BRICKS

LECTURE OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
 INGREDIENTS
 TYPES OF BRICKS
 BRICKS MANUFACTURING
 CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
 FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY OF BRICKS
 BRICKS APPLICATION
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
 BRICKS DEFECTS
 CONCLUSION
•

.
•

•
 INTRODUCTION

 A brick is a building material used to make walls, pavements and

other elements in masonry construction.
 A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand and lime, or
concrete materials.
 Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and
sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in
bulk quantities.
 Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.
 Name Here
Programmer

 Bricks are the most commonly used

construction material. Bricks are
prepared by in
of uniform size Name Here
and then and these Designer

blocks. In order to get a good quality

brick, the brick earth should contain
the following constituents.
 Silica
 Alumina Name Here
Manager
 Lime
 Iron oxide
 Magnesia
 1. Silica
INGREDIENTS OF


• Brick earth should contain about 50% to 60% of silica.

BRICKS • It is responsible for preventing cracking, shrinking and warping of raw
bricks.
• It also affects the durability of bricks.
• If present in excess, then it destroys the cohesion between particles and
the brick becomes brittle.
 2. Alumina
• Good brick earth should contain about 20% to 30% of alumina.
• It is responsible for plasticity characteristic of earth, which is important in
moulding operation.
• If present in excess, then the raw brick shrink and warp during drying.
 3. Lime
• The percentage of lime should be in the range of 5% to 10% in a good
brick earth.
• It prevents shrinkage of bricks on drying.
• It causes silica in clay to melt on burning and thus helps to bind it.
• Excess of lime causes the brick to melt and brick looses its shape.
 INGREDIENTS OF BRICKS
 4. Iron oxide
• A good brick earth should contain about 5% to 7% of iron oxide.
• It gives red colour to the bricks.
• It improves impermeability and durability.
• It gives strength and hardness.
• If present in excess, then the colour of brick becomes dark blue or
blakish.
• If the quantity
Add Text of iron oxide is comparatively less, the brick becomes
Add Text
yellowish in colour.
Simple PowerPoint Simple PowerPoint
Presentation Presentation

 5. Magnesia
 Good brick earth should contain less a small quantity of magnesia
about 1%
 Magnesium in brick earth imparts yellow tint to the brick.
 It is responsible for reducing shrinkage
 Excess of magnesia leads to the decay of bricks.



4. PEBBLES
 Stone in Brick Pebbles in brick earth create
problem during mixing operation of earth. It
prevents uniform and through mixing of clay,
which results in weak and porous bricks
 Bricks containing pebbles will not break into
shapes as per requirements.

5. VEGETATION AND ORGANIC MATTER

 The presence of vegetation and organic matter in
brick earth assists in burning. But if such matter is
not completely burnt, the bricks become porous.
This is due to the fact that the gasses will be
evolved
Text Here during
Text Here theTextburning
Here ofHerethe carbonaceous
Text Text Here

matter
50% and40 it %will result
30% in the20formation 10%of small
pores.
%
 5 Common Brick Types

THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF BRICKS USED IN

MASONRY.

1. Common Burnt Clay Bricks

2. Sand Lime Bricks (Calcium Silicate Bricks)
3. Engineering Bricks
4. Concrete Bricks
5. Fly Ash Clay Bricks
Ref : https://www.thebalancesmb.com
Common Burnt Clay Bricks Sand Lime Bricks

Concrete Bricks

Fly Ash Clay Bricks

Engineering Bricks
 TYPES OF BRICKS
1. BURNT CLAY BRICKS

• Burnt clay bricks are the classic form of brick, created by pressing wet clay into molds,
then drying and firing them in kilns. This is a very old building material—the type of
brick found in many of the ancient structures of the world. In appearance, these bricks
are solid blocks of hardened clay, usually reddish in color.

• Burnt clay bricks are typically sold in four classes, with first-class offering the best
quality and most strength. These high-grade burnt clay bricks have no noticeable flaws,
but they’re also going to cost more.

• When these bricks are used in walls, they require plastering

or rendering with mortar. Uses for burnt clay bricks include:
- Masonry walls, Foundations, Columns
 Types of Bricks
2. Sand Lime Bricks
• Sand lime bricks (also known as calcium silcate bricks) are made by
02
mixing sand, fly ash and lime. Pigments may also be added for
color.
• The mixture is then molded under pressure to form bricks; the
materials bond together by a chemical reaction that occurs as the
wet bricks dry under heat and pressure. These bricks are not,
01 03
however, fired in kilns in the same manner as burnt clay bricks

04
 Types of Bricks
 Sand lime bricks can offer some advantages over clay bricks such
as:
• 02
Their color appearance is gray instead of the regular reddish color.
• Their shape is uniform and presents a smoother finish that does not require
plastering.
• These bricks offer excellent strength for load-bearing structures.
• When pigments are added, the bricks can be used for ornamental purposes.
•
01
Less mortar is required during construction. 03
• Edges are straight and precise, making construction easier.
• Bricks do not effloresce salts and minerals.
• The uses for sand lime bricks include:
• Structural foundations and walls 04
• Exposed brick walls and pillars
• Ornamental uses (when pigments are added)
 Types of Bricks Your Text Here
You can simply impress your audience and add a

3. CONCRETE BRICKS
unique zing and appeal to your Presentations.

• Concrete bricks are made from solid concrete and are growing
in popularity among homeowners.
• Concrete bricks are usually placed in facades, fences, and
provide an excellent aesthetic presence.
• These bricks can be manufactured to provide different colors if
pigments are added during production. Your Text Here
You can simply impress your audience and

• Concrete bricks should not be used in below-ground

add a unique zin.

applications.
 Types of Bricks
4. FLY ASH CLAY BRICKS

• Fly ash clay bricks are manufactured with clay and fly ash—a byproduct of coal burning—fired at about
1,000 degrees C. Because fly ash contains a high volume of calcium oxide, this type of brick is
sometimes described as self-cementing, since it expands when exposed to moisture.

