THE INFLUENCE OF KULITIS (AMARANTHUS SPINOSUS L.
) AS WATER
ADDITIVES FOR BROILER CHICKEN PRODUCTION
APOLINAR, XYRA FAITH
ESTACION, LICEL BELLE
DE GUZMAN, ADELLE FAYE
JEREZA, KAYE
MARCOS, JESSEL
PUYONG, EVELYN
BIERNEZA, DENN CLOYD
DIESTRO, ALBERT JON
LIMOS, BREXTER
NOGALADA, KIAN
ROBELLO, ALLISTER
VIAJE, RON RICO
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN VETERINARY TECHNOLOGY
OCTOBER 2022
Introduction
The poultry industry makes a significant contribution to consumer food
security both in South Africa and globally. The Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) asserts that the rapid expansion of commercial and
small-scale poultry companies is driving up demand for chicken feeds.
Additionally, in the poultry industry, feed represents between 60 and 80
percent of the overall cost, with fish and soybean meal being the main
sources of protein. However, as the world's population grows and the poultry
industry expands, it is unable to keep up with demand because of inadequate
feed and high expenses. Finding affordable alternatives to current protein
sources is crucial for poultry diets. The high cost and scarcity of commercial
protein sources, which makes these protein sources less accessible, are the
key barriers to effective animal production. Additionally, the addition of meat
and bone meal to a group of less accessible protein sources, including
fishmeal and soybean, means that there is a sizable market for substitute
protein sources. Future methods for locating different inexpensive and
accessible protein sources are thus advised. The most affordable and
accessible supply of fundamental nutrients, including proteins, vitamins,
minerals, and vital amino acids, is leafy plants like Amaranthus spp.
Amaranthus is a spontaneous plant that sprouts up as soon as the first
summer rains. In rural locations where hens are primarily raised for human
consumption, this crop is widely farmed as a green vegetable and grains.
However, trypsin inhibitors, phenols, tannins, and saponins are only a few of
the antinutritional components that are known to be present in amaranth.
Processing techniques, particularly in grains, include autoclaving, boiling,
popping, and extrusion can lower the levels of these antinutritional elements.
Amaranth vegetables have reportedly been utilized as a grain, fodder, or
silage crop for a variety of animals, including cattle, chickens, pigs, and
rabbits, in many different nations. When given diets containing up to 40%
amaranth leaf meal with a feeding value similar to lucerne meal, calves
performed well. While Molina et al. reported that the changes in the amaranth
inclusion rate up to 32% had no effect on the rabbits' health status or weight
gain, Lebas reported an acceptable effect on growth when the Amaranthus
crop was used as a component of the New Zealand white rabbit rations at up
to 40% inclusion level. Weaners' productivity, absorption of nitrogen, and
digestibility have all been observed to increase with the addition of 10%
Amaranthus cruentus hydrolysate to the pig feed ratio. However, Longato et
al. assessed the meat quality, oxidative status, growth performance, and
blood serum metabolites of broilers fed diets containing 0, 5, and 10% of
Amaranthus, respectively. The levels of alanine aminotransferase and
albumin, as well as the qualities of the meat, were not different, according to
the scientists. Results on its utilization are still ambiguous because its
potential as a protein source in poultry diets has not been completely
investigated. Therefore, the goal of this study was to ascertain the efficacy of
various amaranth leaf as a water additive in broiler chicken overall growth
outcomes and nutritional digestibility.
Significant of the Study
The study aims to determine the effect of Kulitis (Amaranthus Spinosus L.) in
the nutrition and digestibility of broiler chickens.
Specific Objectives:
1. To know the effect of natural additives as an additive on average feed
intake (AFlg) of broilers at 7, 18, 28,35,45 days.
2. To know the effect of natural additives as an additive on body weight gain
(BWGg) of broilers at 7, 18, 28,35,45 days.
3. To know the effect of natural additives as an additive on average daily gain
(ADGg) of broilers at 7, 18, 28,35,45 days.
4. To determine the effect of natural additives as an additive on carcass
characteristics of broilers.
5. To determine the effect of feeding treatments on meat portions of broilers
24 hours after slaughter.
