ETHICS – REVIEWER It is about what is acceptable and
unacceptable in human behavior.
WEEK 1
For example, bawal pumatay kasi
Good is Happiness – According to may laws na nagsasabi na bawal
pumatay. Final na yung decision nay
A good man is one who reasons well
un kasi sa ethics is based on natural
and chooses well.
laws and sa mata ng society, mali
A person finds happiness by fulfilling,
ang pumatay.
actualizing, and developing all his
potentials and talents.
If he is unable to realize his
General Ideas of Ethics:
potentials, man becomes frustrated
and unhappy. Meta-ethics - It looks into the nature,
meaning, scope, and foundations of moral
Good is Pleasure – According to values, beliefs, and judgments.
Hedonists strive to maximize For example, “it is wrong to kill”, may
pleasure and minimize pain. mga questions nun na “bakit mali
Good is what is most useful for most people pumtay?”, “anong proof mo na bawal
pumatay?”
According to Parang maraming itatanong para
Actions are measured by their lang majustify yung statement na
consequences sinabi.
Utilitarianism Deals with questions like “what is
meant by being right?” or “what is
Nature has placed mankind under the meant by being wrong?”
governance of two sovereign PAANO naging right or wrong yung
masters; isang action?
Pain and Pleasure.
Normative Ethics - It is the largest branch of
Catholic Morality – God is Good Ethics.
Morality - sets of standards and individual “norms”
person or society uses to judge whether an Questions the good or bad of an
act is good or bad. action
“Morals” may be used to refer to Concerned with the formulation of
specific beliefs or attitudes that moral standards, rules, or principles
people have or to describe acts that to determine right from wrong
people perform. conduct or ways of life worth
Morality also includes Religion. pursuing.
For example, yung decision mo is Philosophers such as Socrates and
based sa sariling paniniwala mo gaya John Stuart Mill are included in this
nung sa Conjoined Twins. Nagbased branch of ethics.
ang parents sa personal beliefs and For example, Is it wrong to kill one
values nila. person to save many lives?
Yung action ba is right or wrong?
Ethics – Refers to one’s set of moral beliefs
and practices.
Based on Natural Laws. Applied Ethics - This is the study of applying
Ethics, generally speaking is about theories from Philosophers regarding ethics
matters such as the good thing that in everyday life.
we should pursue and the bad thing Application of ethics to real world
that we should avoid.
problems.
Deals with ethical questions specific Requires people to follow.
to practical fields It is Mandatory not Voluntary.
For example, Yung mga uniform ng For example, bawal magnakaw kasi
mga OLFU students hindi naman nasa laws ng bansa natin yun and
pwede gamitin ng mga HAU pag nilabag yun, magkakaroon ng
students. punishment.
Yung ethics ng business di
Religion – Most widely used system to make
applicable sa ethics ng medicine.
ethical decisions and to conduct moral
reasoning.
Moral Standards
An organized collection of beliefs,
Standard of Etiquette – based on culture or cultural systems, and world views
conventional practices. that relate humanity to an order of
existence.
Legal Standards – based on governal laws.
Naiinfluence yung morals naten ng
Religious Standards – based on religious
laws. religion kasi based sa mga naririnig
natin sa church or simbahan,
nalalaman natin kung ano ung tama
or mali na based sa sarili natin
Week 2: Branches of Ethics
religion.
Normative Ethics - The largest branch, it
deals with how individuals can figure out the For example, sa mga INC bawal sila
correct moral action that they should take. kumain ng dugo or karne ng baboy
Philosophers such as Socrates and John kasi base sa paniniwala at pagtuturo
Stuart Mill are included in this branch of sakanila, madumi yun.
ethics.
Presumed Connection between Morality
Meta-Ethics - This branch seeks to and Religion
understand the nature of ethical properties
and judgments such as if truth values can be Religion – Involves beliefs, attitudes,
found and the theory behind moral principals. and practices that relate human
Applied Ethics - This is the study of applying beings to supernatural agencies or
theories from philosophers regarding ethics sacred realities.
in everyday life. For example, this area of Religion influences morals and
ethics asks questions such as "Is it right to values; It shapes the way people
have an abortion?" and "Should you turn in
think.
your friend at your workplace for taking
home office supplies?"
