LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by:
Manny P. Eviota
Venchita B. Gomez
Hayde D. Fabroa
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TITLE: Module 1 – GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL EVENTS IN SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
TOPIC:
1.1 Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society
1.2 Science, Technology, and Nation-Building
1.3 Science Education in the Philippines
1.4 Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines
TIME FRAME: 12 hrs
INTRODUCTION:
Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it
was also a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that ked to their painful death or
condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and theological
views. Some rulers and religious leaders did not accept many of the early works of scientists. But these
did not stop people especially scientists to satisfy their curiosity of the natural and physical world.
Consequently, scientific development originated in Mesoamerica, Asia, Africa and Europe.
People in these continents invented tools to help them in everyday life, discovered medicines to cure
diseases observed heavenly bodies, built structures, discovered many things, and invented mathematics
as a toll and as a discipline. Science provided different ancient civilizations the means to survive and
understand the natural and physical world. It also enabled human beings to develop various
technologies that helped them in their everyday task.
Finally, science education focuses on teaching, learning and understanding science. Teaching
science involves developing ways on how to effectively teach science. This means that exploring
pedagogical theories and models help teachers teach scientific concepts and process. Learning science
includes pedagogy that would help students understand and love science thus, it is one of the most
important school subject in the future. The main purpose of science education therefore is to develop
people as members of the society to meet scientific goals.
Source: Serafica et al ( 2018)
Intended Learning Outcomes: Upon taking this lesson, learners will lead to:
1. Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of
scientific revolution.
2. Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like in Latin America, East
Asia, Middle East, and Africa.
3. Discuss the concept of science education.
4. Identify science schools established to promote science education in the Philippines.
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Pre-test
Directions: Choose the letter of your best choice. Encircle your answer.
1. He is a scientist resembled the Greek ancient philosophers or thinkers-he did not do
anything extensive in observing heavenly bodies or inviting people to test his ideas. His
ideas were an example of what presently called as a thought experiment.
A. Galileo Galilei C. Aristotle
B. Cardinal Bellarmine D. Nicolaus Copernicus
2. He changed our concept of the world’s creation and its evolution in his theory of
evolution.
A. Galileo Galilei C. Aristotle
B. Charles Darwin D. Isaac Newton
For 3-6. Below are reasons why Charles Darwin concluded that evolution exist among
organism. Choose the correct answer that corresponds to the question about the works
of Charles.
I. He collected many significant materials in order to present his theory with
overwhelming evidence.
II. Evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptations
that differentiate species
III. join a five-year voyage through the HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.
3. Which statement above explains that Darwin determine the uniqueness and differences
of each species from the others in terms of its characteristics and tolerance to its niche
and evironment?
A. I only C. II only
B. I and II D. III only
4. How did Darwin do the study on evolution?
A. I only C. II only
B. I and II D. III only
5. How did Charles travel the island?
A. I only C. II only
B. I and II D. III only
6. How did Charles Darwin accomplish his theory?
A. I only C. II only
B. I and II D. I, II and III
For 7-11. Nicolaus Copernicus. Choose the correct answer that corresponds to the question
about the “De revolutionibus orbium coelestium”.
I. Copernicus placed the sun to be the centerpiece of the universe.
II. The Earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year.
III. The Moon however would still be seen orbiting the Earth. Copernicus’s model of the
Earth orbiting around the sun.
7. Which statement from the idea of Copernicus above that is not TRUE today?
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A. I only C. II only
B. III only D. both I and II
8. Which statement above confirmed that the satellite revolves around the planet?
A. I only C. II only
B. III only D. both I and II
9. This curriculum was established in pursuant to DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008 and DepEd
Order No. 51. S. 2010, to develop Filipino equipped with scientific and technological
knowledge, skills, and values.
A. Quezon City Regional High School C. Special Science Elementary
Schools(SSES)
B. Manila Science High School D. Philippine Science High School System(
PSHSS)
10. Its aim is to produce scientist with souls. In order to do this, humanities course and
other electives are included in their curriculum.
