21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
"Appreciation and critical study of 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World"
1st EDITION
AUTHORS
Sherlyn S. Caluma
Joseph Victor D. Deseo
Ric Eldrid I. Pabico
Marc Joseph D. Palado
Ralph Edward P. Sekito, M.A.
SERIES EDITOR
Jaime Caro, Ph. D.
Philippine Copyright 2021 by TechFactors Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this courseware may be reproduced or copied in any form, in whole or in
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First printing of the first edition, 2021
ISBN ***-***-***-***-*
Published by TechFactors Inc.
Printed in the Philippines
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PREFACE
[Iadopt na lang yung napag-agreehan nang gamitin dati sa Wave 1]
Dr. Jaime D.L. Caro
Chief Academic Officer
TechFactors Inc.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Sherlyn S. Caluma has been teaching English for more than 10 years and is currently focusing on
teaching Creative Writing and Creative Nonfiction for Senior High School. She took her undergraduate
degree of Bachelor of Arts in Literature and Bachelor of Science in Education Major in Literature in
Philippine Normal University Manila.
She started her teaching career as a Junior High School English teacher and is now serving as the Student
Activities Coordinator of St. Scholastica’s Academy Marikina Senior High School Department.
She has units of Masters Degree in Education major in Literature in Philippine Normal University and at
present is finishing her second Masters Degree in Education major in English at FEU Roosevelt Cainta.
Joseph Victor D. Deseo is a teacher, dramaturg, theater director, and actor. He finished a Bachelor of
Secondary Education—Major in Speech and Theater at the Philippine Normal University Manila. During
his college years, he was a contributor/writer and later became the Assistant Managing Editor for the
university’s official student publication. He then passed the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET)
and joined the faculty of St. Scholastica’s Academy of Marikina. At present, he serves as a Theatre Arts
Faculty Member at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila.
He is also currently taking a Master of Arts in Theatre Arts (Theatre Studies) at the University of the
Philippines Diliman. Most of his research interests focus on dramaturgy, devising, adaptation
dramaturgy, and adaptation studies, which led him to write his thesis on performance adaptation. In
2021, he also served as one of the validators in the Review and Validation of the Department of
Education Learning Resources in the Arts in partnership with the Philippine Normal University Manila.
One of his research papers entitled "Live Selling as a Performance: The Performative Space of Facebook
Live" was accepted by the International Federation for Theatre Research – Asian Working Theatre Group
(IFTR-AWTG) for presentation in March 2022.
Ric Eldrid I. Pabico has been teaching English for 7 years, both in secondary and tertiary levels. He is
currently teaching Oral Communication, Reading and Writing, Creative Writing, Creative Nonfiction, and
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World for Senior High School students of DepEd-
Makati.
He took his undergraduate degree in Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English at Catanduanes
State University, Virac, Catanduanes and is currently pursuing his master's degree of Master of Arts in
Education-Reading at the University of the Philippines Diliman.
Aside from being an educator, he is also a registered budding fiction writer of the National Book
Development Board. He has published two titles, "Nobody's Adventure I" and "Nobody's Adventure II:
Courage," and is presently working on his third book, "Everybody's Adventure."
Marc Joseph D. Palado earned his Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Secondary Education (AB/BSE)
degrees major in Literature from the Philippine Normal University. He is currently finishing his Master of
Arts in Education major in Literature at the same university. He serves as a language and literature
teacher in the Senior High School Department of Malate Catholic School, where he has also served as
the English Area Coordinator and, eventually, the Senior High School Vice Principal.
Ralph Edward P. Sekito, M.A. is a university instructor at the University of Santo Tomas (UST), where he
teaches Literature and Humanities courses under the Department of Literature. He finished his
bachelor’s degree in Secondary Education, major in English in 2013, Cum Laude, and his Master of Arts
in Literature in 2019, from UST. He has also published a paper in Acuity: Journal of English Language
Pedagogy, Literature, and Culture, which is released bi-annually in Indonesia. As a researcher, his
interests are in media studies, specifically in television studies and pop culture. Also, Mr. Sekito is one of
the members of the general secretariat committee of the Cultural, Literary, and Arts Studies Society
(CLASS) Inc. This is a non-stock organization for those involved in the discipline of the humanities in the
Philippines.
