TRANSPORT: Transport is a system in which passengers

& goods are carried from one place to another.

Modes of Transport: Transportation is generally
divided into three modes-LAND, WATER & AIR.
The Land Transport consists of roads and railways.
Water Transport is also divided into two types:
(a) RIVER OR INLAND TRANSPORT
(b) SEA OR OCEANIC TRANSPORT.
The latest and the fastest mode of transport is Air Transport.
.
MEANS OF TRANSPORT IN INDIA:
1.ROADS
2. RRAILWAY
3.PIPELINES
4.WATERWAYS
5.AIRWAYS
1.ROADS
India has one of the largest road networks in the world.
Roads have been existence since ancient times. Ashoka and
Chandergupta made great efforts to build roads. Sher Shah
Suri built the Grand Trunk Road from Kolkata in the east to
Peshawar in the west across the Indo-Gangetic Plains.

IMPORTANCE OF ROADS
 Roads are suitable for short distance travels and traffic
movement.
 Construction and maintenance of roads are cheap and
easy.
 Loading and unloading of goods in trucks involves less
amount of money.
 For transport perishable commodities, roads provide
better services rather than railways
NETWORKS OF ROADS IN INDIA
The total length of roads in the country of about 25lakhs
K.M. Of these 57% are surfaced roads. Roads in India are
grouped into 7 categories on the basis of their construction
and maintenance
1. National Highways
2.Freeways Highways
3.International Highways
4.State highways
5.District roads
6.Village roads
7. Border Roads
1.NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
The national highways connect one state to another and are
of national importance. These roads are constructed and
maintained by the central government. There are about
131,326 km (81,602 mi) of national highways. They carried
45% of total road traffic.
MAJOR NATIONAL HIGHWAYS IN INDIA
S.No Name of Cities
Highways Connected by
Them
1 Grand Calcutta,
Trunk Road Delhi, Patna
& Amritsar
2 Calcutta- Calcutta,
Mumbai Nagpur &
Road Mumbai
4 Agra- Agra,
Mumbai Gwallior,
Road Indore &
Mumbai
4 Calcutta- Calcutta,
Chennai Cuttack &
Road Chennai
5 Pathankot- Pathankot,
Dalhousie Dalhousie
Road
6 Great Kadan Mirzapur,
Road Nagpur &
Banglore

FREEWAYS HIGHWAYS
In order to meet the requirement of fast traffic Freeways
National Highways have been planned. 4 to 6 lane National
Highways of 14846 K.M distance constructed during the
period 1991-2001. These are named
GOLDEN QUADILATERAL connecting Delhi,
Mumbai, Chennai, Calcutta will have a length of 5846
K.MNORTH-
SOUTH AND EAST-WEST CORRIDORS
connecting
Srinagar to Kanyakumari and Silchar to Porbander, will
have a length of 7300 K.M
 Road connecting to ten major corridors namely
KANDLA, JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU PART,
MARMGOA, NEW MANGLORE, KOCHI,
TUTICORIN, ENNORE & CHENNAI,
VISHAKHAPATNUM, PARADIP AND HALDIA, will
have a length of 3630 K.M

The government has involved private sector companies to

invest, develop and maintain highways, because it involves a
huge investment. This is based on the concept of Build,
operate and Transfer i.e. BOT.
STATE HIGHWAYS
These are constructed and maintained by the state
government and join state capitals with district headquarters
with other places of district. There are about 1.3 lakh kms of
state highways.
DISTRICT road: roads connect the district
headquarters with other places of district.
VILLAGE ROADS:
These roads connect the villages with the neighbouring towns
and cities. These are generally maintained and constructed by
Panchayats.
BORDER ROADS:
The Border Roads organization constructs and maintains
these roads. It has now spread its activities to other areas as
well, giving them benefit of their valuable expertise.
2.Railways
The Railways are the main artery of inland
transport in India. The railways are 150 years old in India.
The first train moved between Mumbai and Thane in 1854.
The total length of railways is about 67368 km. India has the
second largest railway network in Asia. The Indian railways
carry 12 billion passengers and 1,200 billion tones of goods a
year. It is the largest public sector undertaking of country.
 Progress made by Indian Railways

1.Priority has been assigned to conversion of meter gauge

lines into broad gouge. Railways tracks are electrified.
2.Steam engines have been replaced by diesel and electrical
engines.
3. Railways have specialized themselves in carrying over long
distances heavy and bulky goods including containers. Most
of trains are electric and diesel locomotives.
3.Fast moving trains and public amenities at railway station
is introduced. Railway made a significant problem in the area
of track replacement. Rajdhani and Shatabdi trains are
introduced.
5.At present, the railways comprise three gauges-broad
(1.675m), meter (1.000m) and narrow (0.762m). Efforts are
being made to convert meter gouge track to broad gauge
track. At present 70.72% are broad gauge, 23.92% are meter
gauge and 5.36% are narrow gauge.
Railways Zones
Far administrative convenience the Railways have been
divided into zones. The zones and headquarters are as under:
Railways Zone Headquarters
Central Mumbai CST
Eastern Kolkata
East Central Hajipur
East Coast Bhubaneswar
Northern New Delhi
North Central Allahabad
North Eastern Gorakhpur
North East Maligaon
Frontier (Guwahati)
North Western Jaipur
Southern Chennai
South Central Secunderabad
South Eastern Kolkata
South East Central Bilaspur
South Western Hubli
Western Mumbai(Church
Gate)
West Central Jabalpur
Characteristics of the Distribution of Railway
Network:

