[NCM 420] DISASTER NURSING

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM

2nd SEMESTER ┃A.Y. 2022-2023┃MIDTERMS┃TRANS 1┃TRANSCRIBED BY APRIL TOM O. CUENCA
NAME OF LECTURER: MR. CHRISTIAN RAY C. PASILIAO, RN, MAN
DATE OF LECTURE: FEBRUARY 25, 2023

DISASTER PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

DEFINITION
• A disaster can be defined as “any occurrence that causes damage,
ecological disruption, loss of human life or deterioration of health
and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the affected community or
area.” (World Health Organization)
• A disaster can be defined as an occurrence, either natural or
manmade, that causes human suffering and creates human needs
that victims cannot alleviate without assistance.
RECOVERY PHASE AFTER DISASTER
WHEN AND WHERE IT OCCURS
1. Disaster response
• Anytime and anywhere, not confined to any part of the world.
2. Disaster rehabilitation
• Some disasters can be predicted and whereas some cannot be 3. Disaster reconstruction
predicted.
• Warfare is a special category, because it is well-planned and RISK REDUCTION PHASE BEFORE A DISASTER
damage is the intended goal of action.
1. Disaster mitigation
FACTORS AFFECTING DISASTER 2. Disaster preparedness
HOST FACTORS
1. Age
2. Immunization status
3. Degree of mobility
4. Emotional stability

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
1. Physical factors
2. Chemical factors
3. Biological factors
4. Social factors
5. Psychological factors

EFFECTS OF DISASTER
1. Population displacement
2. Injury or death
3. Risk of an epidemic of diseases
4. Damage to infrastructure
5. Psychological problems
6. Food shortage
7. Socioeconomic losses
8. Shortage of drugs and medical supplies

TYPES OF DISASTERS
• Natural disasters: Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions,
floods and cyclones, landslides and avalanches.
• Man-made disasters: Stampedes, fires, transport accidents,
industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War
and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category.

PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Comprehensive: Disaster managers consider and take into
account all hazards, all phases, and all impacts relevant to
disasters.
2. Progressive: Anticipate future disasters and take preventive and
preparatory measures
3. Risk-driven: Use sound risk management principles (hazard
identification, risk analysis, and impact analysis) in assigning
priorities and resources.
4. Integrated: Ensure unity of effort among all levels of government
and community elements.