Morality - Conduct of human affairs
Moral Ethics - This branch questions how and relations between persons;
individuals develop their morality, why
Morality does not necessarily
certain aspects of morality differ between
cultures and why certain aspects of morality depend upon Religion.
are generally universal.
Divine Command Theory – Belief
Descriptive Ethics - This branch is more
that things are right because God
scientific in its approach and focuses on
how human beings actually operate in the commands them to be.
real world, rather than attempt to theorize - For example, 10 commandments.
about how they should operate.
Religion and Moral Issues
Week 3: Sources of Authority
Reinterpreted by every generation to
Law - Law is one’s guide to ethical behavior. support its favored moral values.
For example, Abortion.
Filipinos are constrained to obey the
laws of the land as stated in country’
s criminal and civil codes.
Scriptures (and the church) – Ethnocentrism – You use your own culture
Authoritative as the center and evaluate other cultures
For example, Bible. based on it.
For example, many Christians think Nagiging basis mo sa judgment ng
that they have no choice but to ibang culture yung kung ano yung
oppose abortion because it is
sariling nakasanayan mo.
condemned both by the church and
(they assume) by the Scriptures.
Week 4: Subjectivism and Egoism
Culture - set of shared attitudes, values, Subjectivism – The individual is the sole
goals, and practices. determinant of what is morally good or bad,
right or wrong.
human knowledge, belief, and
behavior When a person says that something
The act of developing the intellectual is morally good or bad, this means
and moral faculties especially by that he or she approves of that thing,
education or disapproves of it, and nothing
more.
Cultures is learned as children grow
The basic idea of simple
up in society and discover how their
subjectivism is that all statements of
parents and others around them morality are simply statements of
interpret the world. approval or disapproval.
Kung ano yung nakasanayan ng For example, I say "murder is wrong"
magulang, napapasa sa anak I am simply saying "I disapprove of
generation by generation. murder" Nothing more.
For example, nasanay na mag-mano Kung ano yung sinabi, yun na yon.
sa mga nakakatanda kasi it’s a sign
Ethical Subjectivism – Moral
of respect.
Statements and Moral Judgments
Society – Refers to a group of people
Moral Statements – Moral Opinions
living together in a community with common
are based on our feelings, nothing
traditions, interests, and institutions.
more.
Sinusunod yung society na Moral Judgments – There are no
kinalakihan nila. objective moral truths.
There is no right or wrong, depende
Cultural Relativism - The Norms of a lang yung judgment sa feelings and
Culture beliefs natin.
Is the idea that a person's beliefs and For example, may nagawang hindi
practices should be understood maganda sayo yung tao, so
based on that person's own culture. masasabi mo na masama syang tao
For example, eating dried fish or fried dahil yun yung nafeel mo sakanya.
Pero generally, hindi mo naman
crickets. Sa ibang tao or bansa,
macoconclude na masama talaga
maiisip nila na gross yun or kadiri
syang tao kasi may mag didis-agree
kasi dahil sa malansang amoy or
ate mag aagree parin sayon depende
dahil insekto yun. Naisip nila na kadiri
sa kung paano sya makitungo sa iba.
yun at hindi dapat kainin kasi
Its either masama sya sayo pero sa
nagbase sila sa kung anong “norms”
iba hindi.
sakanila, at dahil personal beliefs nila
yun na hindi dapat kinakain yung
Good Points of Subjectivism
insekto or ung mga dried fish. But it
doesn’t mean na mali na kumain ng Reflects the subjective elements of
dried fish or fried crickets. morality
Based sa judgment ng bawat tao.
Reflects the evaluate elements of Don’t jump to solutions without first
moral statements identifying the ethical issue(s) in the
Shows that moral judgements situation.
communicate dis/approval
Define the ethical basis for the issue
you want to focus on.
Reflects the persuasive intentions
There may be multiple ethical issues
behind ethical discussions
– focus on one major one at a time.
