CS8078 GREEN
COMPUTING
UNIT-I FUNDAMENTALS
Green it Fundamentals: Business, IT and the Environment
Green Computing: Carbon foot print, Scoop on power
Green it strategies: Drivers, Dimensions, and Goals - Environmentally Responsible
Business: Policies, Practices, and Metrics.
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INTRODUCTIO
N
▪ Green computing is the environmentally responsible and eco-friendly use
of computers and their resources.
▪ It is also defined as the study of designing, manufacturing/engineering, using and
disposing of computing devices in a way that reduces their environmental impact.
▪ It is also called as Green IT
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HISTOR
Y
▪ Green computing was Originated in 1992
at the U.S Environmental Protection
Agency that launched Energy Star
program.
▪ Shortly after that the term “Green
Computing” was coined.
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WHY IS GREEN COMPUTING REQUIRED?
▪ Impact of Electricity to the Environment
▪ Uses lot of electricity
▪ Impact of Toxic waste to the
Environment
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GREEN
IT
▪ Green IT stands for Green Information Technology.
▪ Information Technology is essentially the design, implementation and management of
computers that both individuals and businesses use.
▪ The Green IT is composed of two things:
▪ Minimizing the negative impact of information technology use on the environment
▪ Using information technology to help solve environmental issues
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WHY GREENS IT ?
▪ Rising energy demand with a more limited supply and increasing utility costs
▪ Management of hazardous waste and electronic equipment disposal (e-waste)
▪ Increasing gasoline costs, which drive up employee commuting costs leading to retention
issues
▪ Increasing real estate costs
▪ Rising airline ticket costs and travel complexities
▪ A stronger regulatory climate at the federal, state and local levels
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SOURCES DANGER TO
ENVIRONMENT
LEAD MERCURY CADMIUM
Used in soldering of Used in batteries, Used in resistors for
printed circuit boards switches . Mercury chips and in
lead can cause damage spreads out in water semiconductors .
to the central and transforming into Cadmium is classified as
peripheral nervous methylated mercury that toxic, these compounds
system , blood systems can cause chronic brain accumulate in the human
and kidneys damage body, particularly the
kidneys
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GREEN
SOURCES
BAMBOO RECYCLABLE ECO-FRIENDLY
PLASTICS FLAME
RETARDANT
It is becoming Computers are There are flame retardant
increasingly popular for constructed from non- silicone compounds
making casings for recyclable plastics. ie, available that are flame
computers and recyclable polycarbonate retardant and completely
peripherals resin non-toxic
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GREEN
SOURCES
INVENTORY VOLUME
MANAGEMENT REDUCTION
Reducing the quantity of Removes hazardous
both hazardous portion of waste from
materials used in the non hazardous portion
process and the amount
of excess raw materials
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ENERGY
CONSUMPTION Component
Power
Consumptio Component
Power
Consumptio
n (Watts)
n (Watts)
CPU AMD Athlon 64 X2 4800+ 89
CPU Intel Pentium 4 (Prescott) 3.2 GHz 84
CPU AMD Athlon 64 X2 6000+ 125
CPU Intel C2D E2140-2220 65
CPU AMD Phenom X3 95
CPU Intel C2D E6750 65
CPU AMD Phenom X4 9100e-9350e 65
CPU Intel C2Q Q6600 95 or 105
CPU AMD Phenom X4 9500-9750 95
CPU Intel C2D E7200-7300 65
CPU AMD Phenom X4 9750-9850 Black 125
CPU Intel C2D E8200-8600 65
CPU AMD Phenom X4 9950 Black 140
CPU Intel C2Q Q9300-9650 95
Hard Drive 2.5" 2 to 6
CPU Intel Core i7 920 85
Hard Drive 3.5" 10 to 30
CPU Intel Core i7 940 92
DVD Drive 5 to 12
CPU Intel Core i7 965 Extreme 100
Mainboard 20 to 60
CPU AMD Athlon 64 3800+ EE 62
1 Memory Module 3
CPU AMD Athlon 64 X2 4800+ EE 65
▪ A complete desktop uses an average of 200 Watt/hours (Wh).