TRANSCRIBED BY APRIL TOM O. CUENCA 1

 PRE-IMPACT PHASE (PREVENTION AND MITIGATION) • A Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA) is an
assessment of:
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 1. Hazards: These are sources of potential harm, or situations
with a potential for causing harm, in terms of human injury;
• The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
damage to health, property, the environment, and other things
(UNDRR) was created in December 1999 to ensure the
of value; or some combination of these.
implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster
2. Risk: This refers to the likelihood that a hazard will occur, as
Reduction.
well as the severity of possible impacts on health, property, the
• UNDRR coordinates international efforts in Disaster Risk environment, or other things of value.
Reduction (DRR), and it reports on the implementation of the 3. Vulnerability: This refers to the people, property,
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. It convenes the infrastructure, industry, resources, or environments that are
biennial Global Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction. particularly exposed to adverse impacts from a hazardous
event.
SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
• The process of developing a Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability
• This focuses on the adoption of measures that address the three Analysis (HRVA) includes:
dimensions of disaster risk (exposure to hazards, vulnerability and 1. Getting started: Provides a quick reference guide to initiating
capacity, and hazard’s characteristics) in order to prevent the the HRVA process and an assortment of worksheets to help
creation of new risks, reduce existing risk and increase resilience. you build a team and work plan.
• The Sendai Framework outlines seven (7) global targets to guide 2. Hazard identification: Contains a matrix that can be used to
and against which to assess progress. analyze existing risk strategies and mitigation measures
1. 2016 – Target (1): Substantially reduce global disaster against current and future threats.
mortality by 2030, aiming to lower the average per 100,000 3. Understanding community risk and resilience: Provides
global mortality rate in the decade 2020-2030 compared to the information on the identification and assessment of
period 2005-2015; vulnerabilities, including a climate change adaptation primer.
2. 2017 – Target (2): Substantially reduce the number of people 4. Assessing hazard likelihood and change to likelihood:
affected globally by 2030, aiming to lower the average global Assists with determining the historic likelihood and assessing
figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020-2030 compared to the the potential change to current and future likelihood.
period 2005- 2015; 5. Assessing consequences: Assists with the assessment and
3. 2018 – Target (3): Reduce direct disaster economic loss in rating of 11 consequence categories.
relation to the global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030; 6. Building a risk profile: Helps determine specific and overall
4. 2019 – Target (4): Substantially reduce disaster damage to risk levels and assign hazard priorities.
critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among 7. Identifying risk reduction strategies: Offers guidelines and
them health and educational facilities, including through support for the development of new risk reduction and
developing their resilience by 2030; mitigation strategies.
5. 2020 – Target (5): Substantially increase the number of 8. Generating and assembling your report: Provides a guide to
