Examination done by the palm of the hand rather than the tips of the finger with warm
hand ( except in some maneuvers )
Engage the patient in conversation to decreased the rigidity of the abdominal wall
Examine the inguinal canal , inguinal L.Ns.
For the patient :
-The patient lies flat with slightly raised head on a pillow
The patient expose the area from the xiphisternum to symphysis pupis
Her knee drown up to decrease rigidity of the abdominal wall
& The abdomen is divided by two vertical and two horizontal lines into 9 quadrants
Two vertical lines ( mid clavicular plain which extend from the mid clavicular to the
mid ingunal point
Upper horizontal line ( transpyloric plain at the level of the first lumber vertebra
bisects the distance between the umiblicus and xiphisternum )
Lower horizontal ( inter-crestal plane ) extend between the highest points on the iliac
crests.
The 9 abdominal regions are :
1- Right, Left hypochondrium (1,2 )
2- Right, Leift lumbar (3,4)
3- Right , Leift iliac (5,6)
4- Epigastrium 7
5- Hypogastrium 8 ( supra pubic )
6- Umbilical 9
I – Inspection
1-Abdominal contour. 5- Hernial orifices
2-Respiratory movement 6- Hair distribution.
3- Abdominal skin 7- Divercation of the recti
4- Umbilicus

21
 1-Abdominal contour :
- Scaphoid : normally, it is concave from side to side and from above downwards.
- It may be bulging
Generalized abdominal bulging ( vertical > transverse ) in pregnancy.
Localized bulging in certain regions.
2-Respiratory movements :
- The abdomen normally moves freely with respiration
3-Abdominal skin :
- Scar of previous operations ( CS , hysterotomy )
- Pigmentation ( linae nigra , striae gravidarum , pigmentation around the umbilicus )
- Striae ( rubra, albicans , …..)
- Dilated veins ,sinuses and fistula.
- Oedema of the abdominal wall.
4-Umbilicus :
Comment on :
a-Site : Normally between the umbilicus & symphysis pubis
May be shifted upwards, downwards .
b-Shape : Normally inverted may be flat or everted .
c- Discharge d – Swelling and nodule
a- Discolouration.
5-Hair distribution : may be
- Feminine distribution (triangular with horizontal upper border)
- Masculine distribution ( extension of the pubic hair towards the umbilicus )
6- Hernial orifices :
Umbilical Inguinal
Paraumbilical Incisonal.
7- Divercation of the recti

& N.B : Causes of abdominal enlargement ( 7 f + ovarian tumour )

( fetus ,fat, flatus, full bladder, false pregnancy , fluid , fibroid , ovarian tumour )

II-palpation
A- Superficial palpation
By using the flat of the hand gently beginning some distance from the lesion .
examined for :
Tenderness :- it is a symptom the patient complaint of pain at the area of underling
lesion
- Rigidity :- it is a sign you feel rigid abdominal muscle due to underline tender lesion
so the muscles neither relax nor move in taking deep breath

22
A- Deep palpation
♥ For a gynecological case.
a-Palpation of the abdominal organs ( liver , spleen ,kidney )
b-Palpation of abdominal mass
Type ( Abdominal or pelvi abdomunal )
Number ( single , multiple , bilateral )
Site .
Size in cms.
Shape ( rounded , ovoid or irregular )
Surface ( smooth , nodular )
Margin ( will or ill defined )
Consistency ( soft ,hard ,firm or cystic )
Mobility ( fixed or mobile from side to side , or from up and dawn )
Tenderness
Relation to the skin
Relation to the underline structure
& Special types of palpation :fluid thrill- dipping method
♥ Deep palpation for obstetric case
a- Palpation of abdominal organs ( liver ,spleen kidney )
b-Palpation of pregnant uterus
1- Fundal level 4- 1st pelvic grip
2- Fundal grip 5- 2nd pelvic grip
3- Umbilical grip 6- Combined grip
1- fundal level
Maneuver :-
Centralization of the uterus by the left hand
Palpation done by the ulnar border of the left hand from the xiphisternum downward
to feel the first resistance which is the fundus
Determined the gestational age as follow:
At 12w… felt at the upper border of the symphysis. pubis
At 24w … felt at the level of the umbilicus
At 36 w…felt at the xiphisternum.
& After 36 w especially in primigravida the level
of the fundus descend in the last few weeks due to
engagement of the presenting part to the level coincide
with the fundus at the level of 32 weeks so you should
differentiate between them .