A. Quezon City Regional High School C. Special Science Elementary
Schools(SSES)
B. Manila Science High School D. Philippine Science High School System(
PSHSS)
LEARNING ACTIVITIES:
1.1 Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society
Nicolaus Copernicus
One of the renaissance men, particularly in the field of science is Nicolaus Copernicus.
Knowledge about the nature of the universe has been essentially unchanged since the great days of
Ancient Greece, some 1500 years before Copernicus came on the scene ( Gribbin, 2003). This continued
up to the Renaissance period. In one important way, Copernicus resembled the Greek ancient
philosophers or thinkers-he did not do anything extensive such as observing heavenly bodies or inviting
people to test his ideas.His ideas were an example of what presently called as a thought experiment. By
the time he finished his doctorate degree Copernicus had been appointed as canon at Frombork
Cathedral in Poland. Despite his duty as a conon, he had a plenty of time to sustain his interest in
astronomy. Copernicus was strongly influenced by a look entitled epitome published in 1496 by a
German author, Johannes Mueller. This book contains Mueller’s observation of the heavens and some
commentary on earlier works especially that of Ptolemy.
Copernicus’s idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510. Not long after
that, he circulated a summary of his ideas to his few close friends in manuscript called Commentariolus (
Little Commentary). There was no proof that Copernicus was concerned about the risk of persecution
by the Church if he published his ideas formally. Source: Serafica et al ( 2018)
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Copernicus was a busy man. His duty as a canon and as a doctor affected his time to formally
publish his work and advance his career in astronomy. The publication of his book De revolutionibus
orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres). In 1543 is often cited as the start of
the scientific revolution.
In his book, he wanted a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single
center at unvarying rates. Copernicus placed the sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. The Earth
and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year. The Moon however would still be seen
orbiting the Earth. Copernicus’s model of the Earth orbiting around the sun.
Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution. He changed our concept of the world’s
creation and its evolution. Darwin as a genius who came from a liune of intellectually gifted and wealthy
family. He developed his interest in natural history during his time as a student at Shrewsbury School.
He would also spend time taking long walks to observe his surroundings while collecting specimens and
he pored over books in his father’s library. According to Johnson, Darwin went to the best schools but
was observed to be a mediocre student. He struggled in his study in medicine and ministry, which his
father has imposed to him. Darwin’s life soon changed when one of is professors recommended him to
join a five-year voyage through the HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.
Darwin published his books entitled “ the Origin of Species” in 1589. This book is considered to
be one of the most important works in science literature. He collected many significant materials in
order to present his theory with overwhelming evidence. Evidence on how species evolved over time
and presented traits and adaptations that differentiate species. Like many other scholars, Darwin
accumulated many pertinent materials and data that he could ever possibly need to substantiate his
theory.
Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist were extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of
plants and animals into the realms of humans. His book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very
controversial. He introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realms of
evolutionary thinking. This replaced the dominant views of a religious or biblical design that places
human beings in a privileged position of having been created by God. Darwin’s theory of evolution
scientifically questioned this view. Source: Serafica et al ( 2018)
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Task 1
Strategy: group activity-collaborative work in GROUP Chat (GC)
1. Read and take note on the important events of the personalities involved in the scientific
revolution.( 15 minutes)
2. Make a Venn diagram, and write the word/words/ phrases to their contribution on scientific
revolution. The outside portion of the circles should reflect their distinct contribution; while the
inside intersected circles are the words common to their contributions.( 10 minutes)
3. Engage in presentation of the Venn diagram through guided questions as your self-evaluation in
front of the class(5 minutes)
4. Learn to critique on their lives through: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-
check/copernicus-darwin-and-freud-a-tale-of-science-and-narcissism/
Task 2
Directions: fill-in the box with appropriate letters of a crossword puzzle. There are questions and
descriptions in every direction. One direction is horizontal while the other is vertical. The possible
answers are found inside the box below.