1. A dense network of railways has been developed in the

Northern plain from Amritsar to Howarh. The rail
networks highly linked to the level of agricultural
development. It is connected with all parts through fast
trains.
2.The peninsular region, Gujrat and Tamilnadu have a dense
rail network. Trunk routes connect Mumbai with Chennai,
Chennai with Kochi, Chennai with Delhi and Chennai with
Hyderabad.

3. Railways network in sparse in the mountainous terrain of

the Himalayas. The rugged terrain, backward economy and
sparse population are responsible for sparse rail network. No
railway is found in Meghalaya, Tripura, Manipur and
Nagaland.
4. The rail network between East costal Plains and west
coastal plains has a distinct contrast. A long trunk route runs
all along the East coast but such a rail track is missing along
the Western Ghats due to outcrops of ghats being very close
to the coast.
Importance
1. Indian railways carry most of long distances passenger
traffic and 80% of total freight.
2.Indian railways provide employment to a huge number of
people in the country.
3. They also provide mail services.
4.They carry big chunks of goods from place of production to
ports and vice-versa.
5. Iron and steel industries based upon railways as they
transport raw materials and finished products from one place
to another.
3.Pipe Line Transport
In the past pipelines were used to carry water to cities and
industries, these are also used for transportation of crude of
natural gas and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer
factories and big thermal power plants. Pipelines have made
it possible to set-up big thermal power-plants in a shortest
possible time and near to market.
Major categories of Pipelines
There are four major networks of pipeline transportation in
our country:
(A) Pipeline carry crude oil from upper Assam oil fields to
Kanpur, via Guwahati, Baruni and Allahabad. Its branches
are :- 1.From Barouni to Haldia via Rajbandh
2.From Rajbandh to Maurigram
3.From Guwahati to Siliguri
(B) Another major pipeline originates from salaya in Gujrat
and carries crude oil to Jalandhar in Punjab via Viramgam,
Delhi Mathura and Panipat. Its branches connect Koyali near
Vadodra, Charkha and numerous other places.
(C) The longest pipeline of India carries natural gas from
Hazira in Gujrat to Jagdishpur in U.P. via Bijaipur in M.P. It
is 1730 kilometer long.
1. Its branches connect Kota (Rajasthan), Shahjahanpur
(U.P.) and several other places of U.P.
2. The pipeline is also connected with Mumbai High and
South Bassein.
(D) Fourth major pipeline also connects Mumbai high with
Mumbai and Mumbai with Pune.
PROPOSED PIPELINES
Some more pipelines are proposed pipelines they will be laid
completed and made operational in the near future :
1. Between Kandla and Panipat (Haryana)
2. Between Kandla and Bina (M.P.)
3. Between Mumbai and Manmad (Maharashtra)
4. Between Vishakhapatnam to Visaiwada (Andhra Pradesh)
5. Between Mangalore to Chennai via Bangalore
4. TRANSPORT : -India has large number of perennial
rivers and a very long coast line of 5560 km. Water transport
is of two types :-
1. Inland water Transport
2. Ocean water Transport
Inland Water Transport
Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. These are
most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. India has
inland navigable waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out of
these, only 3700 km are navigable by mechanized boats.
National Waterways
Government of India has declared the following inland
waterways as national waterways
1. The Ganga River between Allahabad and Haldia covering
a distance of 1620 km.
2.The Brahmputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891
km)
3.The west coast canal between kollam and kottapuram
covering a distance of 168 km.
4. The Champakara canal covering a distance of 14 km.
5.The Vdyogmandal canal covering a distance of 22 km.
Major Navigable River and Canals
The Brahmaputra and the Ganga are important navigable
rivers. The lower reaches of the Godavari, the Krishna, and
the Mahanadi, the Narmada and the Tapi and their canals
are also navigable.
 The major navigable canals include the Buckingham canal
in Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu, the Cumbarjua canal in
Goa, the Left Bank Main Canal of Durgapur Barrage in DVC
and west coast canals in Kerela.
Ocean Water Transport
Water transport along the coast is also very important in
India. It is a cheap means of transport. The long coastline can
be properly utilized for the purpose of transport of goods
along the west and east coasts of the country from one part to
another.
Major Sea port
About 7500 km long coast line of India is served by 12 major
and 181 medium and minor seaports. The major ports handle
over 90% of India’s foreign trade. The major ports handle
about 15,000 cargo vessels per annum. 70 percent of cargo
handled at these sea ports is for overseas trade. Our ports
handle more imports than exports. Coastwise distribution of
major seaports is as follow:-
Seaports located at East coast and west coast
1.Kandala, 2.Tuti corin,3.Mumbai,4.Chennai, 5.Jawahar Lal