countries with national and local disaster risk reduction generating and assembling a draft report with appropriate
strategies by 2020; supporting material.
6. 2021 – Target (6): Substantially enhance international 9. Reviewing and approving your report: Offers an outline of a
cooperation to developing countries through adequate and typical review and approval process.
sustainable support to complement their national actions for • Understanding risk and applying risk reduction measures is a
implementation of the present Framework by 2030; shared responsibility across an entire community, from individuals
7. 2022 – Target (7): Substantially increase the availability of and and businesses to those responsible for governance, planning and
access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk land use, emergency management, infrastructure development and
information and assessments to people by 2030. operations. Involving partners early in the process will encourage
• The Sendai Framework is the successor instrument to the Hyogo ownership and endorsement when implementing the
Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015. recommendations of the report.
• The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was a global blueprint for
disaster risk reduction efforts with a ten-year plan, adopted in PRE-IMPACT PHASE (PREPAREDNESS)
January 2005 by 168 Member States of the United Nations at the THREE MAIN ELEMENTS
World Conference on Disaster Reduction.
• Its overarching goal was to build the resilience of nations and 1. Forecasting events and issuing warnings.
communities to disasters by achieving a substantive reduction of 2. Taking precautionary measures in response to warnings.
disaster losses by 2015 - in lives and in the social, economic, and 3. Improving response by organizing and strengthening capacity to
environmental assets of communities and countries. deliver timely and effective rescue, relief and assistance.
• HFA's five (5) priorities for action: • Disaster preparedness, therefore, has two (2) main aims: to help
1. Make disaster risk reduction (DRR) a priority people to avoid impending disaster threats; and to put plans,
2. Know the risks and take action resources and mechanisms in place to ensure that those who are
3. Build understanding and awareness affected receive adequate assistance. It is assumed that some
4. Reduce risk people and property will be vulnerable to disasters, despite
5. Be prepared and ready to act mitigation measures and that agencies will have to deal with the
disaster’s impact.
HAZARD, RISK AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS (HRVA)
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FRAMEWORK
• Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA) is a process for
identifying the community’s highest vulnerabilities to natural and 1. Vulnerability assessment: Starting point for planning and
man-made hazards and the direct and indirect effects these hazards preparation, linked to longer-term mitigation and development
may have on the hospital and community. interventions as well as disaster preparedness.
• An HVA provides the community with a basis for determining the 2. Planning: Disaster preparedness plans agreed upon and in place,
most likely standards and potential demands on emergency which are achievable and for which commitment and resources are
services and other resources that could occur during a crisis so that relatively assured.
effective preventive measures can be taken and a coordinated 3. Institutional framework: Well-coordinated disaster preparedness
disaster response plan can be developed. and response system at all levels, with commitment from relevant-
stake holders. Roles and responsibilities are clearly defined.