May clarify what people are arguing
about 3. WHAT ETHICAL PRINCIPLES HAVE
A BEARING ON THE CASE
Bad Points of Subjectivism
Identify all of the stakeholders
If I approved of something, it must o Who are the primary or direct
be good. stakeholders?
How can we blame people if moral o Who are the secondary or
truths are always subjective? indirect stakeholders?
Moral statements seem more than Why are they stakeholders for the
statements about feelings. issue?
o Perspective-taking – Try to
see things through the eyes f
those individuals affected.
Psychological Egoism – Human beings are
naturally self-centered 4. LIST THE ALTERNATIVES
The ego or self has its desires and Part of the creative thinking
interest, and all our actions are involved in resolving an ethical
geared toward satisfying these dilemma involves coming up
interests with various alternative courses
For example, tumulong ka sa charity. of action.
The more alternatives that are
Ginawa mo yun dahil gusto mo at its
listed, the better the chance that
makes you feel good and hindi dahil your list will include some
lang may nagsabi sayo na gawin mo. high-quality ones.
May come up with some very
creative alternative that you had
Ethical Egoism - We may act in a way that is not considered before.
beneficial to others, but we should do that
only if it ultimately benefits us. 5. COMPARE THE ALTERNATIVES
WITH THE PRINCIPLES
For example, nagtayo ka ng business
like laundry shop, magbebenefit eliminating alternatives
yung mga tao kasi hindi na sila according to the moral principles
maglalaba ng mga damit nila pero that have a bearing on the case.
mas magbebenefit ka kasi case will be resolved at this point,
magkakaroon ka ng profit. since the principles will
eliminate all alternatives except
Week 5: Model for Decision Making one.
1. GATHER THE FACTS purpose of this comparison is to
see if there is a clear decision
Don’t jump to conclusions until the that can be made without further
facts are on the table. Ask yourself deliberations.
questions about the issue at hand,
6. WEIGH THE CONSEQUENCES
such as the 5 whys method.
What you know, then what you need If the principles do not yield a
to know clear decision, then a
Clarify what assumptions you are consideration of the
making! consequences of the remaining
available alternatives is in order.
2. DETERMINE THE ETHICAL ISSUES
Both positive and negative The child/individual is good in
consequences are to be order to be seen as being a good
considered. person by others. Therefore,
They should be informally answers relate to the approval of
weighed, since some positive others.
consequences are more
Stage 4
detrimental than others.
Doing what is right because its
7. MAKE A DECISION
your duty and helps the society
decision must be made. The child/individual becomes
aware of the wider rules of
society, so judgments concern
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral obeying the rules to uphold the
Development law and avoid guilt.
Preconventional
For example, if an action leads to Post conventional
punishment, it must be bad, and Individual judgment is based on
if it leads to a reward, it must be self-chosen principles, and moral
good. reasoning is based on individual
Stage 1 rights and justice.
Infant Stage 5
Doing what is right to avoid Doing what is right even if it is
punishment against the law because the law
The child/individual is good to is too restrictive.
avoid being punished. If a person The child/individual becomes
is punished, they must have done aware that while rules/laws
wrong. might exist for the good of the
Stage 2 greatest number, there are times
when they will work against the
Doing what is right for personal interest of particular individuals.
gain perhaps a reward The issues are not always
At this stage, children recognize clear-cut. For example, in Heinz’s
that there is not just one right dilemma, the protection of life is
view that is handed down by the more important than breaking
authorities. Different individuals the law against stealing.
have different viewpoints.
Stage 6
Conventional
Doing what is right because of
Authority is internalized but not our inner conscious which has
questioned, and reasoning is absorbed the principles of justice
based on the norms of the group and sacredness of life
to which the person belongs. People at this stage have
A social system that stresses the developed their own set of moral
responsibilities of relationships guidelines, which may or may not
as well as social order is seen as fit the law. The principles apply
desirable and must, therefore, to everyone.
influence our view of what is E.g., human rights, justice, and
right and wrong. equality. The person will be
prepared to act to defend these
Stage 3
principles even if it means going
Doing what is right according to against the rest of society in the
majority process and having to pay the
Be a good boy
consequences of disapproval
and or imprisonment.