23
 Uterus at 32w Uterus at 40w
- History - Since 32w -Since 40w
LNMP Since 12-14w Since 20-22
Quickening (-)ve (+) ve
Lightening - (-)ve -(+) ve
-Pelvic pressure symptoms
B-Examination Broad , large, shelved
Uterus - No shelving Engaged
- Head ( commonly) - Not engaged - Firm
Tone of the foetus - Soft -Great
- Amount of liquer - Small
C- Investigation & special Ultrasongraphy
Methods

2- Fundal grip
Maneuver :- By grasping the fundus of the uterus by the palms of the 2 hands
Aim :- to determine which part of the foetus occupying the fundus
In the transfers lie …….. empty 0.5%
In longitudinal lie …….. breech 96% - head 3.5% .
You can differentiate between Head & Breech
Head Breech
Shape , size -Rounded , regular , small -Irregular , large
Consistency - Hard - Soft
Tenderness Cause tenderness No cause
Ballottable Is ballottable Not ballottable
Change of contour with Not change Change in shape and
foetus movement contour
Foetus movement Away from it Under the examining
hand
♥ If you fell : Soft , bulky , irregular , not tender , not ballottable ⇛ It is A Breech .
♥ If you feel : hard , small , regular , tender , ballottable ⇛ It is A Head .
3-Umbilical grip :- by two method
1- First method
One hand used to support the uterus and the level of the umbilicus, other hand is used
to palpate the other side of the uterus from above downwards in three lines
( paramedian , midclavicular and midaxillary )
2- Second method
- Two hands are laid site by side at the level of the umbilicus and palpate the
structure underneath them , one hand supports and the other palpate the uterus
and compare .

24
 Aim :-
1- Determine the position of the foetal back (ant. or post. & whether right or left )
- The back is felt as a smooth continuous curve from head to the breech
2- Determine the position of the head and breech in transverse lie
3- Site of the anterior shoulder to hear the ( F.H.S )
4- 1St pelvic grip
Maneuver
1- By sitting beside the patient while she is supine with flexed hip and knee
2-Try to catch the lower uterine segment by the right hand which the palm resting on
the symphysis pubis.
3-The thumb is parallel to the right inguinal ligament and the other four finger is
parallel to the left inguinal ligament .
4- Try to feel the presented part between the thumb and other 4 finger
Aim :-
1- Determination the presenting part ( head , breech )
In longitudinal line ( 96% head , 3.5% breach )
Empty in transverse line 0.5%
2- To determine the relation of the presenting part to the pelvic inlet , if the head it
may
Floating :- all the head is felt ballottable
Not engaged :- most of the head 3/5 felt
Engaged :- most of the head is not felt

N.B All the previous maneuvers done with looking towards the patient’s face
5- 2nd pelvic grip :
1- Now you turn your face towards the patient’s feet
2- The two hands are placed flat on both sides of the lower part of the abdomen
and push there downward towards the pelvis and feel the sides of the presenting
part
by your fingers .
Aim :
1- To determine the attitude of the head
- Completely flexed …….… Occiput lower than the sinciput
- Completely extended ……. Occiput higher than the sinciput
- Military ( deflexed ) ……… Occiput & sinciput at the same level .
2- To determine the engagement

