Q.1 Critically analyze the political scenario in Pakistan during the General Elections 1970.

Solution: The
1970 Pakistani general election was the first free and fair election in the history of Pakistan. It was held
between 13 October and 7 December 1970, and resulted in victory for the left-wing Awami League, led
by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. It is considered to be the most important Pakistani election in the nation’s
history. It was the first time that the people of Pakistan had the opportunity to elect a government
through a democratic process. The Awami League won a landslide victory in East Pakistan, while the
Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) won in West Pakistan. The election was an important milestone in the
politics of Pakistan, as it marked the transition of the country from military dictatorship to democratic
rule. The election also resulted in the creation of Bangladesh, as East Pakistan declared independence
after the Awami League victory. The election was seen as a victory of the Pakistani people, who had
been denied the right to vote for nearly 25 years. Background The political situation in Pakistan in the
period leading up to the 1970 general election was characterized by several important developments. In
the 1950s and 1960s, the nation had seen several military coups and military governments, which had
usurped the role of the democratically elected governments. The military had become increasingly
powerful and heavily involved in the political affairs of the nation. This www.daniyalstudio9.com had
resulted in the imposition of martial law in the country and the restriction of civil liberties. The political
situation in Pakistan was further complicated by the emergence of the Awami League, a left-wing
political party which had its base in East Pakistan. The Awami League was the most popular political
party in East Pakistan, and was led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The Awami League had campaigned for
the recognition of Bengali culture and language in East Pakistan, as well as for greater autonomy for the
region in the federal structure of the Pakistani state. The demands of the Awami League were seen as a
threat to the status quo in West Pakistan, and the Awami League was subjected to intense persecution
and repression. In West Pakistan, the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) had become the most popular
political party. The PPP was led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and it had campaigned for greater rights and
freedoms for the people of Pakistan. The PPP was viewed by the military as a threat to its power, and
Bhutto was arrested and imprisoned several times. The election The election was held between 13
October and 7 December 1970. The Awami League won a landslide victory in East Pakistan, winning 160
out of 162 seats. The PPP won a majority of the seats in West Pakistan. This resulted in the formation of
a government led by the Awami League in East Pakistan, and a government led by the PPP in West
Pakistan. The election was seen as a victory for the people of Pakistan, who had been denied the right to
vote for nearly 25 years. The election was also seen as a victory for the Awami League and the PPP, who
had campaigned for greater freedom and rights for the people of Pakistan. The results of the election
were not accepted by the military, who saw the election as a threat to their power. The military refused
to accept the results, and imposed martial law in the country. The military also launched a military
operation in East Pakistan, in an attempt to suppress the Awami League’s victory. The aftermath of the
election The aftermath of the election was characterized by violence and repression. The military
launched a military operation in East Pakistan in an attempt to suppress the Awami League’s victory.
This resulted in the deaths of thousands of people, and thousands more were displaced. The military
also launched a campaign of repression www.daniyalstudio9.com against the Awami League, and its
leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested and imprisoned. The military’s actions resulted in
widespread discontent in East Pakistan, and the region declared independence in 1971, becoming the
independent nation of Bangladesh. The military responded by launching a military operation in
Bangladesh, resulting in the deaths of thousands of people and the displacement of millions. Results The
1970 General Election was a landmark event in the history of the country as it marked the first transfer
of power from one democratically elected government to another. The PPP emerged as the clear winner
in the election, winning a majority of the seats in the National Assembly. The Awami League emerged as
the second-largest party in the National Assembly, while the JUI and the JI both emerged as major forces
in the politics of the country. Conclusion The 1970 Pakistani general election was a landmark event in
the nation’s history. It was the first free and fair election in the country’s history, and it resulted in the
victory of the left-wing Awami League in East Pakistan and the PPP in West Pakistan. The election was
seen as a victory for the people of Pakistan, who had been denied the right to vote for nearly 25 years.
However, the election was not accepted by the military, who saw the election as a threat to their power.
This resulted in the imposition of martial law in the country, and the launching of a military operation in
East Pakistan and Bangladesh. The military’s actions resulted in widespread death and displacement,
and ultimately led to the independence of Bangladesh. The 1970 general election is seen as a turning
point in the history of Pakistan, and a crucial event in the nation’s transition from military dictatorship to
democratic rule.