6. To determine the digestibility of dry matter and crude protein in
experimental diets
Expected Outputs
Determine the effects of Kulitis (Amaranthus spinosus L.) as water additives
on the growth and health performance of chicken broilers.
Scope and Limitations of the study
The study will be determining the effect of Kulitis (Amaranthus spinosus L.) in
the growth and performance of chicken broilers after 45 days.
Place and Time of the Study
This study will be conducted from October first, 2022 to December 2022 at
Abellera Steet, Kabacan, North Cotabato and at the University of Southern
Mindanao, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kabacan Cotabato.
Operational Definition of Terms
Broiler - Broilers or broiler chickens are the names given to chickens raised
for meat.
Kulitis- It is an erect annual plant, strongly branching up to 2.5 m tall and with
a branched taproot.
Water Additives- used for a mixture in Kulitis for water intake
Feeds- the term used for the foods of chicken
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The review provides a discussion of related literature and a definition
of terms that are significant in the study. It covers the use of Kulitis in the
improving growth performance and health of improved Broiler Chickens.
Kulitis was described in terms of its origin, description, chemical components,
health, and pharmacological uses.
Broiler Chicken
Origin
Broilers or broiler chickens are the names given to chickens raised for meat.
They are descended from Indian Subcontinental Forest birds. Due to
consumer demand for reasonably priced poultry meat, the broiler sector has
expanded. The weight of the breast muscle has been increased by selective
breeding for features associated with production and better nutrition.
Chickens used for commercial broiler production are bred to grow very swiftly
and put on weight quickly.
Chickens spend a significant portion of their time hunting for food in the wild.
This indicates that they have a strong drive to engage in species-specific
behaviors (natural behaviors) that are characteristic of chickens, like foraging,
pecking, scratching, and feather care habits like preening and dust-bathing.
To avoid predators at night, people perch in trees.
Chickens raised for meat production have two unique periods in their lives.
They are hatched in a facility and are transferred to a grow-out farm after one
day. They stay here until their weight allows for slaughter (Anonymous, 2019).
Description
While chickens reared for meat are known as "broilers," they are often white
and have been bred particularly for maximum health and size to create a
high-quality product for the consumer. Eggs originate from hens raised
specifically to lay eggs.
Large, open enclosures known as "houses" are used to grow broiler chickens,
which are free to roam, investigate, eat, and interact with one another.
Depending on the farmer's wish, some animals (such as free-range hens)
have varying access to the outdoors. To ensure biosecurity on the farm,
broiler chickens hatch at the same time and arrive at the farm together.
White feathers and golden skin are features of several common broilers.
Although slower-growing breeds achieve slaughter weight at around 14
weeks of age, the majority of commercial broilers do so between four and
seven weeks of age. The meat broilers' behavior and physiology are those of
an immature bird because they are so young (around 500g) when they are
killed. Broilers are vulnerable to several welfare issues because of intense
breeding selection for rapid early growth and the husbandry methods used to
maintain this, namely skeletal deformity and malfunction, skin and eye
diseases, and congestive heart disorders.
To ensure the flock's well-being, management of ventilation, housing,
stocking density, and internal procedures must be periodically assessed.
Although the breeding stock (broiler breeders) mature and beyond, they also
have welfare difficulties related to beak cutting and the frustration of high
eating desire. In enormous sheds under harsh conditions, mixed-sex flocks of
broilers are typically raised (Grey, 2019).
Plant Description
The edible kulitis (Amaranthus Viridis L.) belongs to the Amarantheceae or
Amaranth family. It is an erect annual plant, strongly branching up to 2.5 m
tall and with a branched taproot. The leaves are alternate, with long petioles,
elliptical to lanceolate or broad-ovate, dark green, light green or red, and
simple. Flowers are borne in axillary clusters often spherical, with a reduced
but occasionally well-developed terminal spike; upper clusters are often
leafless. Fruits are dry capsules, closed or open. Seeds are shiny black or
brown and relatively large (1200-2900 seeds/g). Amaranthus, collectively
known as amaranth (Kulitis) or pigweed, is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs.
