http://www.unaab.edu.

ng

COURSE CODE:    FIS512 

COURSE TITLE:    Fisheries Policy and Legislation

NUMBER OF UNITS:    2 Units 

COURSE DURATION:   Two hours per week 

 
 
COURSE DETAILS:
COURSE DETAILS: Dr. S.O. Obasa Dr. S.O. Obasa Dr. S.O. Obasa Dr. S.O. Obasav
 

Course Coordinator: Dr. A.A. Idowu

Email: idowudoyin@yahoo.com 
 
Office Location: Room D209, COLERM 

Other Lecturers: Prof. S.O. Otubusin and Dr. A. A. Idowu

 
 
COURSE CONTENT: 

Fisheries  Institutions  Conservation  Strategies  .Fisheries  policy  and  law  of  Nigeria.  
International laws of the sea.   
 

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

This is a compulsory course for all students in Department of Aquaculture & Fisheries 
Management.  In  view  of  this,  students  are  expected  to  participate  in  all  the  course 
activities  and  have  minimum  of  75%  attendance  to  be  eligible  to  write  the  final 
examination. 
.

READING LIST: 

E
LECTURE NOTES

FISHERIES INSTITUTIONS
Fisheries institutions or institutes are bodies established and regulated by the policies and
activities of conserving and managing fisheries resources in a country/ geographical region. It
is
known that all fisheries resources are finite, hence the resources must be well managed and
developed for sustainability of the region. In recognition of this, Nigeria established two
institutes centred of freshwater and marine fisheries resources.
These are:
1. National institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research(NIFFR) in New Bussa, Niger State.
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2. Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR), Victoria Island
Lagos State.
NIFFR was established in 1968 as a project by the Federal Government of Nigeria with an
aid
from the United National Development Programme (UNDP). Food and Agriculture
Organization
(FAO) was executing agent while the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources
represented the Federal Government. By 1975, FAO experts withdrew their participation and
qualified Nigerian scientists took over the management of what was re-named Kainji Lake
Research Institute (KLRI) instead of Kainji Lake Research Project. With much re-
organisation
from the multi-disciplines into the one carrying out researches on Freshwater Fisheries and
aquatic resources, the name changed to National Institute for freshwater fisheries Research.
This
is to reflect the emphasis of its researches on Aquaculture, fisheries biology, hydrology,
fisheries
technology, fisheries economics, training and extension. With this new mandate, the activities
of
the institute is funded by the FGN while the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology is
the
supervising Ministry. The broad objective is to assist the country in comprehensive
development,
utilization and preservation of all the natural resources from man-made lakes and other
freshwater bodies through research and surveying. Under this, the mandate of the institute
include:
・ Abundance, distribution and other biological features of freshwater fishes and other
aquatic resources.
・ Genetic improvement of freshwater fishes and other aquatic resources in rivers, lakes
(natural or man-made)
・ Hydrological behavior of natural and man-made lakes etc.
Attend my class for other mandates and further discussion. Note that, this institute has 3
outstations in Nigeria.
NIOMR – This institute was established out of the research division of the Federal
Department
of Fisheries in 1975 purposely to conduct researches into the resources and physico-chemical
features/characteristics of the Nigerian territorial waters, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
and
the high seas beyond and to train man power required for the public and private sectors of the
coastal fishing industry. The institute formulated its objectives to meet the National needs for
research and technical development. The mandates include:
・ Knowledge of fish stock size and the amount to be exploited on a sustained
commercial basis in the Nigerian brackish and coastal waters at least up to 200
nautical miles (320km).
・ Knowledge of the geology and geophysics of sea floor of Nigeria and her sediments
with a view to controlling beach erosion, determining sea floor topography, types of
sediments and possibilities of economic exploitation.
・ Determination of the presence of petroleum gas pockets in the sediment and
concentrations of heavy minerals and gravel exploits.
・ Socio-economic evaluation of problems arising from the exploitation of resources of
the sea and brackish water fishing as well as fish distribution methods.
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It should also be noted that the institute oversees the African Regional Aquatic Centre
(ARAC)
at Aluu, near Port Harcourt where the training of the man power objective is being achieved.
Other fisheries institutions of note are some Nigerian Universities which offer programmes
leading to the award of degrees in Fisheries courses. For example, University of Agriculture,
Abeokuta; University of Ibadan (UI), Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife (OAU),
University