ABOUT THE SERIES EDITOR
Dr. Jaime Caro is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of the Philippines-Diliman and
currently heads its Service Science and Software Engineering Laboratory. He is also the Chief Academic
Officer of Techfactors Inc. He earned the following degrees from the University of the Philippines
Diliman: Bachelor of Science major in Mathematics (cum laude) in 1986, Master of Science in
Mathematics in 1994, and Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics in 1996. He spent a year as a postdoc
research fellow at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Dr. Caro has also served as Assistant
Vice President for Development of the University of the Philippines System for 14 years.
ABOUT THE BOOK
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World is one of the subjects that form
the core of the SHS curriculum required of all Senior High School learners. The book aims to engage
learners in critical study and appreciation of literary texts in various genres across cultures.
The courseware includes Augmented Reality (AR)-enabled features that learners can activate
through their AR App, aimed to enhance their learning experience and further motivate them to read the
book and understand its contents. The app can also be used to scan trigger images that link to curated
external web resources that will help them deepen and broaden their understanding of the lessons.
LESSON SECTIONS
The TFI Senior High School Series features a unified Lesson Section System.
LESSON TITLE
The lesson title presents a question that not only captures what the lesson is about, but also presents the
student with the practical use of learning about the lesson.
TARGET
This section contains at least two learning objectives that tell the student about what they will learn at the
end of the lesson.
EXPLORE In this section, students are given a pre-work activity that enables them to assess
Icon what they already know about the topic and to stir their curiosity about the topic.
EXAMINE This section contains a discussion of the concepts and skills that will help the
Icon students attain the learning objectives enumerated in the TARGET section.
INTEGRATE To help the student engage with the lesson in a more critical manner, this
Icon
section presents them with questions that connect the lesson to relevant or current issues and
trends.
CHECK In this section, students may be given objective, essay-type activities, or a
Icon combination of both to assess how much they have learned from the lesson.
EQUIP This section gives students links to additional resources that they can use for further
Icon study as well as supplementary materials that can help them prepare for their portfolio project.
BUILD This section helps the student work on their Module portfolio project step by step.
Icon Activities in this section can be done either individually or by group. This section serves as an
evaluation task that connects the lesson to the whole module.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE 1: HOW DO I UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING 21 ST CENTURY PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE?
Lesson 1: What is Literature?
Literature Defined
Literature vs. literature
Defining the Literary Standards
Educating the Literary Taste by Paz Latorena
Lesson 2: What is the History of Philippine Literature?
History of the Philippine Literature before the 21st Century
I am a Filipino by Carlos P. Romulo
Lesson 3: Who are the National Artists for Literature and what are their contributions to the
development of Philippine Literature?
National Artists for Literature
The Mats by Francisco Arcellana
MODULE 2: HOW DO I STUDY AND APPRECIATE THE LITERARY TEXTS FROM THE DIFFERENT REGIONS
OF THE PHILIPPINES WRITTEN IN DIFFERENT GENRES?
Lesson 5: What are the Literary Genres of Literature?
Prose
Poetry
Drama
Prometheus Unbound by Pete Lacaba
Lesson 6: What are the New Genres of 21st Century Philippine Literature?
Electronic Literature
Graphic Literature
Lipat Bahay and Final Strip by Pol Medina Jr.
Lesson 7: What are the Other Emerging Genres of 21st Century Philippine Literature?
Blog
Chick Lit
Speculative Fiction
Flash Fiction
LGBT Themed Fiction
What It’s Like to Work from Home Without Ever Meeting My Workmates by Gretchen Gatan
Lesson 8: How can I distinguish Literal Language, Figurative Language, and Symbolism?
Literal Language
Figurative Language
Symbolism
Justice by Ralph Semino Galan
Lesson 9: What are the different Literary Techniques and device?
Figures of Speech
Other Literary Devices
Sinigang By Marie Aubrey J. Villaceran
Lesson 10: What is the difference between Text and Context?
Text
Context
The Devil Ate My Word by Merlinda Bobis
MODULE 3: HOW DO I STUDY AND APPRECIATE THE LITERARY TEXTS, LITERARY GENRES, TRADITIONS
AND FORMS FROM THE WORLD?
Lesson 11: What is Asian Literature?