Q.2 Elaborate the circumstances that led to the separation of East Pakistan.

Solution: The separation of East Pakistan into an independent state of Bangladesh in 1971 was the
culmination of a long period of political, economic, and cultural tensions between the two halves of
Pakistan. This paper will discuss the various factors that led to the separation, beginning with the
political differences between East and West Pakistan. It will also explore the role of economic inequality
between the two regions, and the impact of language, religion, and culture on the separation. Finally, it
will consider the www.daniyalstudio9.com role of the international community in the events leading up
to the separation of East Pakistan. Political Factors The roots of the political differences between East
and West Pakistan can be traced back to the circumstances of the two regions’ union in 1947. At the
time, East Pakistan was known as East Bengal, and was part of British India. West Pakistan was a newly
created state, established by the British after the Partition of India. This created a situation in which East
and West Pakistan were administered as separate entities, with different laws and government
structures. The political differences between the two regions were further exacerbated by the
dominance of West Pakistan in the federal government. From 1947 until the 1970 elections, the central
government in Islamabad was dominated by West Pakistani politicians. This created a sense of political
alienation among the people of East Pakistan, who felt they were not adequately represented in the
national government. The discontent with the political situation in East Pakistan was further
exacerbated by the fact that the region was economically disadvantaged compared to West Pakistan.
East Pakistan was largely rural, with a largely agrarian economy, and the region lagged behind West
Pakistan in terms of economic development. The political dominance of West Pakistani politicians meant
that the region’s economic interests were often ignored or downplayed. The political situation in East
Pakistan was further complicated by the fact that the region was home to a large number of minorities
—including Hindus, Buddhists, and Christians—who were not adequately represented in the national
government in Islamabad. This lack of representation further fuelled the sense of alienation among the
people of East Pakistan. In the 1970 general election, the Awami League, a political party based in East
Pakistan, won an overwhelming majority of seats in the national assembly. This was seen as a
vindication of the political aspirations of the people of East Pakistan, and it seemed that the region was
finally going to be adequately represented in the federal government. However, the West Pakistani
leadership refused to accept the results of the election, and a period of civil unrest ensued. In March
1971, the West Pakistani military launched an operation to suppress the unrest, leading to the
Bangladesh Liberation War and the eventual separation of East Pakistan. Economic Factors
www.daniyalstudio9.com The economic differences between East and West Pakistan were a key factor
in the separation of the two regions. East Pakistan was largely rural and agrarian, while West Pakistan
was largely urban and industrial. This created an economic disparity between the two regions, with
West Pakistan benefiting disproportionately from federal investment and economic policies. The
economic disparity between the two regions was further exacerbated by the fact that the bulk of the
country’s foreign exchange reserves were held in West Pakistan. This meant that East Pakistan was at a
disadvantage when it came to obtaining foreign aid, investment, and loans. The economic disparity
between the two regions was also reflected in the country’s trade policies. East Pakistan was dependent
on imports from West Pakistan, while West Pakistan did not export much to East Pakistan. This created
a situation in which East Pakistan was unable to develop its own industries and economy, and was
reliant on imports from West Pakistan. The economic disparity between the two regions was further
exacerbated by the fact that the West Pakistani government-imposed tariffs and other restrictions on
imports from East Pakistan. This created a situation in which East Pakistan was unable to compete
economically with West Pakistan, further fuelling the sense of economic alienation among the people of
East Pakistan. Language, Religion, and Culture The language, religion, and culture of East and West
Pakistan were also important factors in the separation of the two regions. East Pakistan was largely
Bengalispeaking, while the majority of the population in West Pakistan spoke Urdu. This created a
situation in which the people of East Pakistan felt culturally and linguistically isolated from the rest of
the country. The two regions also had different religious makeups. East Pakistan was predominantly
Muslim, while West Pakistan was largely Muslim and Hindu. This created tension between the two
regions, as the Muslim majority in East Pakistan felt threatened by the Hindu minority in West Pakistan.