of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos State University, Ojoo Lagos (LASU), Fed. University of
Agriculture, Makurdi (FUAM), Federal University of Technology (FUTA), Federal
University
of Science and Technology, Minna (FUT) etc.
Some associations and societies include:
Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON)
National Association of fish farmers and Aquacturists (NAFFA)
Association of catfish farmers etc.
Attend class on further discussion on the fisheries institutions and societies.
FISHERIES POLICY AND LAWS OF NIGERIA
The Federal Department of Fisheries is vested with the statutory responsibility of developing
Nigeria’s fisheries for attainment of sustainable self-sufficiency in fish production, utilization
and resource conservation. As a policy, the Department does not embark on direct fish
production, but implement projects that create enabling environment and motivation for
private
sector investment in fisheries development. However, at present, the activities of the
Department
are marred by almost zero fund allocation in the last five years. The policy strategies of the
Department are aimed at accelerating the pace of private sector involvement in fish
production,
processing, marketing, utilization and resource conservation. In line with the stated policy
objective, the Department has evolved some of the following strategies for project
implementation:
・ Provision of appropriate infrastructure to enhance fish production and utilization by the
private sector,
・ Transfer of modern fisheries technologies to end users and extensionists in linkage with
relevant state extension agencies,
・ Sourcing and provision of credit to fishermen through collaboration with relevant donor
agencies, credit institutions and State Fisheries Departments
・ Collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of fisheries data for fisheries planning
and development
・ Re-stocking of lakes, lagoons and reservoirs for enhanced fish production and resources
conservation etc.
Others will be discussed during lecture hours. Attend.
In Nigeria, the National Fisheries Development Committee (NFDC) made up of Director of
Federal Fisheries Department, State Directors of Fisheries, Director of NIOMR, NIFFR and
the
Vice Chancellors (or their Representatives) of the three Federal Universities of Agriculture is
the
highest policy formulating body in Fisheries matters. The decision and reports of this
committee
are transferred to the National Economic Council through the Federal Minister of
Agriculture.
The fisheries policies are being governed by decrees and laws that are usually published in
the
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Federal Republic of Nigeria official gazettes. You would be provided with some of these
laws
and decrees published in the FG gazettes. Also, the essential features of these laws shall be
discussed during lecture hours.
Finally, the general constraints to fish production in Nigeria would be discussed in class. For
example, these include: high cost of fishing inputs and construction equipment; inadequate
supply and high cost of quality fish seeds, leading to under-stocking of ponds; inadequate
supply
of quality fish feed; piracy at sea; poorly funded research and extensive of institutions and
Universities; illegal exploitation of marine fisheries resources, particularly by foreign vessels;
high cost of automotive gas oil (AGO) and its uncoordinated supply to the industry; shortage
of
competent and experienced technical manpower; lack of access to affordable credit and
insurance cover for fish farming enterprises etc.
Conservation Strategies
Human modifications to the environment, overexploitation, habitat loss, exotic species and
others factors are greatly threatening aquatic biodiversity. Ecosystems and species important in
sustaining human life and the health of the environment are disappearing at an alarming rate. In
order to preserve these threatened areas and species for future generations, immediate action in
the form of aquatic biodiversity conservation strategies are necessary.
Aquatic conservation strategies support sustainable development by protecting biological
resources in ways that will preserve habitats and ecosystems. In order for biodiversity
conservation to be effective, management measures must be broad based. This can be achieved
through many mechanisms including:
• Marine Reserves: A marine reserve is a defined space within the sea in which fishing is
banned or other restrictions are placed in an effort to protect plants, animals, and habitats,
ultimately conserving biodiversity. Marine reserves can also be used for educational
purposes, recreation, and tourism as well as potentially increasing fisheries yields by
enhancing the declining fish populations. Marine reserves are also very similar to marine
protected areas, fishery reserves, sanctuaries, and parks. Examples include the Aquatic
Reserves Program in the State of Washington and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Science National Marine Protected Areas.
• Bioregional Management: Bioregional management is a total ecosystem strategy, which
regulates factors affecting aquatic biodiversity by balancing conservation, economic, and