▪ A Laptop uses an average of 100 Watt/hours (Wh).
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ALTERNATIVE
S
REMOTE WORKING
E-WASTE RECYCLING
USING ENERGY STAR
LABELLED CLOUD COMPUTING
PRODUCTS
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GREEN
COMPUTING
▪ Green computing is the practice of using computing resources
efficiently.
▪ Designing , manufacturing and disposing Computer, servers with
no impact on the environment.
▪ To reduce the use of Hazardous materials, maximize energy
efficiency during product’s lifetime.
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WHY GREEN COMPUTING?
▪ Computer energy is often wasteful
▪ Leaving the computer on when not in use
▪ Printing is often wasteful
▪ How many of you print out your emails or meeting agendas
▪ Pollution
▪ Due to manufacturing, packaging, disposal techniques
▪ Toxicity
▪ Due to toxic chemicals involved in the manufacturing.
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GREEN COMPUTING: CARBON
FOOTPRINTS
▪ Latest research states that by the end of 2020 carbon emission
footprints will increase by 20%.
▪ This emission is mainly taking place due to Data Centers used
to achieve the cloud computing architecture.
▪ Data centers and new technology adoptions are mainly
causing this carbon emission.
▪ These Data Centers uses cloud energy to serve the user
generated request and this energy consumption is the basic
cause of carbon emission.
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GREEN COMPUTING: CARBON
FOOTPRINTS
▪ The Fusion-io, which is fastest manufacturer of the solid state
devices in the world, conducted a case study to reduce the
carbon footprint by replacing their multiple heavy load servers
and retiring all the extra number of servers previously in
operation.
▪ The results had shown that total 80% of carbon footprint was
reduced as well as the performance and speed was noticeably
optimized than before.
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GREEN COMPUTING: CARBON
FOOTPRINTS
▪ As the hard drives have become cost effective than earlier the backup and storage of online
data has been increased which resulted into more power consumption.
▪ Hence, researchers are focusing on saving the online data in larger arrays while not
compromising on the performance level to reduce the power consumption.
▪ Replacing petroleum-based plastics with bio-plastics can reduce the carbon emissions up
to a massive level as the bio-plastics generate a lot less toxic emissions.
▪ Bio-plastics are plants-based polymers and they offer less oil and energy consumption.
▪ The major challenge in using plants-based polymers is that important measures are needed to
obtain a certain temperature for these polymers otherwise they will melt down.
▪ The displays that are high power-eaters should be replaced with less power consuming
displays
i.e. Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED).
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GREEN COMPUTING: CARBON
FOOTPRINTS
▪ Using solid state or flash memory instead of hard drives can
reduce the energy consumption up to 10% because larger
number of moving parts of hard drives can cause larger
consumption of energy.
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GREEN COMPUTING: CARBON
FOOTPRINTS
Migrating to the cloud can reduce larger organizations’ energy use and
carbon footprint
CS8078 by 30% and by up
GREEN COMPUTING 19 to a massive 90% for small businesses.
GREEN COMPUTING: SCOOP ON
POWER
▪ Terminal servers
▪ Shared memory
▪ Power management
▪ Storage Management
▪ Video card
▪ Display
▪ Computer multitasking
▪ Parallel Processing in
Computers
▪ Software Pipeline
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GREEN COMPUTING: SCOOP ON
▪ POWER
Terminal servers
▪ Terminal servers are widely used to create virtual labs for the clients for example LTSP and Terminal Services for
Windows.
▪ Shared memory
▪ Shared memory minimizes the processing complexity and also creates ease for computations as there is only one
actual copy of the data for all the programs.
▪ Power management
▪ The ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) is the newer version of another old power control standard
APM (Advanced Power Management) by Intel-Microsoft.
▪ Storage Management
▪ Physically larger hard drive consumes more power than physically smaller hard drives e.g. 2.5 inches form factor.
The larger moving parts may result into higher consumption of power and bigger amount of heat generated.
▪ Video card
▪ A fast GPU can act like a most power-hungry component as compared to the other ones.
▪ For efficient power reduction there are a few options available for example:
▪ Say “no” to video card - Desktop sharing software or a shared terminal can provide the display.
