For more information, write or call:
TECHNOLOGICAL SERVICES DIVISION
Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI-DOST)
Telefax: 837-2071 loc. 2265 / 837-6156
e-mail: tsd@itdi.dost.gov.ph
ISSN 1656 – 6831
Livelihood Technology Series 16
SOAP
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Science and Technology
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
DOST Compound, General Santos Avenue
Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila, PHILIPPINES
http://www.itdi.dost.gov.ph
‘Our Business is Industry…”
nd
2 edition 2014
Prepared by: ELNILA C. ZALAMEDA
TSD-ITDI
LILIBETH C. HERMOSURA
CED-ITDI
Edited by: VIOLETA B. CONOZA
TSD-ITDI
Cover layout by: LUZMIN R. ESTEBAN
TSD-ITDI
Adviser: NELIA ELISA C. FLORENDO
TSD-ITDI
Livelihood Technology Series 16
Soap Technology
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This brochure was made possible through
the research efforts of the Chemicals and Energy
Division (CED), ITDI-DOST.
MAKE SOAP FROM COCONUT OIL
(Cold Process)
INTRODUCTION
Soap is the sodium salt of a fatty acid resulting from
the chemical reaction of fats and alkali. Fats and oils are
primarily triglycerides, that is, a molecule of glycerol linked up
with three (3) molecules of fatty acids. The triglyceride is
broken down during saponification with alkali to glycerol and
fatty acids; the latter combining with the sodium in the alkali to
form soap molecules.
Coconut oil soap is a well-known commercially
established product. The coco-oil is considered as an ideal
raw material for soap manufacture due to its hardness, ready
stability and free lathering properties of the Na soaps made
with it. Furthermore, this oil is easily saponified, even in the
cold, so that cold process soaps maybe made with it, a simple
process adoptable on the farm or in rural coconut community.
A simple cold process of soap making involves the
reaction of the oil with a quantity of strong caustic alkali
solution almost equivalent to that theoretically required for
complete saponification. This process needs quite simple
equipment and little skill in operation.
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INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE – DOST
A. PREPARATION OF LAUNDRY SOAP
Materials/Ingredients (for 28 bars)
Coco oil - 8 kg
Caustic soda solution, 36oBe [30% solution] - 5 kg
Soda ash - 90 g
Salt - 48 g
Sodium silicate - 400 g
CDEA [coco diethanolamide] - 40 mL
Citronella oil - 20 mL
Water - 6L
Equipment/Tools
Plastic pail – 16 L cap. [2]; 20 L cap. [1]
Hydrometer, 0-70°Be
Weighing scale – 10 kg
Wooden stirrer/manual or electric mixer
Moulder
Cutter
Spatula, stainless
Basin (large)
Graduated cylinder
Preparation of Materials
Caustic soda solution, 36oBe (30% solution)
Dissolve 2 kg caustic soda in 4.6 liters water.
Cool to room temperature, check the
concentration with the hydrometer, adjust (if
necessary) and filter if needed before using.
Additives
Dissolve salt, soda ash and sodium silicate in 1.4L
of water.
Preparation of the Soap
1. Measure or weigh carefully the required quantity of
coco oil.
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2. Weigh the lye or caustic soda solution required (5
kg) and add slowly to the oil, stirring continuously for
about 30-45 minutes until it attains the condensed
milk-like consistency.
3. Add the measured amounts of dissolved additives
and CDEA (foam booster) with continuous stirring
from 5-10 minutes more. Then add the essential oil
with stirring. Stop stirring when the mixture attains a
viscosity similar to condensed milk.
4. Pour the homogenous viscous soap mixture into the
moulder, allow to set at room temperature for 12
hours or until soap solidifies.
5. Cut the soap into bars of suitable sizes with a string
or wire attached to the wooden/metal cutter.
Twenty-eight (28) bars will be produced. The soap
is white or creamy white. Cut bar into 4 pieces and
pack in a plastic bag.
6. Allow to age from 7 to 10 days to complete the
saponification reaction.
B. PREPARATION OF TOILET SOAP/BATH SOAP
(OPAQUE)
Materials/Ingredients (for 14 bars, 135 g/bar)
Refined coconut oil - 4.5 kg
Caustic soda solution (32oBe) - 3.25 kg
EDTA (Ethylene diaminetetracetate) - 70 g
Citric acid - 70 g
Sodium chloride - 4.5 g
CDEA (Coco diethanolamide) - 50 g
Glycerol/glycerine - 70 g
Scent to suit
Color (optional)
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Equipment/Tools
Pails – 16 L cap. (2); 20 L cap. (1)
Basin (large)
Hydrometer – 0 – 70oBaume
Weighing scales – 10 kg cap.; 500 g cap.