social needs within an area. This consists of both small-scale biosphere reserves and
larger reserves. Biosphere reserves, generally small in scale, have a strong conservation
focus, and consist of one or more protected central habitats and surrounding buffer zones.
In these bioresevation units, activities such as fishing, hunting, harvesting, and
development activities are strictly limited. In contrast, nonbiosphere reserve areas
encompass much broader ranges, and many more habitat types (e.g., the Florida Keys
National Marine Sanctuary). Other examples of National Marine Sanctuaries include
Stellwagen bank, and Monterey Bay.
• Threatened or endangered species designations: The World Resources Institute
documents that the designation of a particular species as threatened or endangered has
historically been the primary method of protecting freshwater biodiversity. Threatened
species include organisms likely to become endangered if not properly protected.
Endangered species are plants and animals that need protection in order to survive, as
they are in immediate danger of becoming extinct. Once species are "listed," they become
subject to national recovery programs and will be placed under international protection.
Severe monetary penalties can occur if threatened and endangered species regulations are
broken, and can even result in jail sentences. For more information, please visit EPA's
Endangered Species Protection Program, Endangered Species Act, or U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service's Endangered Species Program .
• Local watershed groups: Rivers and streams, regardless of their condition, often go
unprotected since they often pass through more than one political jurisdiction, making it
difficult to enforce conservation and management of resources. However, in recent years,
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the protection of lakes and small portions of watersheds organized by local watershed
groups has helped this situation. For more information on how you can become involved
in your watershed please visit EPA's Adopt Your Watershed Website.
• EPA's Healthy Watersheds Initiatives: Once healthy watersheds or healthy
components of watersheds are identified, a variety of conservation and protection
approaches are available. See examples of conservation and protection approaches and
tools. These approaches are generally site-specific and tailored to the particular situation.
Watershed managers are encouraged to use these examples as guidance in developing
their own conservation and protection strategies. A combination of approaches has been
found to be most effective at maintaining watershed health and integrity.
• Specialized Programs: Many specialized programs have been instituted to protect
biodiversity. For example, the USDA Forest Service initiated Bring Back the Natives
, a cooperative state-federal program. The goal of this program is to restore
the health of riverine systems and associated species. Areas targeted for this program
include lands managed by the U.S. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land management.
• Research: Various organizations and conferences that research biodiversity and
associated conservation strategies help to identify areas of future research, analyze
current trends in aquatic biodiversity, even conduct specialized studies. Examples of such
organizations include the Nature Conservancy , Natural Heritage Network
, World Conservation Monitoring Centre , World Resources
Institute , NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources , and Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD) .
• Increase Public Awareness: Increasing public awareness is one of the most important
ways to conserve aquatic biodiversity. This can be accomplished through educational
programs, incentive programs, and volunteer monitoring programs. For example, the
State of Delaware has an Adopt-a-Wetland Program designed increase
public awareness as to the value and of wetlands and the need for conservation. The EPA
developed a site with links to organizations that teach the public how to become involved
in volunteer monitoring programs. Read about how fish and freshewater mussels are used
as environmental indicators to protect aquatic biodiversity.
• Restoration/Mitigation Efforts: Aquatic areas that have been damaged or suffered
habitat loss or degradation can be restored. Even species populations that have suffered a
decline can be targeted for restoration (e.g., Pacific Northwest salmon populations).
Some management practices such as the establishment of riparian buffer zones and the
restoration of natural flow patterns and discharge regimes are being applied to riverine
areas. Recently, habitat restoration has also been performed in various areas to replace
losses from dredging projects and in many wetland habitats. Learn about the Great Lakes
Restoration Initiative, Cheseapek Bay restoration, and River Corridor and Wetland
Restoration.
• Regulatory Measures: This may include wastewater discharge regulations like NPDES
or fishery conservation measures, fisheries management councils, even fishery bans. For
example, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