TRANSCRIBED BY APRIL TOM O. CUENCA 2

4. Information systems: Efficient and reliable systems for gathering TASKS TO BE FOLLOWED IN EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
and sharing information (e.g., forecasts and warnings, information 1. Evaluate the risk of the country or particular region to disaster
on relevant capacities, role allocation and resources) between ✓ India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of
stakeholders. natural as well as man-made disasters. 58.6% of the landmass
5. Resource base: Goods (e.g., stockpiles of food, emergency shelter is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity;
and other materials), services (e.g., search and rescue, medical, over 40 million hectares (12% of land) are prone to floods and
engineering, nutrition specialists) and disaster relief funding (e.g., river erosion.
for items not easily stockpiled or not anticipated) available and ✓ Of the 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to
accessible. cyclones and tsunamis; 68 per cent of the cultivable area is
6. Warning systems: Robust communications systems vulnerable to drought, and hilly areas are at risk from landslides
(technologies, infrastructure, people) capable of transmitting and avalanches. Vulnerability to disasters or emergencies of
warnings effectively to people at risk. chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) origin
7. Response mechanisms: Established and familiar to disaster also exists.
response agencies and disaster victims (may include: evacuation 2. Adopt standards and regulations: Following NDMA guidelines
procedures and shelters, search and rescue teams, needs 3. Organize communication, information and warning system: A
assessment teams, activation of emergency lifeline facilities) warning system is any system of biological or technical nature
reception centres and shelters for displaced people). deployed by an individual or group to inform of a future danger. Its
8. Education and training: Training courses, workshops and purpose is to enable the deployer of the warning system to prepare
extension programs for at-risk groups and disaster responders. for the danger and act accordingly to mitigate or avoid it.
Knowledge of risk and appropriate response through public 4. Ensure coordination end response mechanism: These
information and education systems. mechanisms include the "cluster approach", which groups agencies
9. Rehearsals: Evacuation and response procedures practised, with a shared operational interest, e.g. health, water and sanitation.
evaluated and improved. This approach helps to avoid gaps and duplications. It also helps to
ensure there is a clear lead organization in each sector.
PHILIPPINE RISK PROFILE 5. Resource availability: Ensuring that resource mobilization and
THE PHILIPPINE SITUATION financing are handled in a common way, such as through a Flash
• According to the Center for Appeal or the Central Emergency Response Fund.
Research on the Epidemiology 6. Develop public education programmes: If the public is to respond
of Disasters (CRED), the quickly and effectively to an emergency involving toxic chemical
Philippines was the most agents, people must be made aware of the risk from chemical
disaster-prone country in the agents and the necessary protective actions well before an
world for the past century. emergency occurs. A carefully planned public education program is
• Out of 174 countries assessed needed to provide people potentially at risk with the knowledge
for their exposure to hazards, required to take life-saving actions.
the Philippines placed third. 7. Coordinate information with news media: The media is an
• The Philippine archipelago undeniably important player in the disaster management matrix,
occupies the western rim of the especially in the area of risk reduction advocacy, disaster mitigation
Pacific Ocean (Western preparedness and response.
Segment of the Pacific Ring of 8. Disaster roll: A disaster drill is an exercise in which people simulate
Fire), a most active part of the earth that is characterized by an the circumstances of a disaster so that they have an opportunity to
ocean-encircling belt of active volcanoes and earthquake practice their responses. The efficacy of plans and standard
generators (faults). operating procedures (SOPs) can be tested through mock drills.
• Three (3) main purposes of exercises:
FACES OF RECENT DISASTERS a. To validate plans (validation)
b. To develop staff competencies and give them
1. Agaton 2014 (Butuan City): Over 3,000 families displaced c. Practice carrying out their roles in the plans (training) to
2. Typhoon Vicky 2020 - Butuan City test well-established procedures (testing)
3. Odette 2021 - Butuan City • Three (3) main types of exercises:
4. Heavy Rain 18 Feb 2023 – Brgy. Bading Butuan City a. Discussion-based
5. Heavy Rain 18 Feb 2023 - Brgy Mahogany, Butuan City b. Tabletop
6. Heavy Rain 18 Feb 2023 - Brgy Lemon, Butuan City c. Live
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
• Disaster preparedness is “a programme of long-term development • Community members, resources organizations, and administration
activities whose goals are to strengthen the overall capacity and should be the cornerstone of an emergency programme.
capability of a country to manage all types of emergency efficiently
it should bring about an orderly transition from thorough recovery REASONS FOR COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
and back to sustained development.”
• Objective: To ensure that appropriate systems, procedures • Members of the community are the most to lose from being
and resources are in place to provide prompt vulnerable to disasters and the most to gain effective and
effective assistance to disaster victims, thus appropriate emergency preparedness programmes.
facilitating relief measures and rehabilitation of services. • Those who respond first to an emergency come from within the
community. When transport and communication are disrupted, an
external emergency may not arrive for days.
• Resources are most easily pooled at a community level, and every
community possesses capabilities. Failure to explore these
capabilities is poor resource management.
• Sustained development is best achieved by allowing emergency-
affected communities to design, manage and implement internal
and external assistance programmes.