25
 III-Percussion
The normal abdomen is resonant on percussion because the intestine are full of gases
( ovarian tumors and fibroid ) are dull so there is central abdominal dullness and
resonant flanks .
Ascites give central resonance and dull flanks as the fluid fill the flanks and the
intestine float on the fluid to be central .
Shifting dullness ……. By asking the patient to lie in one side after fixing the hand on
the opposite side , the flanks become resonant
Fluid thrill found in ( ascites , internal Hge , hydraminos , distended bladder, large
unilocular ovarian cyst )
IV-Auscultation
1-Normally the intestinal sound , aortic pulsation ( in thin female ) are heard .
2-Value of the intestinal sound
Absent in: ( Paralytic ileus , peritonitis)
Aggravated in : (Mechanical intestinal obstruction )
♥ In Obstetric, other sounds may be heard
Fetal heart sound (F.S.H) - Funic souffle
- Uterine souffle
Foetal heart sounds (F.H.S) heard by :-
1- Pinards foetal stethoscope
2- Sonicaid by using ultrasound principal
Importance :
1- Sure sign of pregnancy
2- Sure proof of a living foetus
3- To confirm the foetal presentation.
- Cephalic ………. FSH heard below the umbilical
- Breech ……. FSH heard above the umbilical
- Transverse line FSH heard on one side of the umbilical
4- Determination the foetal position
5- To diagnose twins in which 2 foetal heart sounds with difference of 10 beats /
min or more heard by 2 physicians at the same time.

Fundal level Fundal grip Umbilical grip 1st pelvic grip 2nd pelvic grip

26
 Local Examination
( For gynecological case )
1- Done in special examining room
2- Position usually – Dorsal position
In examination of vesico-vaginal fistula
best done in sim’s lateral position
3- The examination done in a good light
4- The patient should with empty bladder
The local examination include
A-Inspection
B-Digital palpation ( PV examination )
C-Speculum examination
D-Rectal examination
E-Combined recto- vaginal examination
A-Inspection
1- Mons veners :-
For hair distribution and nodules
2- Clitoris :-
Usually removed with the upper part of the labia minora in circumcision
Clitoral cyst may be present .
3- Labia majora and minora
For any swelling or ulceration
4- Perineum
This is the area between foresheet and anus
Inspected for recto-vaginal fistula or short perineum .
5-Anal orifice
Should be inspected
6-Vestibule
By gentile separation of two labiae by two fingers
Inspect the triangular area between clitoris above and foresheet blow
External urethral meatus : inspected for redness , discoloration and curuncle .
Vaginal orifice : inspected for any discharge , bleeding and swelling .
♥ Ask the patient to cough or strain and comment on
- Stress incontinence and genital prolapse
B- Digital palpation ( P.V examine )
Procedure
The labia majora and minora separated by the fingers of the left hand
Introduce the lubricated index and middle finger of the right hand into the vagina with
the thumb kept extended .
Palpate and examine the following
1- Vaginal wall ( ulceration , soild tumour a nd cysts )

27
 2- structure related to vagina
- The urethra , bladder palpated through the anterior vaginal wall
- The rectum palpated through the posterior vaginal wall
3-Tone of the levator ani
- By asking the patient to hold herself , to feel the tone of the muscle
4- Vaginal fornices
- As the vault of the vagina divided by the cervix into anterior , posterior and
2 lateral fornices
Examine for ( nodules , masses and tenderness )
5-Cervix
- Palpated as a projection in the vaginal vault
External os :- in nullipara is circular pin hole and in multipara is transverse
slit
Direction :-
In ante-version you feel the anterior lip first ( the external os directed
towards the posterior wall )
In retro-version you feel the posterior lip of the cervix first
( the external os directed towards the anterior vaginal wall )
Level :-
Normally the lower end usually at the ischial spine level
In presence of prolapse it decrease below this level .
Size , Shape :-
Chronic cervicitis (enlarged , hard )
Under developed uterus ( Long ,slender)
Mobility :-
It can move from side to side without pain
Sever pain on movement due to ( ectopic pregnancy , acute salpingitis )
Consistency :-
Usually firm ( like the tip of the nose )
In pregnancy it is soft
In cancer cervix it is fixed , indurated and friable
C – Bimanual Examination
- Examine the uterus for
Shape Position Mobility
Size Consistency Tenderness
Procedure
1- The 2 fingers in the vagina placed gently below the cervix in the anterior fornix .the
left hand is placed flat just above the symphsis. Pupis
2- The uterus lift upwards towards the ant.abdominal wall by the 2 fingers in the
vagina
3- On pressing both hands together
In ante-verted uterus it can be felt between the fingers of both hands