of 1976 and the associated 1996 Sustainable Fisheries Amendment require
the conservation and management of the marine fishery resources in the United States,
predominately managed by NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). This
creation of sustainable fisheries is largely completed through regulatory actions including
the collection of the best scientific data available. Learn more about EPA's efforts to
protect our oceans, coasts, estuaries and beaches.
• Local community actions: The demand for freshwater - and the threats to its health -
originate from the actions of millions of people. To solve these challenges also requires
actions of many. State and federal governments, and many local governments and public
agencies, are already at work. So, too, are numerous citizen volunteers. Any individual
can take steps to make healthy water a welcome part of everyday life. Learn how you can
make a difference.
Fishes exhibit enormous diversity in size, shape, biology and in the habitats they occupy. The
great majority comprises bony fishes, mainly teleosts. In addition, there are around 800 species
of cartilaginous and 70 of jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfishes). It is believed that out of 4000
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species of vertebrate recognised world over 22000 are fish species; of which 8411 are fresh
water while 11650 are marine. As per the report more than 24500 fin fish species exist
throughout the world. However, there is prediction of around 28500 fish species representing
more half of the vertebrate diversity. They surveys emphasised that there could well be at least
5000 species more to be discovered.
In India 2163 species of finfish have been recorded from upland cold (157; 7.26%), warm waters
of the plain (454; 20.99%), brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1370;
63.3%).In terms of habitat, fishes live in almost all conceivable aquatic habitats, ranging from
Antarctic icecap to hot springs as well as fresh to saline waters. As per the FAO, a sustainable
fisheries development envisages an eco-friendly, equitable mode of development that can sustain
livelihood over generations. An attempt has been made to assess the current status of fish
biodiversity, delineate the threatened species of India vis-a - vis their causative factors to
formulate appropriate strategies for their conservation and rehabilitation.
Due to factors such as human modifications to the environment, overexploitation, habitat loss,
exotic species and others, aquatic biodiversity is greatly threatened. Ecosystems and species
important in sustaining human life and the health of the environment are disappearing at an
alarming rate. In order to preserve these threatened areas and species for future generations,
immediate action in the form of aquatic biodiversity conservation strategies are necessary. In
general, aquatic conservation strategies should support sustainable development by protecting
biological resources in ways that will preserve habitats and ecosystems. In order for biodiversity
conservation to be effective, management measures must be broad based.
Since maintenance of fish biodiversity along with other biotic resource has been viewed as
prerequisite for the well being of even human beings, it is essential to prevent further decline of
fish resources by devising all possible measures of conservation and rehabilitation. The
conservation policy should promote the management practices that maintain integrity of aquatic
ecosystem, prevent endangerment and enhance recovery of the threatened species. Five principal
elements or tasks in the recovery programmes have been to be identified as
(i) Habitat management
(ii) Habitat development and maintenance
(iii) Native fish stock
(iv) Non native and sport fishing
(v) Research data management and monitoring
The main goal in a conservation programme is to conserve the genetic diversity. The fish genetic
resources can be conserved by protecting an ecosystem which is broad-based, on-specific, cost
effective and relatively simplistic in approach .It may aim in general or at specific species like
endangered or threatened ones. This can be achieved through many mechanisms including in
situ and ex situ methods
Insitu conservation
In situ conservation of fish as landraces and wild relatives is useful where genetic diversity exists
and where wild forms are present. This is done through their maintenance within natural or man -
made ecosystem in which they occur. The major advantages of insitu conservation to co-evolve
with other forms, providing the breeders with a dynamic source of resistance that is lost in ex situ
conservation and (ii) natural parks and biosphere reserves may provide less expensive protection
for the wild relatives than ex situ measures.
Ranching:
Stock enhancement through ranching is feasible only (i) if there is incomplete colonization of
available carrying capacity. The successful induced spawning and larval rearing of endangered
Tenuolosa (Hilsa) ilsha, Tor kkudree, Tor putitora, Labeo dussumieri, Ompok pabda ,Clarias
dussumieri,Ompak malabaricus, Osteobrama belangeri, Notopterus chitala have opened up the
