INTRODUCTION
Civil rights movements refers to the various struggles and
demonstrations led by African-American citizens and
abolitionist white Americans to ensure that the rights
enshrined in the Declaration of Independence and the
Constitution of United States be applied to African
Americans. It will be a question for us of presenting to you
our work which has for theme the movements of freedom
and civil rights.
In which, we will try to show the struggles on the one hand
and the demonstrations on the other.
I / THE STRUGGLES
The struggles began at the end of the 19th century with the
creation of the NAACP and the UNIA of Marcus Garvey.
Nonetheless, the first major victory was recorded in the legal
register by the Supreme Court judgment of 1954 in Brown v.
Board of Education, declaring racial segregation in public
schools anti-constitutional
1- peaceful struggle
The American civil rights movement has inspired other
movements, claiming its methods of non-violent action, even
if the issues are different and it is more a question of
combating discrimination arising from social practices than
of legal claims such as the abolition of segregative laws. One
of the best-known movements inspired by this is the
Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, which like the
civil rights movements organize peace marches. In general,
all the pacifist movements fighting either to obtain new
rights such as the end of the criminalization of
homosexuality or to put an end to social discrimination such
as equal pay for women take the various pacifist movements
as an example.
2- Brutal struggle (army)
- African Americans come forward to enlist in the Union
Army
- Armed attacks against wrestlers
II / THE EVENTS
1- at the social level
- In August 1963, the great March on Washington brought
together between 200,000 and 300,000 people. The March
was organized by Asa Philip Randolph, founder of the first
black union, James L. Farmer, Jr. (president of the Congress
of Racial Equality), John Lewis (president of the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), Martin Luther King
Jr. (president of the Southern Christian Leadership
Conference), Roy Wilkins (president of the NAACP),
Whitney Young (president of the National Urban League)
and Bayard Rustin, who previously organized the 1947 Day
of Reconciliation. Luther King spoke there. "I have a
dream", where he speaks in favor of tolerance and a
multiracial nation.
- The bus boycott
2- at the educational level
In February 1960, four black students tactically innovated,
by holding sit-ins in Greensboro, to protest against the
segregation at work in Woolworth's stores. After a few days,
there were a thousand sit-ins in Greensboro, before being
imitated across the United States, including Nevada, Ohio
and Illinois3. Although the Congress of Racial Equality had
previously held sit-ins (Chicago, 1942; St Louis, 1949;
Baltimore, 1952), the Greensboro sit-ins gave new impetus
to the civil rights movement.
Many students who participated in this movement founded
the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in April
1960, during student assemblies led by Ella Baker at Shaw
University in Raleigh, in North Carolina. The Committee,
which included Stokely Carmichael, was heavily involved in
freedom rides, which used interstate buses to test the
Supreme Court's decision in Boynton v. Virginia (1960)
which made segregation in transport illegal. In Birmingham,
the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), backed by the local police (which
was led by KKK member Bull Connor), greeted them
violently, seriously injuring several of them. The attorney
general of the United States, Robert Francis Kennedy, then
sent John Seigenthaler to negotiate with the governor of
Alabama, John Malcolm Patterson (predecessor of George
Wallace).
3- at the political level
-The bill was tabled on January 17, 1967
-the adoption of the Civil Rights Act of July 2, 1964 and the
Voting Rights Act of August 4, 1965, segregation had
disappeared from the law,
CONCLUSION
The civil rights movement from 1954 to 1968 experienced
several trends and helped to create strong cultural ties. This
movement was the model of various other struggles of the
same kind, such as the struggles of the Amerindians.
PLAN
INTRODUCTION
I / THE STRUGGLES
1- Peaceful struggle
2- Brutal struggle (army)
II / THE EVENTS
1- at the social level
2- at the educational level
3- at the political level
CONCLUSION