The cultural differences between the two regions were further exacerbated by the fact that East
Pakistan was largely rural and agrarian, while West Pakistan was largely urban and industrial. This
created an environment in which the people of East Pakistan felt culturally and economically isolated
from the rest of the country. International Factors www.daniyalstudio9.com The international
community played an important role in the separation of East and West Pakistan. India provided support
to the independence movement in East Pakistan, and in December 1971 Indian forces invaded East
Pakistan, leading to the eventual separation of the two regions. The international community also
played an important role in terms of providing support to the refugees who fled the conflict in East
Pakistan. More than 10 million people fled the region during the conflict, and the international
community provided aid and assistance to those who were displaced. This helped to alleviate the
suffering of the refugees, and it also helped to highlight the magnitude of the conflict and the plight of
the people of East Pakistan. Conclusion The separation of East Pakistan into Bangladesh in 1971 was the
result of a long period of political, economic, and cultural tensions between the two regions. The
political differences between East and West Pakistan, the economic inequality between the two regions,
the language, religion, and culture of each region, and the role of the international community in the
conflict all contributed to the separation of East Pakistan. The events of 1971 were a culmination of
decades of tensions between the two regions, and the separation of East Pakistan was the result of a
complex combination of factors.

Q.3 Critically evaluate the efforts for achieving consensus for 1973 constitution.

Solution: The 1970s was a period of great political and social upheaval in Pakistan. This period saw the
overthrow of the government of President General Ayub Khan, the introduction of a new constitution,
and the establishment of a democratic system of government. During this period, there was a great deal
of debate and discussion about the shape and content of the new constitution. In the end, a consensus
was reached and the 1973 Constitution was adopted. This paper will critically evaluate the efforts made
to achieve consensus on the 1973 Constitution. It will examine the various stakeholders involved in the
process, the issues and debates that arose, and the outcomes of the process. Background The 1973
Constitution of Pakistan was the fruit of a long and complex process of negotiations and compromise
between the various political and social forces of the country. The process began in 1971, when the
then-President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto www.daniyalstudio9.com dissolved the first Constituent Assembly and
announced plans for a new constitution. Subsequently, the government of General Zia-ul-Haq appointed
a Constitutional Commission in 1976 with the mission to draft a new constitution. The Commission was
composed of a diverse group of political and religious leaders and intellectuals, including representatives
from the government, the opposition parties and the religious minorities. Constitutional Commission
The Constitutional Commission was tasked with the responsibility of drafting the new constitution. The
Commission was given a six-month deadline to complete its work and it was expected to come up with a
constitution that would reflect the aspirations and interests of all the different sections of society. The
Commission worked diligently and produced a draft constitution that was presented to the National
Assembly in April 1977. The draft constitution was then sent to the various political parties and other
groups for review and discussion. During this process, the leaders of the political parties and other
groups held a series of meetings to discuss the merits and drawbacks of the draft constitution. After
months of deliberation and debate, a consensus was eventually reached and the Constitution was
adopted in April 1973. Stakeholders The process of arriving at a consensus on the 1973 Constitution was
a complex one, involving a number of different stakeholders. The most important of these were the
government of Pakistan, the major political parties, and civil society groups. The Government of Pakistan
was the ultimate arbiter of the process. It was the government that initiated the process of constitution-
making, and it was the government that had the final say on the content of the constitution. It was not,
however, the only actor in the process. The major political parties, such as the Pakistan People's Party,
the Pakistan Muslim League, and the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, were all actively involved in the process.
They had their own demands and interests that had to be taken into account. Civil society groups were
also involved in the process. These groups, including trade unions, student groups, women's
organizations, and minority groups, sought to ensure that their interests were represented in the new
constitution. They were particularly concerned with issues such as the rights of minorities, the
empowerment of women, and the protection of workers' rights. www.daniyalstudio9.com Issues and
Debates The process of achieving a consensus on the 1973 Constitution was not without its difficulties. A
number of contentious issues had to be addressed in order to arrive at a consensus. These issues
included the role of Islam in the state, the structure of the government, the rights of minorities, and the
issue of regional autonomy. The issue of Islam in the state was a particularly contentious one. The
political parties and civil society groups had different views on the role of Islam in the state. Some
wanted a more secular state, while others wanted a more Islamic state. This debate was eventually
resolved by the inclusion of a “Objectives Resolution” in the constitution, which declared that
“sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah Almighty alone and the authority which He has
delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by
Him is a sacred trust”. The structure of the government was also a contentious issue. There was
disagreement between the political parties and civil society groups over the form of government that
should be adopted. The political parties favoured a parliamentary system, while the civil society groups
favoured a presidential system. In the end, a parliamentary system was chosen, with a Prime Minister as
the head of government, and a President as the head of state. The rights of minorities was another issue
that had to be addressed. The political parties and civil society groups disagreed over the extent to
which minority rights should be protected in the constitution. In the end, a number of provisions were
included in the constitution that enshrined the rights of minorities. These included the right to religious
freedom, the right to cultural autonomy, and the right to equal protection of the law. Finally, the issue
of regional autonomy was also a contentious one. The political parties and civil society groups disagreed
over the extent to which the provinces should be allowed to have autonomy. In the end, a system of
devolution of power was adopted, with the provinces given a greater degree of autonomy than before.