avenues of replenishment. In the 3 important lakes, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal and Sattal of the
Kumaon Himalayas, there are evidences of auto-stocking due to natural breeding of mahseer
fingerlings in Ladhiya and Sharda rivers by NBFGR ,Lucknow, and National Research Centre
on Cold water Fisheries (NRCCWF) Bimetal, has already been initiated .Ranching of the
pondreared
fingerlings in Pama river of Kerala improved landings of the endangered Labeo
dussumieri.
It is felt that restocking programmes involving hatchery stocks are unlikely to fully solve the
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problem since these stocks were selected for adaptation to hatchery conditions and not to the
natural environments. The hatchery stocks, in addition, may be even inbred. Two strategies could
be implemented in restocking programmes (i) stocking spawners of domestic strain (preferably
of sex) for interbreeding with the resident population or (ii) direct stocking of crossbred fry.
However, in absence of facilities, we start with fingerlings from the hatchery avoiding
inbreeding.
Conservation aquaculture:
Through probability of inbreeding in hatchery-bred seed normally can not be ruled out,
conservation aquaculture is gaining importance in rehabilitation programmes of endangered /
threatened fishes. It implies aquaculture in rehabilitation programmes of endangered fish
populations by increasing the effective population size (Ne) of the threatened species .In India
too, fry of the mahaseeer ( Tor putitora) have successfully been reared from 0.20g to 105 g in
about 240 days under pond environment in terrain region of Uttaranchal State. Interestingly, sea
bass (Lates calcarifer) a vulnerable species of the brackish water, has been successfully cultured
in West Bengal for about 6 months by stocking the hatchery-produced seed.
Marine Reserve/Protected waters:
A marine reserve is a defined space within the sea in which fishing is banned or other restrictions
are placed in an effort to protect plants, animals, and habitats, ultimately conserving biodiversity.
Marine reserves can also be used for educational purposes, recreation, and tourism as well as
potentially increasing fisheries yields by enhancing the declining fish populations. Marine
reserves are also very similar to marine protected areas, fishery reserves, sanctuaries, and parks.
Declaration of certain protected areas/ biosphere reserves for in situ conservation of resources
appears to be the pragmatic approach. Reserves are a system approach to fishery management
that allows the re-establishment of age distribution and inter and intra specific relationships like
un altered community. Established of Marine Parks is perhaps the best way for in situ
conservation of marine resources. (Established in 1980; Okha to Jodia, Gujrat coast covering 42
islands; area 400sq. Km) (II) the Gulf of Mannar National Marine Park (III) the Wandoor
National marine park (South Andaman ; covering 10 islands ;area 282.5 sq. Km); and Marine
sanctuary -Bhitarkanika Gahirmatha Sanctuary (Orissa) and Malvan Marine Park Sanctuary
(Maharashtra).
Aquatic Diversity Management Areas (ADMAs):
The creation of ADMAs, are a systematic management approach for watersheds, where the
primary goal is to protect the aquatic biodiversity in a given area. ADMAs range from individual
species protection acts to full-scale biodiversity oriented programs. The best way to properly
manage ADMAs is to stop or greatly reduce all human activity contributing to habitat
degradation in that area.
Bioregional Management:
Bioregional management is a total ecosystem strategy, which regulates factors affecting aquatic
biodiversity by balancing conservation, economic, and social needs within an area. This consists
of both small-scale biosphere reserves and larger reserves. Biosphere reserves, generally small in
scale, have a strong conservation focus, and consist of one or more protected central habitats and
surrounding buffer zones. In these bio conservation units, activities such as fishing, hunting,
harvesting, and development activities are strictly limited.
Threatened or endangered species designations:
Threatened species include organisms likely to become endangered if not properly protected.
Endangered species are plants and animals that need protection in order to survive, as they are in
immediate danger of becoming extinct. Once species are "listed," they become subject to
national recovery programs and will be placed under international protection. Severe monetary
penalties can occur if threatened and endangered species regulations are broken, and can even
result in jail sentences.
Local watershed groups:
Rivers and streams, regardless of their condition, often go unprotected since they often pass
through more than one political jurisdiction, making it difficult to enforce conservation and
management of resources. However, in recent years, the protection of lakes and small portions of
watersheds organized by local watershed groups has helped this situation. For more information
on how you can become involved in your watershed.
Freshwater Initiatives:
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The Nature Conservancy has instituted a program referred to as the Freshwater Initiative. The