28
 In retro-verted uterus the abdominal wall thickness only felt
4- For Adenxia ( appendages )
Procedure - The fingers in the vagina is placed in one of the lateral fornices , the
other hand presented laterally to the uterus .
- Ovary can be felt in thin female as ( small ,oval , movable structure )
- Healthy fallopian tubes not palpable
6- For abnormal pelvic swelling
Examine for ( size , shape ,consistancy , mobility , tenderness ,attachment )
6- For blood or discharge : examined it for ( odour ,consistancy , colour )
D – Speculum Examination
Aims:
1- Inspection of the wall of the vagina , cervix for ulcers , polyps , erosion ,
cervicitis , tumour
2- Examination of vaginal discharge for amount , consist ,colour and its
characters
3- For exposing the external os to use the uterine sound
4- For exposing the cervix for special tests as colopscopy
E – Rectal Examination Indicated in
1- Virgin , A plastic vagina
2- Recto- vaginal fistula
3- Diagnosis of rectocele
4- Examine of cancer cervix
5- Patient with rectal complaint
6- Masses in the Douglas pouch
F-Recto Vaginal Examination
Procedure : - - By inserting the thumb finger in the vagina and the index finger into the
rectum
Indication :- To evaluate masses in douglas pouch protruding through vaginal wall

Diagnosis of the obstetric case

1- Gravidity : Number of pregnancy inculding the present one

2- Parity : Number of previous deliveries ( vaginal or by CS )
3- Duration of pregnancy in weeks
4- Presentation , position and lie
5- Associated conditions or complication .
Medical : D.M , heart diseases & Surgical : CS , hysterotomy
Obstetrical : Ante- partum hemorrhage , P.E.T
Foetal : Hydramnios ., I.U.F.D
EXAMPLE The diagnosis is 3rd gravida , 2nd para ,37week ,cephalic ,left occepto-
anterior associated with PET

29
 Definitions & discussions

Menarche :
The age of spontaneous menstruation. ( Range 10 –16 y , mean 13y .)
Menstruation:
Periodic shedding of the endometrium accompanied by loss of blood
Molimina :
A group of symptoms normally occurring before and during the menstruation
including some headache , irritability and breast discomfort
Pre-menstrual tension syndrome :
A group of symptoms which occur in a cyclic manner in the pre-menstrual
period and disappear completely ( 1ry ) or partially( 2ry ) in the week following
menstruation manifested by one or more of the following
- Nervous ( headache , irritability and depression )
- G.I.T ( nausea ,vomiting ,diarrhea or constipation )
- Pain in the breast & fluid retention
Dysmenorrhea :
Painful menstruation interfere with the daily normal activity of the female .
Menstrual cycle :
Duration from the first day of menstruation to the first day of the next cycle
(28 +7 day)
Polymenorrhea : Frequent menstruation reccuring every less than 21 days
Oligomenorrhea : Infrequnt menstruation reccuring every more than 35 days
Menstrual flow ( period ) :
Duration of actual menstrual bleeding ( 2- 7 d )
Hypermenorrhea : Excessive menstruation more than 7days
Hypomenorrhea : Scanty menstruation less than 2 days
Menorrhagia :
Excessive or prolonged of menstrual flow or both .
Metrorrhgia :
Irregular uterine bleeding not related to menstruation
Menometrorrhgea :
Menorrhagia followed by irregular bleeding between the menstrual cycle .
Infertility :
Failure to conceive after one year of continuos normal unprotected marital
relationship.
Sterility :
Inability to conceive for irreversible cause as hysterectomy & bilateral
Salpingpherotomy.
Gravidity :
Number of pregnancies irrespective to their mode of termination
( either ended by abortion or delivery )