Outcomes The efforts to achieve consensus on the 1973 Constitution ultimately resulted in the adoption
of a democratic system of government. The government of Pakistan was replaced by a democratically
elected government, and a new constitution was adopted. The new constitution contained a number of
provisions that were aimed at protecting the rights of minorities, empowering women, and protecting
workers' rights. It also www.daniyalstudio9.com contained a “Objectives Resolution” that declared that
sovereignty belonged to Allah Almighty and that the state had a responsibility to exercise its authority
within the limits prescribed by Him. The new constitution also provided for a system of devolution of
power, with the provinces being given a greater degree of autonomy than before. This was aimed at
addressing the issue of regional autonomy and ensuring that the interests of all regions of the country
were taken into account. Conclusion In conclusion, the efforts to achieve consensus on the 1973
Constitution were successful. A number of contentious issues had to be addressed in order to arrive at a
consensus, and a number of stakeholders had to be involved in the process. In the end, a consensus was
reached and the 1973 Constitution was adopted. This constitution provided for a democratic system of
government, and contained a number of provisions that protected the rights of minorities, empowered
women, and protected workers' rights. The adoption of the 1973 Constitution marked the start of a new
era in Pakistan, and it continues to serve as the framework for the country's political system today.

Q.4 Explain the Nationalization policy of Z.A. Bhutto. What were the affects this policy on economic
growth of country? Discuss. Solution: Background In 1971, following the secession of East Pakistan from
West Pakistan, Bhutto assumed the role of Prime Minister and President of the newly formed Islamic
Republic of Pakistan. Having promised to bring about an era of self-reliance, Bhutto embarked upon an
ambitious program of reforms, which included the nationalization of a number of large industries. The
nationalization of industries was undertaken in order to achieve a number of objectives, including the
strengthening of the state’s control over the economy and the redistribution of wealth from the private
sector to the public sector. The Nationalization policy of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, enacted in 1972, was a
major economic policy shift that redefined the relationship between the state and the private sector in
Pakistan. The policy was aimed at increasing the role of the state in the economy, by taking over large-
scale private sector enterprises and placing them under www.daniyalstudio9.com state control. The
policy was also meant to reduce economic inequality, protect the interests of workers, and create a
fairer distribution of resources. The nationalization policy was a radical departure from the
government's earlier economic policies, which had largely been based on the principles of laissez-faire.
This earlier policy of non-intervention had allowed the private sector to become increasingly dominant
in the economy, and had resulted in a highly unequal distribution of resources and income. Bhutto
sought to reverse this trend by introducing a policy of state intervention and regulation. The
Nationalization policy was implemented in two phases. In the first phase, a number of large-scale private
sector enterprises were taken over by the government and placed under state control. These
enterprises included banks, insurance companies, industrial units, and large-scale agricultural holdings.