TRANSCRIBED BY APRIL TOM O. CUENCA 3

AN EXAMPLE OF REDUCED DAMAGE DUE TO PREPAREDNESS DURING A FLOOD
• On 12 November 1970, a major cyclone hit the coastal belt of • If a flood is likely in your area, you should:
Bangladesh at 223 km/hr. with a storm surge of six to nine meters 1. Listen to the radio or television for information.
in height, killing an estimated 500,000 people. 2. Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If there is any
• Due to the Cyclone Preparedness Program, the April 1991 cyclone possibility of a flash flood, move immediately to higher ground.
with a wind speed of 225 km/hr. killed only 138,000 people, even Do not wait for instructions to move.
though the coastal population had doubled by that time. 3. Be aware of streams, drainage channels, canyons, and other
• In May 1994, in a similar cyclone with a wind speed of 250 km/hr, areas known to flood suddenly. Flash floods can occur in
only 127 people lost their lives. these areas with or without such typical warnings as rain
• In May 1997, in a cyclone with a wind speed of 200 km/hr, only 111 clouds or heavy rain.
people lost their lives. • If you must prepare to evacuate, you should:
1. Secure your home. If you have time, bring in outdoor furniture.
POLICY DEVELOPMENT Move essential items to the upper floor.
• It is “the formal statement of a course of action.” 2. Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed to
do so. Disconnect electrical appliances. Do not touch
• Policy is strategic in nature and performs the following
electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water.
functions:
a. Establish long-term goals. • If you have to leave your home, remember these evacuation
b. Establish recommended work practices. tips:
c. Assign responsibilities for achieving goals. 1. Do not walk through moving water. If you have to walk in
d. Determine criteria for decision-making. water, walk where the water is not moving. Use a stick to
check the firmness of the ground in front of you.
• The form of emergency preparedness policies varies from place to
2. Do not drive into flooded areas.
place. Six (6) sectors are required for response and recovery
strategies. These are:
1. Communication AFTER A FLOOD
2. Health • The following are guidelines for the period following a flood:
3. Police and security 1. Listen for news reports to learn whether the community’s
4. Search and rescue water supply is safe to drink.
5. Social welfare 2. Avoid floodwaters; water may be contaminated by oil,
6. Transport gasoline, or raw sewage. Water may also be electrically
charged from underground or downed power lines.
GENERAL MEASURES DURING AN EMERGENCY 3. Avoid moving water.
• Do not use telephone except call for help so as to leave telephone 4. Be aware of areas where floodwaters have receded.
lines free for the organization to respond. 5. Roads may have weakened and could collapse under the
• Listen to the messages broadcast by radio and various media so as weight of a vehicle.
to be informed of the development. 6. Stay away from downed power lines, and report them to the
• Carry out the official instructions given over the radio or by power company.
loudspeaker. 7. Return home only when authorities indicate it is safe.
8. Stay out of any building if floodwaters surround it.
• Keep a family emergency kit ready.
9. Use extreme caution when entering buildings; there may be
hidden damage, particularly in foundations.
HOME EMERGENCY KIT
10. Service damaged septic tanks, cesspools, pits, and leaching
1. Ready-to-eat and high-energy foods for 3 days systems as soon as possible. Damaged sewage systems are
2. Battery-operated radios, batteries serious health hazards.
3. Extra warm clothing and blankets 11. Clean and disinfect everything that got wet and mud left from
4. Bottled water floodwater can contain sewage and chemicals.
5. Alternate heat sources
6. Extra prescription medications STORMS, HURRICANES AND TORNADOES
7. Baby supplies BEFORE AN EMERGENCY
8. Cash
9. Special needs items 1. Choose a shelter in advance
10. First aid kit 2. Minimize the effect of storms
11. Lanterns, flashlights, lightsticks 3. Take measures against flooding
4. Prepare a family emergency kit
PERSONAL PROTECTION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF
EMERGENCIES DURING AN EMERGENCY
1. Listen to the information and advice provided by the authorities.
FLOODS 2. Do not go out in car or boat once the storm has been announced.
3. Evacuate houses if requested.
BEFORE A FLOOD
4. Tie down any object liable to be blown away by wind.
• To prepare for a flood, you should: 5. If caught outside in a storm, take refuge as quickly as possible in a
1. Avoid building in a flood-prone area unless you elevate and shelter.
reinforce your home. 6. In a thunderstorm keep away from doors, windows, and electrical
2. Elevate the furnace, water heater, and electric panel if conductors, and unplug electrical appliances etc.
susceptible to flooding. 7. Do not use any electrical appliances or the telephone.
3. Install "check valves" in sewer traps to prevent floodwater • Anyone who is outside should:
from backing up into the drains of your home. 1. Look for shelter in a building.
4. Contact community officials to find out if they are planning to 2. Never take shelter under a tree.
construct barriers (levees, beams, floodwalls) to stop 3. If in a boat, get back to the shore.
floodwater from entering the homes in your area. 4. Keep away from fences and electric cables.
5. Seal the walls in your basement with waterproofing 5. Kneel down rather than standing.
compounds to avoid seepage.