Vietnam
Malaysia
Indonesia
Lesson 12: What is Anglo–American Literature?
Native American Meets Europeans
The Colonial Period (1650 – 1750)
The American Renaissance or American Romantic Period (1830 – 1870)
The Realistic Period (1865 – 1900)
The Contemporary Period (1939 – Present)
Lesson 13: What is European Literature?
Ancient Literature
Medieval Literature
Renaissance Period
17th Century
18th Century or the Age of Reason
19th Century
Romantic Period
20th Century
Post Modern to Present
Lesson 14: What is Latin American Literature?
Beginnings of Latin American Literature
Development of Latin American Literature over Time
Notable Latin American Writers
Latin American Literary Genres
Lesson 15: What is African Literature?
African Oral and Precolonial Literature
Colonial African Literature
Postcolonial African Literature
MODULE 4: WHAT ARE THE BASIC TEXTUAL AND CONTEXTUAL READING APPROACHES IN THE STUDY
AND APPRECIATION OF LITERATURE?
Lesson 16: How to write a critical paper using the Linguistic Context?
The Linguistic Context
The American New Criticism
Russian Formalism
The Critical Paper
A Gaze at Nature’s Beauty: Disambiguating NVM Gonzales’ Sunbird Using Sector Analysis
The Taximan's Story by Catherine Lim
Lesson 17: How to use the principles of Biographical Context in studying and appreciating a text?
The Historical and Biographical Context
The Mass of St. Sylvestre by Nick Joaquin
Lesson 18: How to Use the Principles of Socio-cultural Context in Studying and Appreciating a Text
Sociocultural Context
The Marxist Theory
Feminist Theory
A Private Experience by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Lesson 19: What is Reader’s Response?
The Reader Response Approach
Araby by James Joyce
Lesson 20 What are the different Critical Reading Strategies?
Skimming
Scanning
Extensive Reading
Other Reading Strategies According to Purpose
Tips in Applying the Different Reading Strategies
Key Terms and Definitions
The use of direct efforts and noticeable action to bring about change usually a
Activism
political or a social one.
Affective Fallacy Refers to the emotional appeal of a literary text.
Algebraization a state of perception that has become too automatic and habitual to be noticed.
A literary movement and a literary theory which reinforce a close reading of the
American New
literary text. It sees literature as self referential and self contained and does not
Criticism
regard the emotional and biographical reference of the literary work.
Anglo-American used to refer to something involving the United Kingdom and the United States.
South Africa’s system in the past in which people of different races were
Apartheid segregated by law— White people were given higher political rights, educational
opportunities and other privileges.
base refers to the mode of production which includes the forces and relations of
production (e.g. employer–employee work conditions, the technical division of
Base
labour, and property relations) into which people enter to produce the necessities
and amenities of life.
examines the relationship between the life of the author vis-à-vis their literary work
Biographical Context
hence the literary work becomes a reflection of the life and times of the author
The middle class or the capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and
Bourgeoisie
means of production.
an idea or theory that is usually subjective and not based on
Construct
empirical data.
Contemporary A time period from approximately 1945 to the present.
is a type of academic writing that analyzes, interprets, and evaluates a text with the
Critical Paper
use of a critical approach or a critical theory.
Crony newspaper Newspaper financed and supported by Ferdinand Marcos.
Termed as ostranenie in Russian, is the quality of art and literature that prolongs
Defamiliarization
the feeling of sensation or perception.
A government system based on the belief in freedom and equality between people,
Democracy in which authority is held either by elected representatives or directly by the
people themselves.
A feature of a book, play, or movie in which characters engage in conversational
Dialogue
exchanges.
Displacement A circumstance in which people are compelled to leave their usual residence.
The Enlightenment, also known as The Age of Reason. Its characteristics included
Enlightenment
observing human nature and nature itself which were considered unchanging and
constant.
Feminine a characteristic attributed to girls and/or women
refers to any of the characteristics attributed to men, women,
Gender
girls, or boys that are socially constructed.
The classification or categorization of gender into two distinct opposite forms -
Gender Binary
musculine or feminine.
Also known as Gothic horror in the twentieth century, is a genre of literature and
Gothic Fiction
film that deals with horror, death, and, at times, romance.