▪ Motherboard video output – Requires low power but the user has to compromise on 3D performance.
▪ The GPU should be selected on the basis of performance per watt.
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GREEN COMPUTING: SCOOP ON
POWER
▪ Display
▪ The power consumption is generally higher for CRT monitors and lower for LCD monitors.
▪ The light emitting diodes (LED) use less amount of electricity as compared to the fluorescent bulbs.
▪ Computer multitasking
▪ Multitasking is the process of executing multiple tasks while sharing the same set of actual
resources at one time.
▪ Parallel Processing in Computers
▪ Parallel processing is the process of executing a task or more than one task using multiple
processors.
▪ Parallel processing is used to optimize the speed as each task is being processed without interfering
each other.
▪ Software Pipeline
▪ A pipeline is a sequence of processing elements in which the output of one element serves as the
input of next element.
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▪ The information between these elements is conveyed in the form of bits, bytes or records.
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GREEN IT
STRATEGIES
▪ Greenstrategies outline a long-term and unified
approach of an
▪ organization
The green toward environmental
strategic approach responsibility. internal and
both
considers characteristics,
organizational external
macroeconomic incentives, complianceincluding
constraints, and structure,
its the need to
dynamics,
align corporate social responsibility with mainstream corporate business.
▪ Example, incorporating RFID tags in the supply chain will not only help the organization
manage its inventories better, but will also open up opportunities to reduce its
carbon footprint due to reduced material wastage.
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GREEN IT
STRATEGIES
▪ Drivers
▪ Dimension
s
▪ Goals
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GREEN IT STRATEGIES:
DRIVERS
▪ Green IT is the systematic application of practices
that enable the minimization of the environmental impact of IT.
▪ Maximize efficiency and allow for company-wide
emission reductions based on technology innovations.
▪ Green IT supposed to significantly the
is decrease footprint of foster
environmentalinnovations
environmental the IT industry
in other industry
sectors.
▪ The most important anddriver to for the
implementation of Green IT measures is the
reduction of operational costs.
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GREEN IT STRATEGIES:
DRIVERS
▪ The three primary green
IT drivers
1. Reducing operational costs
2. Being socially responsible
3. Complying with
government regulations
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GREEN IT STRATEGIES:
DRIVERS
Overview of drivers of Green IT
initiatives 27
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GREEN IT STRATEGIES:
DIMENSION
▪ Strategy implies choice, priority, and focus and comes along with trade-off
decisions.
▪ The environmental strategies are subdivided into two dimensions:
1. Competitive Advantage dimension
▪ Firms can either pursuit a low-cost strategy by reducing their
operational costs through environmental initiatives, or they can
strive for competitive differentiation based on a superior, sustainability-
related value proposition.
2. Competitive focus dimension
▪ Determines whether the environmental investments are targeted at
internal organisational processes or at market-oriented products
and services.
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GREEN IT STRATEGIES:
DIMENSION
Generic competitive environmental strategies
▪ The eco-efficiency strategy aims at the minimization of waste, by-products and emissions. In
this way, the production efficiency can be enhanced and costs can be reduced.
▪ Although initiatives that allow for a reduction of the environmental footprint and
simultaneously come along with cost savings are attractive for virtually every firm, this strategy
proves to be particularly appropriate for mass volume producers with intense industrial
processing.
▪ The beyond compliance leadership strategy concentrates on organisational processes as
well, but the competitive advantage is rooted in differentiation rather than in cost reductions.
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GREEN IT STRATEGIES:
GOALS
▪ Green IT strategic planning includes due considerations
to the business goals of the organization, its
demographic characteristics, its existing approach in
the context of Green IT as also its maturity in terms of
Green IT.
▪ The philosophy behind a green strategy can be
▪ risk, associated with growth;
▪ social, non-profit;
▪ careless, without any strategy; and
▪ the lean-intelligent, balanced one
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GREEN IT STRATEGIES:
GOALS
▪ Two viewpoints need to be treated together.
1. One is not exclusive to the other, although both, in
their own right, provide a major insight into the
market-driven economies that most of the world is
now used to.
2. Second viewpoint underscores the need for
intelligent utilization of environmental capital in a
way that will result in production of wealth capital.