TRANSCRIBED BY APRIL TOM O. CUENCA 4

AFTER AN EMERGENCY DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
• After the storm has subsided: • If indoors:
1. Follow the instructions given by the authorities. 1. DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy
2. Stay indoors. table or other piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking
3. Give alert as quickly as possible. stops. If there isn't a table or desk near you, cover your face
4. Give first aid to the injured. and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the
5. Make sure the water is safe to drink. building.
6. Check the exterior of dwellings and call for assistance if there 2. Protect yourself by staying under the lintel of an inner door, in
is a risk of falling objects, such as tiles or guttering. the corner of a room, under a table or even under a bed.
3. Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and
EARTHQUAKES anything that could fall, as lighting fixtures or furniture.
• An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the 4. Stay in bed if you are there when the earthquake strikes. Hold
Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. on and protect your head with a pillow, unless you are under a
• Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a heavy light fixture that could fall.
seismograph. 5. Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to go outside.
• The largest recorded earthquake in the United States was a Research has shown that injuries occur when people inside
magnitude 9.2 that struck Prince William Sound, Alaska on Good buildings attempt to move to a different location inside the
Friday, March 28, 1964. building or try to leave.
6. DO NOT use the elevators.
• The Largest recoded earthquake in the world was a Magnitude 9.5
7. If you know that people have been buried, tell the rescue
in Chile on May 22, 1960.
teams. Do not rush and do not worsen the situation of injured
• World’s deadliest recoded earthquake occurred in 1556 in Central
persons or your own situation.
China, killing an estimated 830,000 people in 1976. Another deadly
8. Avoid places where there are loose electric wires and do not
earthquake struck Tangshan, China where more than 250,000
have any metal object in contact with them.
people were killed.
9. Do not drink water from open containers without having
examined it and filtered it through a sieve, a filter or an ordinary
TIDAL WAVE VS. TSUNAMI
clean cloth.
• Although both are sea waves the two has 10. If your home is badly damaged, you will have to leave it. Collect
two different and unrelated phenomena. water containers, food, and ordinary and special medicines (for
• Tidal wave: is a shallow water wave persons with heart complaints, diabetes, etc.)
caused by the gravitational interaction 11. Do not re-enter badly damaged buildings and do not go near
between the sun, mood and earth. damaged structures.
• Tsunami: a sea wave caused by an • If outdoor:
underwater earthquake or landslide 1. Stay there.
(usually triggered by an earthquake) 2. Move away from buildings, trees, streetlights, and utility wires.
displacing the oceanwater. 3. Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops.
4. The greatest danger exists directly outside buildings, at exits,
• Epicenter of an earthquake is the location directly above the and alongside exterior walls. Most earthquake-related
hypocenter on the surface of the earth. casualties result from collapsing walls, flying glass.
• Hypocenter of an earthquake is the location beneath the earth’s • If in a moving vehicle:
surface where the rupture of the fault begins. 1. Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid
• It is estimated that there are 500,000 detectable earthquakes in the stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility
world each year. 100,000 of those can be felt, 100 of them cause wires.
damage. 2. Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped.
3. Avoid roads, bridges, or ramps that might have been damaged
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE by the earthquake.
1. Repair deep plaster cracks in ceilings and foundations. Get expert • If trapped debris:
advice if there are signs of structural defects. 1. Do not move about or kick up dust.
2. Hang heavy items such as pictures and Brace overhead light and 2. Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing.
fan fixtures. 3. Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you. Use a whistle
3. Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky gas connections. These if one is available. Shout only as a last resort.
are potential fire risks.
4. Secure a water heater, LPG cylinder etc., by strapping it to the wall AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
studs and bolting it to the floor. 1. Keep calm, switch on the radio/TV and obey any instructions you
5. Store weed killers, pesticides, and flammable products securely in hear on it.
closed cabinets with latches and on bottom shelves. 2. Keep away from beaches and low banks of rivers. Huge waves may
• Identify safe places indoors and outdoors: in.
1. Under strong dining table, bed. 3. Expect aftershocks. Be prepared.
2. Against an inside wall. 4. Turn off the water, gas and electricity.
3. Away from where glass could shatter around windows, mirrors, 5. Do not smoke and do not light matches or use a cigarette lighter. Do
pictures, or where heavy bookcases or other heavy furniture not turn on switches. There may be gas leaks or short-circuits.
could fall over. 6. Make sure that the water is safe to drink and food stored at home is
4. In the open, away from buildings, trees, telephone and fit to eat.
electrical lines, flyovers, bridges.
5. Have a disaster emergency kit ready.