The second phase saw the nationalization of educational institutions, health care facilities, and other
services. The policy had a significant impact on the economy of Pakistan. By taking over largescale
private sector enterprises, the government was able to increase its control over the economy, and
redistribute resources more equitably. The policy also enabled the government to create new jobs, and
provide social welfare benefits to the working class. The nationalization policy also had some
unintended consequences. It resulted in a decline in investment in the private sector, and a decrease in
the efficiency of the economy. In addition, the policy was seen as a threat to the autonomy of the
private sector, and it was criticized by proponents of free market economics. Nevertheless, the
nationalization policy of Z.A. Bhutto had a major impact on the economy of Pakistan, and it is still seen
as a landmark policy shift. The policy enabled the government to increase its control over the economy,
and to redistribute resources more equitably. It also created new jobs, and provided social welfare
benefits to the working class. While the policy has its critics, it is generally seen as an important step in
the journey towards a fairer and more equitable economic system in Pakistan. Effects on Economic
Growth Short-Term Effects The short-term effects of Bhutto’s nationalization policy were largely
positive. The policy led to an increase in the employment rate, as nationalized industries provided jobs
for a large number of people. The policy also led to an increase in the government’s control over the
economy, which allowed the government to make www.daniyalstudio9.com decisions in the best
interests of the country. Furthermore, nationalization led to an increase in the overall production of the
nationalized industries, as the government was able to invest more money into them and to make sure
that they were running efficiently. The policy also led to an increase in the amount of money that was
being circulated within the country, as the nationalized industries began to pay their employees and the
government was able to collect taxes from them. Long-Term Effects The long-term effects of Bhutto’s
nationalization policy were more mixed. On the one hand, the policy led to an increase in the
government’s control over the economy, which allowed the government to make decisions in the best
interests of the country. Furthermore, nationalization led to an increase in the overall production of the
nationalized industries, as the government was able to invest more money into them and to make sure
that they were running efficiently. On the other hand, however, the policy led to a decrease in foreign
investment, as foreign companies were unwilling to invest in a country that had nationalized its
industries. Furthermore, the nationalization policy did not lead to a significant reduction in economic
inequality, as the nationalized industries were largely inefficient and were not able to compete with
foreign companies on the global market. Impact on Current Economic Growth The nationalization policy
of Z.A. Bhutto has had a significant impact on the current economic growth of Pakistan. Firstly, the policy
led to an increase in the government’s control over the economy, which allowed the government to
make decisions in the best interests of the country. This has allowed the government to invest in
infrastructure and other developmental projects, which has led to an increase in economic growth.
Secondly, the policy led to an increase in the overall production of the nationalized industries, as the
government was able to invest more money into them and to make sure that they were running
efficiently. This has allowed the nationalized industries to become more competitive, leading to an
increase in exports and an increase in economic growth. Finally, the policy has led to an increase in the
employment rate, as the nationalized industries provided jobs for a large number of people. This has
allowed more people to participate in the economy, leading to an increase in economic growth.
Conclusion In conclusion, the nationalization policy of Z.A. Bhutto has had a significant impact on the
economic growth of Pakistan. The policy had both positive and negative effects in
www.daniyalstudio9.com the short-term and long-term. In the short-term, the policy led to an increase
in the employment rate and an increase in the government’s control over the economy. In the long-
term, however, the policy led to a decrease in foreign investment and a lack of significant reduction in
economic inequality. In the current economic growth of Pakistan, the policy has led to an increase in the
government’s control over the economy, an increase in the overall production of the nationalized
industries, and an increase in the employment rate. Overall, it can be concluded that the nationalization
policy of Z.A. Bhutto has had a significant impact on the economic growth of Pakistan.

Q.5 How had 1973 constitution provided the stability to the parliamentary system? Why had these
guarantees failed in case of 1977?

Solution: Historical Background Pakistan gained independence from the British in 1947 and was divided
into two parts, West Pakistan and East Pakistan. The two regions were separated by thousands of miles
and the two regions had different languages and cultures. West Pakistan was dominated by Punjabis and
East Pakistan was dominated by Bengalis. The two regions had difficulty in agreeing on how to share
power and resources. This led to increasing tensions, culminating in the civil war of 1971 which resulted
in the creation of Bangladesh as an independent country. Following the civil war, the government of
Pakistan was left with the task of rebuilding the nation. In 1972, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto set
out to create a new constitution that would protect the rights of citizens and create a federal structure
of government. In 1973, the Constitution of Pakistan was ratified and the government began to
implement its provisions. 1973 Constitution The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan provided stability to the
parliamentary system of the country by introducing a number of new governmental structures, which
helped to bring about a more unified and efficient form of government. Before the 1973 Constitution
was adopted, Pakistan had experienced a number of constitutional crises, which resulted in the
breakdown of the Parliamentary system. The 1973 Constitution was designed to address these issues
and provide a stable and effective platform on which the country could build its future.
www.daniyalstudio9.com At the time of the 1973 Constitution, the country was in the midst of a period
of political turmoil and unrest. Pakistan had experienced a number of changes in government in the
preceding years, with eight different governments in the space of just eight years. This lack of stability
and consistency had affected the country’s economy and development, and it was clear that a new
system of government was needed. The 1973 Constitution was designed to address this issue, and to
provide the stability and direction that the country needed. The 1973 Constitution introduced a number
of new structures and systems, which helped to create a more unified and efficient form of government.