Nehru,6.Ennore,7.Marmagoa 8.Vishakapatnam,9.Mangslore
10.Paradweep,11.Kochi,
12.Haldia
Mumbai is the largest sea port of India. This port really
makes Mumbai the gate Way of India.
5.Air transport: Airways provide the fastest mode of
transport but they are very costly. For remote hostile and
inaccessible areas, airways are the best means of transport. In
1953, air transport was nationalized. Now-a-days four air
services are in operation. 1.Air India
2.Private Air Lines
3.Pawanhans Helicopters
4.Indian Airlines
International airports handle air traffic between the world
and India. Thirteen international airports are:
1.Delhi ,2. Mumbai ,3.Chennai ,4.Kolkata ,5.Amritsar ,6.
Ahmedabad, 7.Punji ,8.Kochi,
9.Hydrabad ,10.Guwahati,11.Bangalore,
12.thiruannatthspura,13.Sri Nagar
The role of Transport Network in the
Development of India
1.Life Lines of the country: - Modern means of
transport provide a helping hand in maintaining the
sovereignty and economic unity of a nation. In India, central
govt. controls National Highways and the Railways directly.
They act as the arteries of our land transport network. They
are all real life lines of our nation.
2.Transportation: - Transport network carries food
grains and various manufactured goods from place of origin
to place of consumption. They bring industrial raw materials,
power fuels live coal and mineral oil at the site of industrial
units.
3.Turning of local market into national market
Market networkwork turns local markets of previous day
into national market of today. Ships carry exportable
surpluses to other countries and import goods of our
requirements.
4.Help in development of economy: The branch
roads, the feeder railway lines and inland waterways fulfill
local needs of inner regions. Thus they integrate them with
country’s market economy. Development of the transport
network increases the mobility of people.
5.National integration of the country: - Aircrafts
and helicopters services make the people on High Himalaya;
the nomends of the Thar Desert and North-East India feel to
be the part and parcel of India. Air transport brings
immediate and distant neighbours’ closer to each-other in the
present world of Trade and Commerce.
6.Cultural Integration: - Transport Network begins
people of different castes, creeds, colors, religions, languages
and regions nearer to one another. They act, react and
interact with one another. Thus transport network helps in
the cultural and national integration of the country.
Introduction
Transportation means the movement of good and
service or people from one place to other, as well as it
is the means of communication .It is a major part of
our daily life which makes life easior for people. In the
past, people facing lots of problem while traveling to
different places for destination. In this case,
transporting goods and services helping people travel
was very hard and was time-consuming to transfer
one items from one place to another because there
were no skill or transport equipment which we have
today; most likely the transportation of goods was
done by animals. It is transportation Which Mede it
easior to explore incredible places,to assume more
accurate time in relation to supply of goods and other
demands and to keep goods preserved on its natural
life spans.
Now a days people are able to discover space
trough transportation, so transportation has very
essential for a country.
Thus transportation is the life line or back bone of
country’s economy ,.Country’s economy.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks to of gratitude to
my teacher Dr.Smitarani Nayak ,as well as our Principal
sir ,Dr. Nirjan Mishra ,who give me the golden opportunity to
do this wonderful project on the Topic-Transportations
system in India , which also helped me in doing lot of research
and I come to know about so many new things, I really
thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thanks my friend’s who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project.
Conclusion
TRANSPORT system in India is the second most used and
widely spread transport system in the entire world. India has
witnessed many technological improvement in the field of
transportation. Land ,water and air transportation are used
with technical instalments in India
The wide development of transportation system has started
back in the period of British rule in India .Now the nation
has developed to used every kind of transportation system.
 Certificate
This is to certificate that “Balaram Khora” student
of +3 2nd year “Arts” ' A’ has successfully completed
their Geography project on “ Transportation in
India” under the guidance of Dr- Smitarani Nayak

Sign of project teacher. Sign of student

 Content

1.Certificate
2.Acknowledgement
3.Introduction
4. Concept of transport
5. Function of transport
6.Means of transport
7.Transport in India
8.Conclusion
 Transportation in
India
A project report submitted to the department of
geography, BJB Autonomous College
Bhubaneswar in partial fulfillment of 3rd semester
examination 2022.

Name: Balaram Khora

Roll No.:-BA20-188
Class: +3 2nd year
Streams: Arts
Department: History
Bjb autonomous college Bhubaneswar