30
Parity :
Number of deliveries after medicolegal viability ( M.L.V )
M.L.V :
Duration of pregnancy after which the deliverd new born considered in birth
statistics whether living or dead .
Viability :
Potential survival of the foetus when removed from the uterus or ability of the
foetus to cope with extra-uterine life.
N.B : Viability occur a- If the foetus weight reach 500 g .
b- If duration of pregnancy reach 20 W .
Normal labour : (F.T.N.D)
Spontaneous expulsion of single mature viable foetus with vertex presentation
through the natural birth canal within the reasonable time 3-24h without aid ,
without maternal or foetal complication.
Pre-term delivery :
Delivery of a living new born between 28 – 37 weeks
( after M.L.V, before obstetric viability .)
Obstetric viability :
Duration of pregnancy > 20 w .
Still birth :
Delivery of dead foetus after M.L.V which may be
a- Ante-natal ( the foetus died before the onset of labour )
b- Intra-natal ( the foetus died after labour mainly due to asphyxia, birth
trauma,…..)
Puerperium :
A period of 6 – 8 weeks following delivery during which the anatomical and
physiological changes of the pregnancy return to its condition as before.
Amenorrhae :
1ry : Absence of spontanous onset of menstruation by the age of 16 y in presence of
2ry sex characters or by the age of 14 y in absence of 2ry sex characters.
2ry :Cessation of previous regular menstruation for at least 3 months.
Quickening :
The first perception of the foetal movement by the mother
( 16 –18 w in multipara and 18 –20 w in primigrvida)
Lightening :
Relive of the upper abdominal symptoms as dyspnea , dyspepsia due to descend
of the uterus in last few weeks of pregnancy due to engagement, mainly in
primigrvida
Engagement :
It’s the passage of largest transverse diameter of the presenting part
( Biparietal diameter in vertex presentation through the plane of the pelvic inlet
in primgravida it occurs in the last 2-3 w and in multipara in 1st or in 2nd stage
labour)

31
Lie :
The relation of the longtudinal axis of the foetus to the longtudinal axis of the
mother .
Presentation :
The part of the foetus is in relation to the pelvic inlet and which can be felt first
by vaginal examination .
Position :
The relation of the foetal back to the anterior abdominal wall of the mother.
Attitude :
The relation of the foetal parts to each other .
Menopause :
Physiological cessation of menstruation due to suppression of ovarian functions
( become insensitive to pituitary gonadotropiens )
Hirsutism :
Excessive growth of androgen dependant sexual hair which present in the sexual
areas ( upper lip ,chin ,cheeks ,ears ,chest, lower abdomen and upper limbs )
Ante-partum Hge :
Bleeding from the genital tract after 28th week of pregnancy .
Post-partum Hge :
Abnormal excessive loss of blood ( > 300cc in vaginal delivery , > 600 cc in
C.S ) after delivery of the foetus ( during 3rd stage labour or later up to the end of
Puerperium )
Ectopic pregnancy :
Implantation of the fertilized ovum out side the normal uterine cavity .
Vesicular mole :
A disease of trophoblasts that replaced by ( vesicles filled with fluid ,
trophoblastic hyperplasia and absence of blood vessels.
Placenta praevia :
Partial or total implantation of the placenta in the lower uterine segment ( over or
very near to the internal os )
Accidental Hge:
Premature separation of normally implanted placenta
( between 20th w to the onset of labour )
Premature rupture of the membrane :
Rupture of the membrane at least two hours or more before the onset of labour
pain (if it is occur before 37 w it is called pre-term premature rupture of the
membrane )
Polyhydramnios :
Collection of excessive amount of liquor amnii more than 2000 cc .
Oligohydramnios :
A condition in which the liquor amnii less than its normal amount ( few cc ) .