Historical - Biographical A literary theory that examines the life and times of the author as major influences
Approach in the creation and production of a literary text.
Examines the literary text as a reflection of history and the events and times when
Historical Context
the text is written and produced
A group of words that cannot be comprehended in their literal sense but only as a
Idioms
whole.
Individualism A theme of literature that contributes to the pursuit of human dignity.
Refers to the meaning and interpretation of a literary text as intended by the
Intentional Fallacy
author or writer.
the act of working by exerting the power of one’s body or mind
Labor
with strenuous effort.
LGBT An abbreviation for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.
Works with literary merits are those that clearly convey the attitude of the speaker
Literary merit or writer.
A body of ideas or methods used in the reading, analysis, and interpretation of
Literary Theory
literature.
Manga Japanese comics that tells stories with illustrations.
a situation in which someone suffers or is killed as a result of their religious or
Martyrdom
political convictions
the technical, scientific, and material parts of the economy such as factories, raw
Means of Production
materials, equipment and machines, the labor force, and its organization.
A belief and practice system inspired by the European Middle Ages, or devotion to
Medievalism elements of that period, expressed in areas such as architecture, literature, music,
art, philosophy, scholarship, and various vehicles of popular culture.
Metrical Pertaining to poem’s meter(=rhythm).
pertains to the physical surroundings that the writer is familiar with and are
Milieu reflected as well in the literary work.
Modernism A philosophical as well as an artistic movement that arose in the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries as a result of broad transformations in Western
society.
the act of making or manufacturing from components or raw
Modes of Production
materials
Pertains to the events happening around the life of the author at the time of the
Moment
writing and production of the literary text.
The smallest component of a language. It may be a word (free morpheme) or an
morpheme
affix (bound morpheme).
A literary movement that arose as a result of black writers banding together to
Negritude
establish their cultural identity through the French language.
Novel A long printed narrative which features imaginary characters and events.
Oral Literature Also known as orature, is a literature that is spoken or sung.
gender is a social construct that became a social norm due to its repetitive act and
Performative
use.
Philosophical Short
A literary genre in which the characters discuss their philosophical interests.
Story
Poetry Literature that conveys message in metrical form; verse.
Proletariat A lower social class considered as the working class.
A form of written or spoken language in its ordinary form. Examples include,
Prose newspaper articles, human conversation, lectures, textbooks, novels, short stories,
fairy tales, and essays.
pertains to the physical and mental capacities and attributes of the writer that is
Race
brought out to the writing of the literary text.
A literary movement that portrays reality by depicting everyday situations as they
Realism
are in real life.
Reform To make an improvement to a system or law.
pertain to how people define themselves around labor. This includes the
interaction between the proletariat or the working class and the bourgeoisie or the
Relations of Production
capitalist middle class, also referred to in some references to include the ruling
class.
The Renaissance was a period in European history that began after the Middle Ages
Renaissance and lasted until the 17th century. The term "renaissance" comes from the French
word for "rebirth."
Also known as the Romantic Era, was a literary and artistic movement that became
Romanticism
dominant in 17th and 18th century Europe.
A literary theory which focuses on the form, structure, and literary devices that
Russian Formalism
makes up a literary piece.
Secular literature consists of non-religious works such as biographies of historical
Secular
figures.
The process of an author completing the entire publication process with the aid of a
Self-publishing
traditional publisher or publishing company.
The creation of works that contain significant new ideas that impact future
seminal production
developments.
Something that exists not in objective reality but as a result of perceived ideas
Social Construct
brought about by continuous human interaction.
A political belief that all people are equal and should share equally in a country’s
Socialism
money.
Societal Constraints are the external controls made by the society upon the individual.
Refers to how human interactions and shared cultural and social beliefs contributed
Sociocultural Context
and influenced the writing and production of a literary text.
The kind of literature that deals with the supernatural phenomena like folklore and
Speculative Fiction
fantasy which were originally told by the elders through oral tradition.
Used to determine the meaning of an unknown word by breaking it down into its
Structural analysis
basic parts.
refers to society's other relationships and ideas not directly relating to production
Superstructure including its culture, institutions, political power structures, roles, rituals, religion,
media, and state.
More commonly known as www, w3, or the web. It is an interconnected system of
World Wide Web
public websites accessible over the Internet.
References XX
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