Horizontal:
1. He is considered as the father of modern physics
2. He has authored the “laws of planetary motion” and said that the orbit of every planet is an
ellipse.
3. He reiterated that the truth lies in the Holy scripture and earth is the center of the universe. He
said that Holy Fathers all agree in explaining literally that the sun is in the heavens and moves
swiftly around the earth.
4. He has published in 1687 the “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” and laid out the
“UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION”.
Vertical
5. He believed in the use of inductive reasoning of the scientific method in 1622. Inductive
reasoning means from specific ideas to general conclusion.
6. The earth was an unmoving object at center of universe
Galileo Galilei Francis Bacon Isaac Newton
Johannes Kepler Aristotle Cardinal Bellarmine
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1.2 Science, Technology, and Nation-Building
INDIA
2500 BC - Traditional medicine in India - Medical properties of plants to cure illness
- Susruta Samhita ` - Surgical & medicinal procedures
638 AD -Brahmagupta -Gravity of Attraction
- Hindu- Arabic numeral
12th Century - 12 chapters of Siddharta Shiromani - 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.
476- 550 - Aryabhatiya -trigonometric functions and algorithms of
algebra
MIDDLE EAST
7th &th Century- Golden Age of Islam
Until 13th century -Ibn al-haytham- - father of optics
- Muhammad ibn Musa al Khwarizmi - algebra is derived from al-jabr
17th Century - Jabir ibn Hayyan - father of Chemistry
CHINA
Middles ages - discovery of compass, paper making
- Gunpowder, and printing tools
- Supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets.
` - Seismology discovery started during this time.
Task 3
Strategy: group activity-collaborative work in GROUP Chat (GC)
5. Read the sentences that pertain to historical events from the different places and continents
around the world.(15 minutes)
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6. Write the answer necessary to satisfy the required events in different places. Follow the
instruction below.
INDIA
a. Make a graph on the important events and scientific discoveries and developments in India.
Arrange chronologically and write the important events in the cartolina or metacards(
yellow). Beside the yellow card, write the specific discovery( white).
e.g.
---
---
---
---
---
Task 4
7. MIDDLE EAST. Fill in the important discoveries and events in the outer circles of the spider web.
Write the name of the discoverer in the inner circles.
1.3 Science Education in the Philippines
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education
Science education help students learn important concepts and facts that are related to everyday
life including important skills such as process skills , critical thinking skills,and life skills. These akills are
important in real life preparation. There are positive attitude develop by science such as love for
knowledge, passion to innovation, curiousity in studying the natural phenomena and creativity( Lind,
1997)
Science Schools in the Philippines
One of the outstanding programs for science education supported by the government is the
establishment of science schools in various parts of the country. There are also several government
programs implemented by the Department of Education and few private schools for science education.
Philippine Science High School System ( PSHSS)
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This is government program for gifted students in the Philippines. It is a service institute of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) whose mandate is to offer free scholarship basis for
secondary course with emphasis on subject pertaining to the sciences, with the end view of preparing its
students for a science career( Republic Act No. 3661). The schools maintain a dormitory for all its
students. PSHSs students have proven to be a beacon of excellence, courage, and hope for the country.
They have brought honor to the country in various international competitions and research circles.
When they graduate from the school, they are expected to pursue degrees in science and technology at
different colleges and universities
Special Science Elementary Schools(SSES)
This is in pursuant to DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008 and DepEd Order No. 51. S. 2010. The number
of this has grown to more than 6o schools nationwide and this is now in its sixth year of
implementation.
It aims to develop Filipino equipped with scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and
values. Its mission is to:
1. Provide a learning environment to science-inclined children through a special curriculum
that recognizes the multiple intelligences of the learners
2. Promote the development of lifelong learning skills; and
3. Foster the holistic development of the learners
The science subject is taught longer than the other subject. The following are some
differentiation in time scheduling.
Grade 1-3- 70 minutes
Grade 4-6- 80 minutes
The curriculum also utilize different instructional approaches that address the learning styles
and needs of the learners like the use of investigatory projects.