• This tendency to expand, however, can also produce pop-out failure. Fly ash clay brick has the
advantage of being lighter in weight than clay or concrete brick.

• Typical uses for fly ash clay brick includes:

• Structural walls
• Foundations
• Pillars
• Anywhere that improved fire resistance is required
 Types of Bricks
5. FIRE BRICKS

• Also known as refractory bricks, these are manufactured from

specially formulated earth with a high aluminum oxide content.
• After burning, these bricks can withstand very high temperatures
without their shape, size, or strength being affected.
• Common used for this type of brick include:
Lining of chimneys and furnaces
Pizza ovens and outdoor brick barbecues
 Manufacturing of Bricks
In the process of manufacturing bricks, the following distinct operations are involved.

 1.Preparation of clay

 2.Moulding

 3.Drying

 4.Burning
 ST
R
E
N
G
T
W EAKNESS

H
S

T
O PPORTUNITIES
H
R
E
A
T
S
Infographic Style

Bricks in palettes
 Classification of Bricks as
per common practice

Bricks which are used in construction works, are burnt

bricks. They are classified into four categories on the basis
of its manufacturing and preparation, as given below.
Easy to change colors,
photos and Text.

1.First class bricksEasy to change colors,

2.Second class bricks
photos and Text.

3.Third class bricksEasy to change colors,

4.Fourth class bricks

photos and Text.

Easy to change colors,

photos and Text.
 Classification of bricks
 First Class Bricks:
• These bricks are table moulded and of standard shape and they are
burnt in kilns.
• The surface and edges of the bricks are sharp, square, smooth and
straight. They comply with all the qualities of good bricks.
• These bricks are used for superior work of permanent nature.

 Second Class Bricks:

• These bricks are ground moulded and they are burnt in kilns. The
surface of these bricks is somewhat rough and shape is also slightly
irregular.
• These bricks may have hair cracks and their edges may not be sharp and
uniform. These bricks are commonly used at places where brick work is
to be provided with a coat of plaster.
 Classification of bricks
 Third Class Bricks:
• These bricks are ground moulded and they are burnt in clamps.
• These bricks are not hard and they have rough surfaces with irregular
and distorted edges. These bricks give dull sound when struck
together
• They are used for unimportant and temporary structures and at places
where rainfall is not heavy.

 Fourth Class Bricks:

• These are over burnt bricks with irregular shape and dark colour.
• These bricks are used as aggregate for concrete in foundations,
floors, roads etc, because of the fact that the over burnt bricks have a
compact structure and hence they are sometimes found to be
stronger than even the first class bricks
Classes of Burnt Clay Brick and Their Properties

Add Text Add Text

Simple Simple
PowerPoint PowerPoint
Presentation Presentation

Add Text Add Text

Simple Simple
PowerPoint PowerPoint
Presentation Presentation
 The selection of raw materials
Add Text Add Text
Simple Simple
PowerPoint PowerPoint
 Workmanship
Presentation Presentation

 Proper handling / manufacture process

 Suitability of brick usage

Add Text Add Text
Simple Simple
PowerPoint PowerPoint
Presentation Presentation
 Bricks Application
1. As a Structural Units
 Since the clay bricks or burnt bricks are strong, hard, durable, resistive to abrasion
and 01
fire, therefore, they are used as a structural material in different structures:
Buildings, Bridges, Foundations, Arches, Pavement (Footpath, Streets), Brick Flooring

2. As an Aesthetic Unit/Surface Finish

02
 Bricks can be used in different colors, sizes an orientations to get different
surface designs. As an aesthetic material bricks can be used: In Pavements,
Facing Brick and for Architectural Purposes
03
3. As a Fire Resistance Material
 04
 Content
Here
Content
Here
Content
Here
 Advantages of Bricks
1. Economical (Raw material is easily available)
2. Hard and durable
3. Compressive strength is good enough for ordinary construction
4. Different orientations and sizes give different surface textures
5. Very low maintenance cost is required
6. Demolishing of brick structures is very easy, less time
consuming and hence economic
7. Reusable and Recyclable
8. Highly fire resistant
9. Produces less environmental pollution during manufacturing
process
 Disadvantages of Bricks
1. Time consuming construction
2. Cannot be used in high seismic zones
3. Since bricks absorb water easily, therefore, it causes
fluorescence when not exposed to air
4. Very Less tensile strength
5. Rough surfaces of bricks may cause mold growth if not
properly cleaned
6. Cleaning brick surfaces is a hard job
7. Color of low quality brick changes when exposed to sun for
a long period of time
 Bricks Defects
1. Over burning bricks
2. Under burning defects
3. Bloating of bricks
4. Black core
1
5. Efflorescence 3 4

6. Brick cracking: Straight cracks,

random cracks
7. Brick spalling
8. Spot 5 6
9. Lamination

7 8 9
 Bricks Defects
• R.C lintel

https://www.midlandmasonryinc.com/services-offered/concrete-
masonry-tuck-pointing-repairs-restoration/lintel-replacement/
https://www.permagard.co.uk/advice/lintel-repair-guide
 Conclusion
 Bricks are very common material used in
construction because it is economical compared
to other construction material.
 The usage of bricks are classified by its type and
quality.
Columns
Style
Columns
Style
Columns
Style
Columns
Style
Columns
Style
THANK YOU