32
Pre-eclamptic toxaemia ( P.E.T ) :
A specific disease occur only in human female characterized by hypertension
and oedema or protinuria or both after 20th w. of pregnancy and progress to
eclampsia unless treated
Eclampsia :
Acute sever pre-eclampsia associated with convulsions not caused by any
coincidental neurological disease .
Puerperal sepsis ( Infection ) :
Infection of the genital tract after delivery
Puerperal pyrexia :
A rise of temperature during the first 10 days of Puerperium (except in the first
day) reaching 38c or higher lasting for 24h or more or recurring within this period
the most common causes are puerperal sepsis, acute mastitis and U.T.I.
Caesarean section :
Delivery of the foetus after M.L.V through abdominal and uterine incision .
Hysterotomy :
Evacuation of the uterus before M.L.V through abdominal and uterine incision .
Epizitomy :
An operation in which the perineum is incised during labour to widen vaginal
orifice.
Hysterectomy :
Removal of the uterus by abdominal or vaginal rout
Puberty :
Physiological phase during which the genital tract organs mature
(psychic, somatic, sexual development )
Characterized by Physiological changes ( menarche )
Morphological changes ( physical development accompanied
by 2ry sex characters .
Psychological changes .
Precocious puberty : A condition in which the onset of the menstruation and other
signs of puberty appear before the age of 10th years .
th
Delayed puberty : Absences of the signs of puberty after the 16 years.
Menopause :
Physiological cessation of the menstruation due to suppression of ovarian
function which become insensitive to pituitary gonadotrophins .
Menopausal syndrome
Characterized by the presence one or more of the following
1- C.V.S ( hot flushes , palpitation , arrhythmia )
2- Neurological ( anxiety , depression , headache , insomina )
3- Genital ( dysparonia , senile vaginitis )
4- Osteoporosis .

33
 Menopausal abnormalities include
- Pre-mature : If occur before 40 y .
- Delayed : If occur after 55 y.
- Artificial : Destruction of the ovarian function before the average age of natural
menopause.
Genital prolapse :
Down displacement of one or more of the genital organs below their normal anatomical
level .
Types ( cytocel , urethrocel , rectocel ,enterocel ) .
Urine incontinance : Involuntary passage of urine .

Diagnosis of pregnancy
In the 1st trimester ( In the 2nd 3rd ( 28 –end w )
0-14 w) ( 14-28 w)
History - Amenorrhea - Amenorrhea Amenorrhea
(symptoms) - Appetite changes - Abdominal ↑ abdominal
- Morning sickness enlargement enlargement
- Frequency of - Quickening - Lightening
micturation. Pelvic pressure
- Breast changes - Breast symptoms symptoms
(enlargement , increased - ↑ foetal movement
fullness, tingling - ↑breast symptoms
,maslalagia )
Examination
I – Breast sings -↑size,↑vascularity - The signs become more apparent
Enlargement &
pigmentation of
the nipple.
- Pigmentation of
1ry aerola
- Mentogemery sign
2- Abdominal - Appearance of linea nigra ,striae
- Feeling of the pregnant uterus movement.
- Hearing of the foetal heart sound by
sonicoid

Investegation - Urine pregnancy test

- Ultrasound -Ultrasound

34
 Calculation of the duration of pregnancy
A- History
1- From L.N.M.P
Duration = present date – L.N.M.P
2-From E.D.D
Duration = 40 – ( E.D.D – present date ).
To convert months to dates: add two days to each month or add one week for
three months.
3- From the date of the quickening
By adding the date since quickening to ( 16 –18 w in multiogravida , 18-20 w in
primigravida )
From lighting
Occur in the last few weeks of pregnancy mainly in primigravida
B- Clinical parameters
1- Fundal level 12 w at the upper border of symphysis pubis
24 w at the level of the umbilicus
36 w at the xiphisternum joint.
2-Mc Donald’s rule
Duration in weeks = Lengh from the fundus to symphysis pubis in cm X 8/7
3-Auscultation of the foetal heart sound by
a- By sonicoid : At 10 w.
b- By foetal stethoscope : At 20 w .
4- Ultrasound : By measuring
a- Biparietal diameter.
b- Length and abdominal circumference

Vomiting during pregnancy

- It may be
Emesis Gravidarum Hyperemesis Gravidarum
● Common ● Rare
● Confined to the morning ● Repeated throughout the day
● Beginning between 4th , 6th ● Has progressive course and may
weeks of pregnancy, disappear be fatal.
at 12th week .
● Need minimal or no treatment ● Need efficient treatment
● Not affect the general condition. ● Affect the general condition