Quezon City Regional High School
The school was established on September 17,1967. Originally, it was named Quezon City Science
High School. It was turned into regional science high school for the National Capital Region in 1999. The
school was a product of a dream to establish a special science school for talented students in science
and mathematics. The focus of the curriculum is on science and technology. The school still teachers the
basic education course prescribed by the Department of Education (DepEd) for secondary education.
However, there are additional subjects in sciences and technology that students should take. The school
envisions to serve as a venue in providing maximum opportunities for science-gifted students to develop
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spirit of inquiry and creativity. The school is well-supported by the local government unit and by the
Parents and Teachers Association (PTA). The school is under the Department of Education.
Manila Science High School
The school was established on October 1, 1963 as the Manila Science High School (MSHS). It is
the first science high school in the Philippines. The organization and curriculum of the school puts more
emphasis on science and mathematics. MSHS aims to produce scientist with souls. In order to do this,
humanities course and other electives are included in their curriculum. Students are also encouraged to
participate in various extracurricular activities. The school administers an entrance exam, the Manila
Science High School Admission Test (MSAT), for students who wish to enroll. The MSAT has five parts:
aptitude in science, aptitude test in mathematics, problem-solving test in science, problem-solving test
in mathematics, and proficiency in English. The school prides itself from producing outstanding alumni
and for winning various national competitions.
Central Visayan Institute Foundation
It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation known as the Dynamic
Learning Program (DLP). The DLP is a synthesis of classical and modern pedagogical theories adapted to
foster the highest level of learning, creativity, and productivity.
The school takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP) established in 1992,
which organizes small international workshops to foster the informal but intense exchange of ideas and
perspectives on outstanding problems in physics and mathematics.
This lesson focused on discussing the concept of science education and introduced science
education in the Philippines from basic education to tertiary education. To promote science education,
science schools were established to develop gifted students in science and mathematics, such as the
Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS), Manila Science High School, Quezon City Regional
Science High School, and the Special Science Elementary Schools Projects. Science programs and
projects were organized and develop to nurture innovation in science in the country, and to encourage
individuals to pursue careers and research in science and technology.
Task 5
Strategy: STAD (Student Team Achievement Division) through Group Chat(GC)
1. Read different science education in the Philippines created by the Philippine government to help
improve students skills and knowledge in science.(1 5 mins)
2. Answer the graphic organizer and present to the class, the answer is found inside the box below.
( 5 mins)
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Manila Science High School Central Visayan Institute Foundation
Quezon City Regional Science High School Special Science Elementary Schools( SSES)
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education Republic Act No. 3661
Philippine Science High School System DepEd Order No. 73 S. 2008
Task 6
3. In a fishbone diagram, write in the upper fin the cause or reason those science school were
created. In the lower fin write the school being created.
Task 7 https://creately.com/solutions/education/
4. Draw a conclusion on science education as vital in the Philippine development in terms of
science and technology( 5 mins), through a fishbone diagram by visiting the link
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ776349.pdf
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SELF- EVALUATION: Fill-in the table below to self-assess the lesson. Make your answer brief
but concise.
1. What is a scientific revolution?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________.
2. What are the common things that these personalities contribute to the scientific revolution?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________.
3. Fill in the table necessary to accomplish the answer being asked by the revolutionary scientist.
Name of the Idea & / title of the How he/she struggled Contribution to
Scientists book in the acceptance of scientific revolution
the idea in the society until now
4. How the notion of “ heliocentricism” had blown to the mind of humanity with the word “
narcissism”? You may enrich your reading through the link
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/copernicus-darwin-and-freud-a-tale-of-
science-and-narcissism/
Essay
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________._______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. What was the discovery by Siddharta Shiromani? How it is important nowadays? WHY?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________.
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6. Who discovered the first clinical trial? How it is important in today’s modern medical
development
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________.
7. Fill in the table the necessary accomplishments prior to the development in science in the
different places.