Mold and cutter
Wooden stirrer/manual or electric mixer
Spatula, stainless
Preparation of Materials
1. Caustic soda solution, 32oBe
Dissolve 1.0 kg of caustic soda (NaOH) in 2.8 kg
water. Cool to room temperature. Check the
concentration with the hydrometer. Adjust if
necessary and filter if needed before using.
2. Additives
Dissolve EDTA, citric acid and salt in 100 mL
water. For color, make a 1% solution. Add color
in oil.
Preparation of the Soap
1. Weigh carefully the required quantity of coco oil. To
make a colored soap, add about 10 mL of the 1%
color in oil solution or the amount to suit the desired
intensity of color.
2. Add the required amount of caustic soda with stirring
until the condensed milk-like consistency is attained.
This usually takes 45 minutes to 1 hour.
3. Add the dissolved additives and continue stirring for
5 minutes more.
4. Add the glycerol, CDEA and scent. Stir for another 5
minutes.
5. Pour the soap mixture into the moulder. Let it stand
at room temperature for 12 hours or until soap
solidifies.
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6. Remove soap from the moulder and cut into desired
size.
7. Stamp and pack. Allow to age for about 7 days to
complete the saponification.
Preparation of the Soap with Herbal Additive
1. Follow procedure for Opaque Bath Soap (steps 1-4).
2. Add herbal extract.
Preparation of fruit/vegetable extract:
1. Using blendor – blend with enough water and
filter thru cheesecloth.
2. Using grater – grate with fine grater and
squeeze juice with cheesecloth.
3. Juice extractor – strain juice thru cheesecloth.
Usage:
For one bath of basic formulation, add
1. 250-300 gms fruit or vegetable extract
2. 250-300 gms dry additives (ex. Oatmeal, leaf
powder, etc.)
C. BATH SOAP (TRANSPARENT) WITH HERBAL EXTRACT
Materials
Coconut oil - 100 g
Stearic acid - 100 g
Castor oil - 80 g
Caustic soda solution (38oBe) - 160 g
Glycerol - 85 g
Alcohol - 100 g
Sugar - 80 g
Water - 80 g
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INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE – DOST
CDEA 25 g
Perfume (optional)
Preparation of 38obe caustic soda
Dissolve 1 kg caustic soda in 2 liters of waters. Cool
to room temperature. Measure the concentration
with a hydrometer. Adjust (if necessary) and filter if
needed before using.
Procedure
1. Weigh all the ingredients.
2. Melt separately the stearic acid and coconut oil at
80oC.
3. Add castor oil first before adding lye into the charge
oil.
4. Mix caustic soda with alcohol; add slowly to fat
charge with stirring. Temperature should not exceed
75oC.
5. Add herbal extract and stir for 5 minutes.
6. In a separate container, dissolve sugar in water at 80oC
(remove any froth).
7. Add to the soap mass, the glycerol, the water-sugar
solution, and the CDEA stirring constantly.
8. Cover and allow to stand until temperature reaches
60oC, add perfume and color (if needed).
9. Transfer to mould or frame.
NOTE: Rapid cooling is essential for soap transparency.
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330
mm 55
m
785 m
mm
MOULDER
27 mm
55 mm CUTTER
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LIST OF SUPPLIERS
Name of Company Address Telephone#
Hi-Q Commercial 1195-1199 J. Abad Santos 253-0915
St., Binondo, Manila
Neco Commercial 1181 Gregorio Masangkay 251-1961
St., Binondo, Manila
Integral Chemicals 600 F. Blumentrit, 532-3332
Mandaluyong City
Alyson’s 1425 G. Araneta Ave., 712-2266
Commercial near SFDM Avenue,
Quezon City
Himmel Industrial Allied Bank Center Bldg., 818-8411
Inc. Makati City 816-3351
Diversey (Phils.) PISO Bank Bldg., Makati 816-1425
Corp. City 810-3681
894-0446
Liberty Oil Factory 1294 EDSA, Quezon City 364-3556
International Oil F. Manalo St., San Juan 726-0921
Factory to 25
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