TRANSCRIBED BY APRIL TOM O. CUENCA 5

 CLOUDS OF TOXIC FUMES 4. CBRN disaster
BEFORE AN EMERGENCY ✓ CBRN (chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear) disasters:
release of CBRN hazardous material into air, soil, water leads
1. Find about evacuation plans and facilities.
to serious hazards.
2. Familiarize with the alarm signals used in emergencies.
✓ Example: Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011 which
3. Equip doors and windows with the tightest possible fastenings.
was triggered by an earthquake and tsunami in nearby Tohoku
4. Prepare family emergency kits.
region.
5. Transportation disasters
DURING AN EMERGENCY ✓ Air, rail, and space disasters and traffic collisions.
1. Do not use the telephone; leave lines free for rescue services. ✓ Example: Mangalore air crash on 22 May 2010. Only eight
2. Listen to messages given by radio and other media. passengers survived in 160.
3. Carry out the instructions given through media.
4. Close doors and windows. PREVENTION OF MAN-MADE DISASTERS
5. Organize a reserve of water. 1. Tighter regulation of chemical plants and other hazardous facilities.
6. Seal any cracks or gaps around windows and doors with adhesive 2. Chemical plants be built away from the dense populous areas.
tapes. 3. Appropriate engineering and technological measures.
7. Turn off ventilators and air conditioners. 4. Early warnings and protection against human errors.
AFTER AN EMERGENCY
ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH DISASTER
1. Follow the authorities’ instructions and do not go out until there is MANAGEMENT
no longer any risk. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
2. Carry out necessary decontamination measures.
1. OCHA: United Nations Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs
MAN-MADE DISASTERS
✓ It was designed to strengthen the UN's disasters by creating
• "Humans are good at creating disasters, and throughout history the Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA).
we've rarely been afraid to prove it.” 2. WHO: World Health Organization
• Man-made disasters are the threats having an element of human ✓ The role is to reduce avoidable loss of life and the burden of
intent, negligence, or error; or involving a failure of a human-made disease and disability.
system. 3. FAO: The Food and Agriculture Organisation
• Human causation may be accidental or intentional. ✓ Founded by the UN.
✓ Provides early warning of impending food crises, and assesses
TYPES OF MAN-MADE DISASTERS global food supply problems.
1. Sudden disasters: such as Chernobyl disaster and bhopal gas 4. IOM: The International Organisation for Migration is an
tragedy. intergovernmental agency which helps transfer refugees.
2. Insidious disasters: chemical and radiation exposure, global 5. IRP: The International Recovery Platform serve as a catalyst for
warming. the development of tools, resources, and capacity for disaster
recovery.
CLASSIFICATION OF MAN-MADE DISASTERS 6. WFP: The World Food Programme is the principle supplier of relief
food aid.
SOCIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OR DISASTERS
7. UNDP: The United Nations Development Programme
1. Terrorism
8. UNICEF: The United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund
✓ The primary objective of a terrorism is to create widespread
fear.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)
✓ Example: On 11 September 2001 the World Trade Centre in
New York City was destroyed by crashing American airlines 1. IFRC: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
and killed 2,752. Societies
2. War ✓ Pivotal roles in responding to emergencies. Field Assessment
✓ It is a conflict between relatively large groups of people, which and Coordination Team – (FACT) to the affected country if
involves physical force by the use of weapons. requested by the national Red Cross or Red Crescent society.
✓ Warfare has destroyed entire cultures, countries, economies 2. CARE :The Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere
and inflicted great suffering on humanity. is a humanitarian organisation fighting global poverty. It also
✓ Example: World War I and II. Since World War II there have delivers emergency aid to survivors of war and natural disasters,
been about 127 wars and 22 million war related deaths have and helps people rebuild their lives.
occurred. 3. NetHope: Founded in 2001, is international NGOs that specializes
3. Civil conflicts (riots) in improving IT connectivity among humanitarian organizations in
✓ Any incident that disrupts a community, where intervention is developing countries and areas affected by disaster. This
required to maintain public safety. organization has partnerships with Microsoft, Cisco Systems, Intel,
✓ Example: 1984 Sikh massacre, a riot against the Sikhs in and Accenture.
response to assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh 4. HVO: Health Volunteers Overseas is a network of health care
bodygaurds. More than 11, 000 people were kind. professionals, organisations, corporations and donors united in a
common commitment to improving global health through education.
TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS OR DISASTERS 5. IRC: International Rescue Committee offers lifesaving care and
1. Industrial disasters life-changing assistance to refugees forced to flee from war or
✓ Example: The Nuclear Power Plant Explosion in Chernobyl, disaster.
Russia: On April 26th 1986, which resulted in the atmospheric 6. HI: Handicap International works in partnership with local
release of radioactive material four hundred times more organisations and government institutions.
radioactive than Hiroshima. 7. MSF: Médecins Sans Frontières provides medical services in
2. Structural collapse emergency situations.
✓ Often caused by engineering failures 8. RI: Rehabilitation International is a global net work of experts.
3. Fire
✓ Mainly forest fire, mine fire.
✓ Example: In 2003, fire at Iraqi sulphur plant releasing Sulphur
dioxide which killed people by causing respiratory problems
and also creates acid rain which destroys crops.

TRANSCRIBED BY APRIL TOM O. CUENCA 6