Approximately 60species are presently recognized, with inflorescences and
foliage ranging from purple and red to gold. Although several species are
often considered weeds, people around the world value amaranths as leaf
vegetables, cereals and or namentals. Common names are amaranth,
Chinese spinach, Tampala, Pigweed (English) and local names are Kulitis,
Uray (Tagalog)and Kudjapa (Cebu). It is an annual fast-growing plant and
easily cultivated in gardens and fand fields.
Components
Calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, and
manganese are among the minerals included in amaranth greens. Amaranths
are valued as leaf vegetables, cereals, and ornamentals by people all around
the world, despite the fact that some species are frequently regarded as
weeds. In the Philippines, amaranth (Amaranthus), sometimes known as
pigweed or Kulitis, is a worldwide genus of herbs that has been utilized for
many years both here and abroad. Amaranth may replace wheat or other
grains in many delicious recipes and has a high nutritional content. Although
most plants are five feet (about 1.5 meters) or shorter, amaranth can reach
heights of up to seven feet (about 2.1 meters). Amaranth plants feature large
leaves and a flower head that is filled with numerous small seeds. The leaves
are available in a variety of hues, such as white, green, orange, pink, and red.
The fiber, calcium, and iron content of amaranth grain is high. It also has a
comparatively high amount of other vitamins, such as magnesium,
phosphorus, copper, and manganese, as well as a nearly full complement of
amino acids that are uncommon in other grains. A strong source of
nourishment is also found in the amaranth leaves, which are rich in folate,
riboflavin, and the vitamins A, B6, and C.
Kulitis health and pharmacological use
The use of amaranth seed or oil regularly lowers blood pressure and
cholesterol levels while enhancing antioxidant status and several
immunological markers, according to numerous studies. Amaranth seed or oil
may also be beneficial for persons without hypertension or cardiovascular
disease. Amaranth is specifically advised for those with poor red blood cell
counts in conventional medicine. One of the tastiest and healthiest green
vegetables is kulitis. It includes dietary minerals and vitamins (A, B6, C,
riboflavin, folate, and K) (including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus,
potassium, zinc, and copper).
METHODOLOGY
The researchers discussed the methods used in this research: the materials,
experimental approach, management in housing, brooding feeding, and in
health.
Materials
The materials used in the study “The Efficacy of Kulitis (Amaranthus
Spinosus L.) as a Water Additives in Broiler Chicken Overall Growth
Outcomes and Nutritional Digestibility” were the following: kulitis, water
containers, feed ingredients, feeders, and housing facilities.
Methods
Experimental approach
Twenty (20) Broiler chickens were used as the experimental birds in the
study. The Broiler chickens were distributed into five feeding additives.
The feeding additives will be as follows:
Feeding additives A – 5 heads of 100 no additives
Feeding additives B – 5 heads of 50% natural lemon grass additives added to
water
Feeding additives C – 5 heads of 75% natural lemon grass additives added to
water
Feeding additives D – 5 heads of 100% natural lemon grass additives added
to water
Management of Experimental Chickens
Housing
The researchers classified the chicks equally into four compartments for the
feeding additives. The poultry house was constructed using split bamboo
poles, empty sacks, rice hulls, a newspaper for the flooring, a light bulb, and
waterers. The equipment used was cleaned, sanitized, and well-disinfected.
Brooding
The researchers conducted the time right after hatching when chicks require
extra care and attention to ensure their health and survival. There are two
types of brooding, Natural and Artificial brooding. The researchers used
artificial brooding in which the chicks were put in the brooder, the bulb is put
at a certain temperature to provide for 24 hours, and were made accessible
from 6:00 o’clock in the morning until 6:00 o’clock in the evening. The ability
of the broiler to effectively regulate its temperature has a direct impact on its
ability to grow efficiently, thus subjecting chicks to temperatures too high or
too low results in energy being expended to cool the bird by panting or
warming the bird by increasing heat production. Chicks were fed in a
moderate number of feeds and the waterers were constantly changed to
prevent wasting feeds and to get rid of unexpected diseases.