objective of the FWI is to significantly increase freshwater conservation within the country,
through three strategies: watershed action, water science, and water lessons.
Specialized Programs:
Many specialized programs have been instituted to protect biodiversity. The goal of this program
is to restore the health of riverine systems and associated species.
Various organizations and conferences that research biodiversity and associated conservation
strategies help to identify areas of future research analyze current trends in aquatic biodiversity,
even conduct specialized studies.
Increase Public Awareness:
Increasing public awareness is one of the most important ways to conserve aquatic biodiversity.
This can be accomplished through educational programs, incentive programs, and volunteer
monitoring programs. For example, the State of Delaware has an Adopt-a-Wetland Program
designed increase public awareness as to the value and of wetlands and the need for
conservation. The EPA developed a site with links to organizations that teach the public how to
become involved in volunteer monitoring programs at
Restoration/Mitigation Efforts:
Aquatic areas that have been damaged or suffered habitat loss or degradation can be restored.
Even species populations that have suffered a decline can be targeted for restoration (e.g., Pacific
Northwest salmon populations). Some management practices such as the establishment of
riparian buffer zones and the restoration of natural flow patterns and discharge regimes are being
applied to riverine areas. Recently, habitat restoration has also been performed in various areas to
replace losses from dredging projects and in many wetland habitats.
Regulatory Measures:
The Indian Fisheries Act of 1897 (modified in 1956) is a landmark in the conservation of fishes.
Besides provision to and monitor gears, mesh size and observance of fishing or closed seasons,
the Act also prohibits the use of explosives or poisons to indiscrimately kill fish in any water at
present, the ministry of agriculture, Government of India is modifying the Indian Fisheries Act to
incorporate all the relevant legal to conserve fish germplasm resource. This may include
wastewater discharge regulations like NPDES or fishery conservation measures, fisheries
management councils, even fishery bans. This creation of sustainable fisheries is largely
completed through regulatory actions including the collection of the best scientific data
available.
Local community actions:
The demand for freshwater - and the threats to its health - originate from the actions of millions
of people. To solve these challenges also requires actions of many. State and federal
governments, and many local governments and public agencies, are already at work. So, too, are
numerous citizen volunteers. Any individual can take steps to make healthy water a welcome
part of everyday life. Learn how you can make a difference.
Ex situ conservation:
In this measure, the threatened are conserved outside their natural habitats. The main pillars of ex
situ conservation programme are (I) live gene bank and (II) gene bank with gamete and (III) gene
bank with DNA.
Live gene bank:
in a live gene bank which is a genetic resource centre, the endangered species are reared in
captivity, bred therein and genetically managed avoiding inbreeding depression, domestication
and unintended selection. The NBFGR is maintaining the wild stocks of threatened species like
Notopterus chitala,Channa marulius Tor putitora ,Labeo bata ,L dyocheilus and L. Calbasu in
the Mini Germplasm Repository.Simultaneously are being made to establish such repositories in
different regions. One such has already been established in Guwahati for in different for North-
East region.
Gene bank gamete:
In Gamete/Embryo gene bank, adequate samples representative of the natural genetic variation
of endangered species are kept in suspended animation under extra low temperature (-1960C) in
liquid nitrogen (LN2) availability of genetic materials of threatened categories and for intensive
breeding programmes of economically important species. Long-term cryopreservation of milt of
the endangered and economically important fishes like Tor putitora, T.khudree,labeo
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dussumieri,Labeo rohita,Catla catla cirrhinus mrigala,Cyprinus carpio var.communis Tenualosa

(Hilsa)ilisha,Horabragrus brachysoma and Oncorhynchus mykiss has been achieved by
NBFGR. Since the technique is successful only sperm, and no method for cryopreservation of
eggs/embryos has yet been developed, it is felt that the technique is at moment only limited value
in relation to conservation of threatened species. Efforts should now be focussed on the
androgenesis through which the whole genome can be constituted from the cryopreserved milt
alone. However, the technique has enabled development of gene bank ensuring availability of
male gamete of several species all around the year for seasonal breeders, easy transport of
germplasm and genetic and hybridization programmes.
Gene bank with DNA:
DNA banking which is yet to be imitated would (I) genomic DNA (II) DNA library (genomic
DNA or cDNA library (III) cloned DNA fragments etc.