The most significant of these was the introduction of a bicameral legislature, which consisted of the
Senate and the National Assembly. This system allowed for more representation of the people, as well
as a more balanced system of governance. The 1973 Constitution also provided for the election of a
President, who served as the Head of State and the Head of Government. This system was designed to
ensure that the President would be elected by the people, and that the Executive branch would be
accountable to the people. The 1973 Constitution also introduced a new system of judicial review, which
allowed the Supreme Court to review laws and executive actions, and to declare them unconstitutional
if necessary. This system helped to ensure that the laws and actions of the government were in
accordance with the Constitution, and that the rights of the people were protected. The 1973
Constitution also provided for the independence of the judiciary, which ensured that the courts were
not subject to interference or manipulation by the Executive branch. This system of judicial
independence allowed the courts to make decisions that were fair and impartial, without the influence
of the Executive branch. The 1973 Constitution also provided for the establishment of a number of
different institutions, such as the Federal Public Service Commission, the Election Commission, the
National Accountability Bureau and the National Accountability Courts. These institutions were designed
to ensure that the government was run in a responsible and transparent manner. In addition, the 1973
Constitution also provided for the establishment of a number of different political parties, which allowed
for a more competitive political environment. This system of competitive politics allowed for the
emergence of different ideologies and different views on how the country should be governed.
www.daniyalstudio9.com Finally, the 1973 Constitution also provided for the establishment of a number
of different rights and freedoms, which ensured that the people of Pakistan enjoyed their rights and
freedoms as citizens of the country. This included the right to freedom of speech and expression, the
right to freedom of assembly, the right to freedom of movement, the right to freedom of association,
and the right to freedom of religion. Overall, the 1973 Constitution provided stability to the
parliamentary system of the country by introducing a number of new governmental structures, which
helped to bring about a more unified and efficient form of government. This system of government
helped to ensure that the rights of the people were protected, and that the country was able to move
forward in a responsible and transparent manner. The 1973 Constitution provided the stability that
Pakistan needed in order to develop into a prosperous and successful nation. Reasons for the Failure of
the 1973 Constitution There are several reasons why the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan failed to protect
the rights of citizens and the democratically elected government in 1977. These include the lack of a
strong separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government,
the lack of an independent judiciary, and the failure to ensure the rule of law. 1. Lack of a Strong
Separation of Powers The 1973 Constitution did not sufficiently separate the powers of the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of government. This failure to separate the powers of the three
branches of government allowed the executive branch to become too powerful. Prime Minister Bhutto
was able to use the executive branch to pass laws without the consent of the legislature and to interfere
with the judiciary. This weakened the rule of law and allowed the government to become increasingly
authoritarian. 2. Lack of an Independent Judiciary The 1973 Constitution did not provide for an
independent judiciary. The judicial branch was not given sufficient power to check the power of the
executive branch. This allowed the executive branch to interfere with the judicial process and to pass
laws without judicial scrutiny. This lack of judicial independence weakened the rule of law and enabled
the government to become increasingly authoritarian. 3. Failure to Ensure the Rule of Law
www.daniyalstudio9.com The 1973 Constitution failed to adequately protect the rule of law. The
government was able to pass laws without proper judicial scrutiny and the judiciary was not given
sufficient powers to check the power of the executive branch. This weakened the rule of law and
allowed the government to become increasingly authoritarian. 4. Weakness of Political Parties The 1973
Constitution also failed to ensure the strength of political parties. Political parties were not given
sufficient powers to check the power of the executive branch. This allowed the executive branch to
enact laws without the consent of the legislature and to interfere with the judiciary. This weakened the
rule of law and enabled the government to become increasingly authoritarian. Conclusion In conclusion,
the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan failed to protect the rights of citizens and the democratically elected
government in 1977. This was due to the lack of a strong separation of powers between the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of government, the lack of an independent judiciary, and the failure to
ensure the rule of law. The failure of the 1973 Constitution allowed the government to become
increasingly authoritarian and led to the overthrow of Prime Minister Bhutto’s elected government in
1977.