Feeding Management
The researchers prepared broilers that were usually pelleted feed through the
growing cycle. For the first week, five (5) chicks were provided pelleted feed
with 100% no additives that has been crumbled so that it is in pieces small
enough for the birds to consume easily, another five (5) chicks were provided
with 50% natural additives, the 3rd five (5) chicks were provided with 75%
natural additives, the last five (5) chicks were provided 100% natural
additives. The ration fed to broilers varies greatly depending upon availability
and the cause of nutrition. An equal process was applied to chicks in the 2 nd
to 4th weeks until it is ready for commercial.
Feed and Water Additives
Week/s Nutrition Additives
1st week Kulitis 100% no additives
50% natural additives
75% natural additives
100% natural additives
2nd Weeks Kulitis 100% no additives
50% natural additives
75% natural additives
100% natural additives
3rd weeks Kulitis 100% no additives
50% natural additives
75% natural additives
100% natural additives
4th weeks Kulitis 100% no additives
50% natural additives
75% natural additives
100% natural additives
Figure 1. The table shows adequate week/s, nutrition, and additives
Health and Sanitation
The researchers believed that prevention is better than cure and chicks
should be free from diseases and deformities, with this, the researchers
eliminate litter beetles and other harmful materials, removed manure from the
house every three (3) days, wash down the house thoroughly from top to
bottom, clean out and disinfect the watering system and the entire feeding
system from the bin to the pans, dry house thoroughly, spray the entire
brooding cage with a compound approved for poultry house disinfection. The
growth of tile poultry industry in the Philippines has indeed been impressive
but its problems including inefficient management and the prevalence of
many destructive poultry diseases and parasite cannot be ignored.
Collection of Growth Parameters
The collection of Data on the chicks regarding the weeks, body weight, weight
gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion is provided in Figure two (2)
below. The researcher used a data-gathering procedure to further understand
the conclusion of the result of the study.
Body weight and weight gain (g/head)
The researcher collected the average weight of the chicks per week to know if
there are changes regarding their weight gain using this formula
(Okpaniezzeani, Onu, and Ude, 2004)
Weight gain= Final weight – initial weight
Age (week/s) Body weight (gms) Weekly gain (gms)
1st week
2nd week
3rd week
4th week
Average Feed Intake (g/bird)
The researchers provided the chicks with good quality feeds. Feed will
normally be added to feeder trays several times per day to ensure that feeder
trays never become empty. The study has shown that when using intermittent
feeding chicks utilize nutrients better.
Age Weekly (gms) Cumulative (gms)
1st week
2nd week
3rd week
4th week
Water Intake
The study has shown that it is easy for chicks to begin to dehydrate; therefor,
the most immediate need of the day-old broiler is access to clean, fresh
water. It is important to know the volume of the water a broiler will consume
on a given day. Drinking water is often used to provide medications, vaccines,
vitamins, and electrolytes to broilers. In order to ensure that each chicks
received the proper amount, it is essential to estimate the consumption.
Monitoring daily water consumption of a broiler flock and comparing it to the
past flocks, it can alert a producer to potential disease and management
problems that may require treatment or corrective actions.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The data will be analyzed using analysis of variance technique of steel
and torrie (1980) while significant differences in means were separated using
the method of Duncan’s Multiple Range Test as outlined by Gordon and
Gordon (2004).
Formula to be used (Okpaniezzeani, Onu and Ude, 2004)
Weight gain= final weight-initial weight
total weight gain birds/treatment
Average weight gain ¿
Number of birds/treatment
Average feed intake (g). the feed offered and feed refused of the
experimental birds will be weighed and shall recorded every day. This will be
done to determine the exact consumption of the experimental birds.