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GREEN IT STRATEGIES:
GOALS
▪ IT use and
ener they
gy whether set
measurable green IT
(e.g., reduce electrical usage
▪goals.
by 25 percent over the next
three years).
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GREEN IT
STRATEGIES
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ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS:
POLICIES
10 Ways to Encourage an Environmentally Responsible Business
1. Implement a recycling program
2. Conserve energy within the office
3. Promote a paperless office
4. Support green vendors
5. Reduce by reusing
6. Invest in office plants
7. Conserve human energy
8. Encourage sustainable transportation
9. Get outside and volunteer
10. Make green thinking a key part of your company culture
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ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS:
PRACTICES
1. Solar power
2. Encourage a minimalist company culture
3. Grass roofs for insulation
4. Go paperless or use recycled paper
5. Compost bins
6. Cycle to work schemes
7. Endorse remote working
8. Avoid using plastic cutlery
9. Switch your search engine (eg: https://www.ecosia.org/ Plants a tree for every 45 search)
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ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS:
MATRICS
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ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS:
MATRICS
▪ Environmental metrics are designed to assess the environmental impact of technology or activity.
Such impacts are primarily related to using natural resources (lifecycle INPUTS) and generating
waste and emissions (lifecycle OUTPUTS).
▪ The ultimate sustainability goal is to minimize the environmental impacts due to using non-
renewable resources and minimizing waste and pollution.
▪ Since the complete elimination of these impacts is hardly possible (any technology has its
environmental costs!), it is also important to evaluate the rate at which environment can absorb
the impacts and become remediated.
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ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS:
MATRICS
Metric Units* What it measures
Amount of water consumed in the process of extraction,
Water use m3 processing, manufacturing, maintenance and use of the
product
Land area required (not available for other needs) for
Land use acre extraction, processing, manufacturing, use, and disposal
of the product
Sum of all energy inputs to produce the product. This
Embodied energy
J metric may include both technological and natural
(Live energy)
transformations.
Sum of all energy spent to produce the product, extract
Total lifecycle energy J and process the initial materials, use the product, and
dispose off the waste
Environmental metrics related to lifecycle inputs
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ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS:
MATRICS
Metric Units What it measures
Global Warming Contribution to global warming due to emissions of greenhouse
kgCO2
Potential (GWP) gases to the atmosphere
Ozone Depletion
kgCFC11 Contribution to stratospheric ozone layer depletion
Potential (ODP)
Water/Soil
Contribution to acidification of soils and water due to the release of
Acidification kgSO2
gases such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides
Potential (AP)
Smog /
Tropospheric Contribution to air pollution, creation of tropospheric ozone (smog)
kgNO2
Ozone Creation by releasing nitrogen oxides and particulates
Potential (SCP)
Eutrophicatio Enrichment of the aquatic ecosystems with nutritional elements
kg N
n Potential (nitrogen or phosphorus)
(EP)
Human Impact on humans of toxic substances emitted to the environment
1,4-DCB
Toxicity (health / cancer /non-cancer impacts)
Potential (HTP) Environmental metrics related to lifecycle outputs
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REFERENCE
S
Text Book:
▪ Bhuvan Unhelkar, Green IT Strategies and Applications-Using Environmental Intelligence, CRC Press, June 2014.
Web:
▪ https://www.chorus.co/resources/news/start-making-the-most-of-green-it
▪ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276146250_A_Comprehensive_study_on_Cloud_Green_Computing_To_Reduce
_Carbon_Footprints_Using_Clouds
▪ https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4763421
▪ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318426349_Green_ICT_framework_to_reduce_carbon_footprints_in_universities
▪ https://www.iia.nl/SiteFiles/IIA_leden/Green%E2%80%94IT%20FINALwCover.pdf
▪ https://risepeople.com/blog/environmentally-conscious-workplace/
▪ https://www.seagoinggreen.org/blog/10-environmentally-responsible-practices-for-your-business-culture-in-2020
▪ https://info.esg.adec-innovations.com/blog/environmentally-friendly-practices-for-the-workplace
▪ https://www.e-education.psu.edu/eme807/node/583
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