Bleeding during pregnancy

1st Trimester 2nd Trimester Ante-partum Hge

35
 Bleeding in the first 13w Bleeding between Bleeding after 28th week
after L.N.M.P 14 –27 week
Causes Causes Causes
Abortion Late abortion Placental
Ectopic pregnancy Vesicular mole - From anomally situated
Molar pregnancy Placenta praevia placenta( accidental Hge)
Loss of a twin Pre-mature separation - From abnormally situated
of placenta placenta ( placenta praevia )
Local lesions Pre-mature labour Extra placental
- Cervical erosion Cervical , vaginal - Local genital cause
- Acute infection lesions - Rupture uterus
- Cancer cervix ,vagina Cervical incompetence Foetal bleeding
- Ulcers , polyps Labour : bloody show.
The main difference between placenta praevia and accidental Hge are :
Placenta praevia Accidental Hge
1- Haemorrage - Causeless , painless and - One attack mainly due to
recurrent P.E.T, traum, abdominal
Pain of mixed type.
2- General examination - No signs of P.E.T - Signs of P.E.T
3- Abdominal examination - No tenderness , rigidity - Tenderness , rigidity
4- Vaginal examination - The blood is usually bright - The blood is usually dark
red, the placenta is felt. red , the placenta is not felt.
5- Ultrasonography - Placenta is in the lower -Placenta is in upper uterine
uterine segment segment
Modified White’s classification of diabetes in pregnancy
1- Class A ( Gastational )
A1 : The onset at any age, last for any duration, treated by diet control, with no
complication
A2: The onset at any age, last for any duration, treated by insulin, with no
complication
2- Class B
The onset at age > 20 years , lasts for < 10 years , treated by insulin
3-Class C
The onset at age between 10 –19 years , lasts for 10 –19 years , treated by
insulin.
4-Class D
- The onset at age < 10 years , lasts for >20 years , treated by insulin complicated by
benign retinopathy .
5- Class E
- The onset at any age, lasts for > 20 y, treated by insulin comp. by calcified pelvic vessels
6- Class F: associated with nephropathy.
7- Class H: associated with cardiac affection
8- Class T: with renal transplantation

Dispositions of the foetus

36
1- Lie :
The relation of the long axis of the foetus to that of the long axis of the mother
may be .
Longitudinal ( 99.5% ) As in cephalic or breach presentation
Transverse lie ( 6.5% ) As in shoulder presentation or ( oblique lie )
2- Presentation :
The part of the foetus in relation to the pelvic inlet , which can be felt first by
vaginal examination , may be
Cephalic presentation : ( 96% )
The foetus is presenting by the head which varies with foetal attiude
Vertex presentation : when the head is completely flexed
Face present : when the head is completely extended
Brow present : when the head is mid way between extension and flexion
Complex present : with prolapse of one or more limbs
Breach presentation : (3.5% )
The presenting part formed of the buttocks with or without the lower limbs
Shoulder presentation : (0.5%)
In transverse or oblique lie
Cord presentation :
The umbilical cord presents blow any of one of the above presentation .
3- Position :
The relation of foetal back to the right or the left sides of the mother and whether
anterior or posterior there are 4 position :
a- Left anterior ( L.A ) 60%
The foetal back felt in the left side and anterior near the median plane
b- Right anterior ( R.A ) 15%
The foetal back felt in the right side
c- Right posterior ( R.P ) 20%
The foetal back felt in the right side and near the back .
d- Left posterior ( L.P ) 5%
The foetal back felt in the left side of the mother and near the back .

In vertex presentation , the positions of the occiput are ( L.O.A , R.O.A , R.O.P,
………….,……., )
In Breech present , the positions of the sacrum are ( L.S.A , R.S.A ,
R.S.P,……….,………….. )
4-Foetal attitude :
It is the relation of the foetal parts to each other it may :
Complete flexion ( the usual attitude ) occur in vertex present
Complete extension occur in face presentation.
Military attitude ( mid way between extension and flexion )

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Comparison between True and false labour pains

True labour pain False labour pain

Pain & - Painful ,regular - Not painful , irregular
irregularity - Gradually increase - Remain of the same
2-Intensity with progress of labour intensity

- In the back - In the abdomen only

3-Site -No effect - Stop false uterine
4-Effect of sedation contraction
- Dilates - Not dilated
5-Effect on the cervix

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