The formula to be used (Okpaniezeani et al, 2004)
Feed offered−feed refused
Average feed intake (g) ¿
Number of birds /treatment
Feed conversion ratio. The feed conversion ratio will be measured to
determine the amount of feeds eaten by the birds to convert it into a kilogram
of meat. The formula will be to use (Samarakoon and Samarasinghe, 2012)
Average feed intake of birds
FCR=
Weight gain of birds
Livability (%). The survivability of the birds will be determined by counting
the number of
Live and dead birds daily using the formula (Omidbaigi, 2011)
Number of alive birds−number of dead birds
Livability (%) ¿ x 100
Number of birds
Morbidity (%). Diseased birds were recorded and the morbidity rate for the
entire duration of the study will be determined by the formula (Thrusfield,
2005)
Number of diseased birds
Morbidity (%) = X 100
Number of birds at risk
Mortality (%) Deaths will be recorded and the mortality rate will determine
by the formula (Thrusfield, 2005)
Number of deaths
Mortality (%) =
Number of birds
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Experimental Design
The researchers prepared a series of procedures to have a comparison between
the collected data. A testable hypothesis is necessary in order to create a
controlled experiment, the ability to precisely modify at least one independent
variable, and a minimum of one dependent variable that can be measured with
accuracy. The experimental study was conducted in the Municipality of Kabacan,
Abellera Street, Poblacion in which backyard poultry is one of the sources of
income of the community.
Figure 3. Experimental Site Map
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A. Composition nutrients content of Broiler
Before Columbus camtoin the New World, Indians in Central America relied heavily on
amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) as a staple food. Amaranth has a similar amount of
energy per serving as other cereal grains, but twice as much protein. Protein content in
the grain ranges from 14 to 18%. It has a good balance of other amino acids and a high
lysine content. Amaranth is a raw grain that includes heat-labile anti-nutrients that are
growth-depressing for hens, but not for Japanese quail. If the grain is heated before
feeding, amaranth can be utilized as a feed component for broilers. The antinutritive
elements present must be partially or entirely destroyed by the heat treatment. Extruded
grain amaranth can be fed to broiler chicks without having a negative impact on body
weight, feed consumption, or carcass yields, according to research. It is advised to keep
inclusion at a maximum of 40%. A market for amaranth grain exists in the health food
sector as a substitute for people who are allergic to wheat. It must compete in this
market if it is to be utilized in poultry feeds. Amaranth grain that has been heat
processed can completely substitute meat and bone meal in broiler diets, according to
research. Adding steam pelleting to broiler diets containing amaranth enhanced feed
intake and improved growth, but there was also more fat deposition, according to
additional studies. Molasses was not added to the food to make the chickens perform
better. Amaranth should only be present in the diets of finishers because it is used more
frequently as the broilers age. The amaranth leaf, which is also known as pigweed,
callaloo, and mchicha (which means "a vegetable for all" in Swahili), is another viable
item for feed in addition to the grain. Amaranth leaves have a comparable nutritional
profile to spinach, beets, and Swiss chard, but they have three times as much calcium
and three times as much niacin (vitamin B3) as spinach leaves do. Meal made from
sun-dried amaranth leaves is rich in dietary calories and crude protein (around 23%),
containing methionine. Unless the diets are supplemented with an enzyme cocktail that
includes cellulase, glucanase, and xylanase activity, amaranth leaf meal can only be
added to broiler diets up to 5%. (Example: Roxazyme G2).
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B. Nutritional value of Natural Additives (Kulitis as natural Additives)
Broilers have high protein needs, so it is important to understand how protein and amino
acids affect the growth, development, and performance of birds in order to determine
the best protein content in broiler diets and maximize performance or profit. Knowledge
of the protein sources that can be employed in poultry diets is also necessary. This
review's main goal is to draw attention to some of the accessible, high-quality, specialty
proteins of both animal and plant origins that can be investigated for use in broiler-
chicken feeding. The major goals of gut health-promoting broiler diets are to reduce the
concentration of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) and supplement with substances that are
immunologically active. The composition of feed ingredients and feed processing have
an impact on these diet features. During the first 4 weeks, broiler-type chickens need a
starter feed that contains 20 to 23 percent protein, depending on the energy content of
the feed. From 4 to 8 weeks, a broiler grower feed containing 19 to 20 percent protein
is used.