Name of the Important discovery Important persons Detail of the
Scientists discoveries
India
China
Middle East
Africa
8. What is the purpose of the DepEd Order No. 73 S. 2008?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________.
9. How the Philippine education responds to the development of science and technology in the
country?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________.
REVIEW OF CONCEPTS:
Nicolaus Copernicus is a scientist resembled the Greek ancient philosophers or thinkers-he
did not do anything extensive in observing heavenly bodies or inviting people to test his
ideas. His ideas were an example of what presently called as a thought experiment.
Charles Darwin pioneered evolution in his theory of evolution that changed our concept about
the world’s creation.
Siddharta Shiromani, in his book of 12 chapters, he divided 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30
days each
Special Science Elementary Schools(SSES).This curriculum was established in pursuant to
DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008 and DepEd Order No. 51. S. 2010, to develop Filipino
equipped with scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values
Manila Science High School aimed to produce scientist with souls. In order to do this,
humanities course and other electives are included in their curriculum
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Post test
Directions: Choose the letter of your best choice. Encircle your answer.
1. He is a scientist resembled the Greek ancient philosophers or thinkers-he did not do
anything extensive in observing heavenly bodies or inviting people to test his ideas. His
ideas were an example of what presently called as a thought experiment.
C. Galileo Galilei C. Aristotle
D. Cardinal Bellarmine D. Nicolaus Copernicus
2. He changed our concept of the world’s creation and its evolution in his theory of
evolution.
A. Galileo Galilei C. Aristotle
B. Charles Darwin D. Isaac Newton
For 3-6. Below are reasons why Charles Darwin concluded that evolution exist among
organism. Choose the correct answer that corresponds to the question about the works
of Charles.
IV. He collected many significant materials in order to present his theory with
overwhelming evidence.
V. Evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptations
that differentiate species
VI. join a five-year voyage through the HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.
3. Which statement above explains that Darwin determine the uniqueness and differences
of each species from the others in terms of its characteristics and tolerance to its niche
and evironment?
C. I only C. II only
D. I and II D. III only
4. How did Darwin do the study on evolution?
A. I only C. II only
B. I and II D. III only
5. How did Charles travel the island?
A. I only C. II only
B. I and II D. III only
6. How did Charles Darwin accomplish his theory?
A. I only C. II only
B. I and II D. I, II and III
For 7-11. Nicolaus Copernicus. Choose the correct answer that corresponds to the question
about the “De revolutionibus orbium coelestium”.
IV. Copernicus placed the sun to be the centerpiece of the universe.
V. The Earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year.
VI. The Moon however would still be seen orbiting the Earth. Copernicus’s model of the
Earth orbiting around the sun.
7. Which statement from the idea of Copernicus above that is not TRUE today?
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A. I only C. II only
B. III only D. both I and II
8. Which statement above confirmed that the satellite revolves around the planet?
A. I only C. II only
B. III only D. both I and II
9. This curriculum was established in pursuant to DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008 and DepEd
Order No. 51. S. 2010, to develop Filipino equipped with scientific and technological
knowledge, skills, and values.
C. Quezon City Regional High School C. Special Science Elementary
Schools(SSES)
D. Manila Science High School D. Philippine Science High School System(
PSHSS)
10. Its aim is to produce scientist with souls. In order to do this, humanities course and
other electives are included in their curriculum.
A. Quezon City Regional High School C. Special Science Elementary
Schools(SSES)
B. Manila Science High School D. Philippine Science High School System(
PSHSS)
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REFERENCES:
Padilla, CG. (2015). Science Philippines. Essay on Science by Filipino Vol. III. Quezon City:
University of the Phils., Press.
Serafica, JPS, Pawilen, GT, Caslib, BN, Alata, EJP. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society.
. First Edition. Rex Books Store, Inc., Manila, Phils
https://creately.com/solutions/education/
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ776349.pdf
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/copernicus-darwin-and-freud-a-tale-of-science-and-
narcissism/
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