Grower hens in experiment 1 did not exhibit any discernible body weight gain (BWG) or
feed conversion ratio (FCR) response to the various amounts of Ca at either level of
protein. Beyond 0.625% Ca at either protein level, the percentage of tibia ash did not
change. In trial 2, BWG increased linearly for males and females up to 0.55 and 0.625%
dietary Ca, respectively. The feed conversion ratio declined linearly as dietary calcium
increased up to a maximum of 0.625% Ca, and tibia ash was highest for both sexes at
0.9% Ca. These findings indicate that the present NRC calcium needs for broiler
starters (1.0%) are adequate for maximal bone ash, but that the calcium requirements
for growth birds (0.9%) may be too high for the best BWG, FCR, and tibia ash.
The best health of chickens requires a variety of vitamins. These can be categorized as
water-soluble vitamins like riboflavin and the B vitamins, or as fat-soluble vitamins like
A, D, E, and K. Therefore, in broilers raised in tropical environments, a combination of
vitamins C and E mixed with organic acids can lead to higher growth performance and
better meat quality.
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Nutrients CALCULATED NUTRIENTS
PROTEIN 19 to 20 percent protein is used
CALCIUM 18 percent of this nutritional essential
VITAMINS 2800 kcal ME /kg and grower feed
contains 2500 kcal ME /kg.
IRON over 1 milligram of iron, or nearly 6% of the
daily intake,
C. Mineral contents of Natural Additives
The Amaranthus collectively known as amaranth (Kulitis) or pigweed, is a
cosmopolitan genus of herbs that contains a significant amount of minerals. Kulitis
provides essential minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium,
zinc, and copper, which are required for the healthy functioning of the animal body.
D. Nutritional qualities of Natural Additives
Amaranth is well-liked in India and other parts of Asia because the leaves offer
two to three times the nutrients of other green vegetables. One of the tastiest and
healthiest green vegetables is Kulitis. It includes vitamins A, B6, C, riboflavin, folate, and
K, but Its vitamin C concentrations are the greatest for building strong bones and
boosting the immune system. Since this plant includes both vitamin C and iron, a
vitamin C supplement is not necessary because vitamin C helps the body absorb iron.
E. Use in Poultry Diets Since amaranth seeds include anti-nutritional elements such
saponins, trypsin inhibitors, phytate, and tannins, its usage in poultry diets is restricted.
Amaranth seeds must be heated in order to remove the anti-nutritional components
before they can be used effectively in poultry diets, much like soybeans, which also
have anti-nutritional factors. Broiler diets cannot contain more than 20% raw amaranth.
Leaves Specific varieties of amaranth are grown for their leaf output. Amaranth, for
instance, is planted in China expressly for use as cow feed, with many cuttings taking
place each season. When grown under stressful conditions, some varieties of amaranth
have been observed to accumulate oxalate(s) and nitrates (Saunders and Becker,
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1984). Therefore, caution should be used when selecting an amaranth cultivar for
forage production. Chickens can also be given dried amaranth leaves. They contain a
fair amount of protein (23%) and methionine. To remove any potential heat-labile anti-
nutritional elements, the leaves must first be dried. Broiler diets can contain more dried
amaranth leaves when an enzyme supplement is used (a combination of cellulase,
glucanase, and xylanase) (Fasuyi and Akindahunsi, 2009)
f. The cost differences among dietary treatments by using premix
Broiler Cost of Premix Diet
WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 TOTAL MEAN
Broiler 1
Broiler 2
Broiler 3
Broiler 4
Broiler 5
Average:
Range:
g. The cost differences among dietary treatments by using the natural additives
Broiler Cost of Diet with 50% Natural Additives
WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 TOTAL MEAN
Broiler 1
Broiler 2
Broiler 3
Broiler 4
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Broiler 5
MEAN
RANGE
Broiler Cost of Diet with 75% Natural Additives
WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 TOTAL MEAN
Broiler 1
Broiler 2
Broiler 3
Broiler 4
Broiler 5
MEAN
RANGE
Broiler Cost of Diet with 100% Natural Additives
WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 TOTAL MEAN
Broiler 1
Broiler 2
Broiler 3
Broiler 4
Broiler 5
MEAN
RANGE
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Difference of Mean of:
50% and 75%
75% and 100%
50% and 100%
Difference of Ranges of:
50% and 75%
75% and 100%
50% and 100%
h. The researcher used the formula
(Okpaniezzeani, Onu, and Ude, 2004)
Weight gain= Final weight – initial weight
Age (week/s) Body weight (gms) Weekly gain (gms)
1st week
2nd week
3rd week
4th week
5th week
I. Effect of Natural Additives on average intake
Age Weekly (gms) Cumulative (gms)
1st week
2nd week
3rd week
4th week
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5th week
J. Effect of Natural Additives on body weight
Age Weekly (weight BWGg) Cumulative (weight BWGg)
1st week
2nd week
3rd week
4th week
5th week
K. Effect of Natural Additives on Average Daily Gain (Adgg)
Age Weekly (Gain)
1st week
2nd week
3rd week
4th week
5th week
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L. Effect of natural additives as an additive on carcass characteristics of broilers
Kulitis (Amaranth) meal did not change the meat qualities of broiler chickens. However,
other researchers found a rise in the percentage of breast muscle in the carcasses of
chickens fed a feed mixture containing 8% amaranth.
The table below shows the results of the analysis of the effects of amaranth leaf meal
(ALM) inclusion levels on the carcass and meat portion weights of 20 broiler chickens.
20 broiler chickens that were 42 days old did not differ in the carcass, breast, or thigh
weights when ALM inclusion levels were considered (p > 0.05). 20 broiler chickens that
were 42 days old had their drumstick and abdomen fat weights affected by ALM
inclusion levels (p 0.05). Drumstick and abdominal fat weights of 20 broiler chickens fed
a diet with a 20% ALM inclusion level were heavier (p 0.05) than those of hens fed a
diet with 0, 5, 10, and 15% levels. Surprisingly, no significant influence was seen at the
linear (p > 0.05) or quadratic (p > 0.05) level, even though there was a substantial
difference between treatments in the weights of the drumstick and abdominal fat.
Parameters
ALM% carcass Breast Thigh Drumstick Abdominal
Fats
M. Effect of feeding treatments on meat portions of broilers 24 hours after
slaughter
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Broiler processing weights and yields subjected to feed withdrawal or concurrent
withdrawal of feed and water can be seen in the table below. Farm weights taken just
before each treatment's application ranged in weight ranged from 1,168 g to 1,207 g
and did not differ. Significantly differences between treatments furthermore, no there
were significant differences between slaughter weight treatments (1,119 to 1,173) (718
to 753 g), eviscerated weight (718 to 753 g), and weight when chilled (762 to 801 g).
Withdrawal shrinkage is the percentage of weight loss caused by withdrawal. Before
slaughter, a steady and significant (P.05) increase in withdrawal shrinkage was
observed. As the number of hours of withdrawal increased.
Meat Portion
Feeding treatment Breast Thigh Drumstick
N. Digestibility of dry matters and crude protein of experimental diets
Feed digestibility measures how well the body utilizes feed and its nutrients. The
purpose of this study was to conduct a literature review on the digestibility of balanced
feed fed to broiler chickens in Africa. Data for this review were gathered from numerous
scientific papers published between 2008 and 2018, which were then uploaded to
Google Scholar, Pubmed, Agora, and national university libraries. Numerous scientific
studies in this field show that over forty feedstuffs are commonly used to formulate
balanced feed delivered to broiler chicken in modern African systems. In broiler chicken,
feed digestibility is generally assessed in vivo using the direct method. According to the
data gathered, feed digestibility of broiler chicken varies greatly depending on the
feedstuffs in balanced feed and also on their incorporation rate. This literature review
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reveals that balanced feeds used to feed broiler has Apparent Digestibility more than
50%.
Breeders in modern poultry production produce or purchase feeds made from products
and byproducts, minerals, and vitamins (Traore and Bebay, 2006). As a result, the
balanced feed offered to broilers may vary depending on the feedstuffs available.
However, broiler chicken digest this balanced feed differently. It must go through a
series of physical and chemical processes before it can produce simple, absorbable
constituents known as nutrients (Sauvant, 2004). The transit of food for digestion in
broilers is relatively quick, lasting an average of twenty-four (24) hours (Deiltel et al.,
2012). Ingested feed is not completely absorbed by the body: some of it passes through
the digestive tract and is excreted in feces (Deiltel et al., 2012).
19
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