CONDITIONAL & WISH CLAUSES

ZERO CONDITIONAL

Situacions que es repeteixen

If/when/unless + Present Present simple
sempre que es dóna una
Simple Modal + base form
determinada condició

FIRST CONDITIONAL

Future Simple
Allò que passarà si es compleix la
If/unless + Present Simple Imperative
condició assenyalada
Modal + base form

SECOND CONDITIONAL

Condicions hipotètiques referides

Would
al present o al futur, és a dir, que If/unless + Past Simple + base form
could/might
és poc probable que passin

THIRD CONDITIONAL

Condició totalment impossible, Would have

+ past
atès que fa referència al passat i i If + Past Perfect Simple Could / might
participle
ja no es pot realitzar have

TIME CLAUSES

As soon as
By the time
Fan referència al futur Present Simple + Future Simple
The moment (that)
When

WISH CLAUSES

Wish / if only
Situacions presents que voldríem canviar o millorar
+ Past Simple

Wish / if only
Fets passats i lamentacions d’allò que ha tingut lloc
+ Past Perfect Simple

Wish / if only Desitjos sobre situacions futures, poc probable que

+ could / would + base form tinguin lloc
THE PASSIVE VOICE & THE CAUSATIVE
Basic form

PAST
SUBJECT + TO BE + (+ BY + AGENT)
PARTICIPLE
Direct object or The subject in the active sentences,
Same tense Of the verb in
indirect object in but only when it’s definitive (don’t
as the active the active
the active use it when the subject is a pronoun
sentence sentence
sentence or everybody, somebody…

Verbs with two objects:

They gave us a prize.

Active
They gave a prize to us.
A prize was given to us.
Passive
We were given a prize.

Verbs with convey thought, belief…

Active People think (that) he is a clever boy.

It is thought (that) he is a clever boy.

Passive
He is thought to be a clever boy.

Active Everybody knows (that) these men committed a crime

It is known (that) these men committed a crime.
Passive
These men are known to have committed a crime.

THE CAUSATIVE

We use the causative when somebody (a specialist) does something to us.

HAVE
SUBJECT + + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE
GET
The person who
Something Done
receives the action
MODAL & PERFECT MODAL VERBS
MODAL VERBS
Ability may, might Possibility
can Request may Polite request, permission
Possibility should, ought to Advice, opinion
Ability need to Necessity, obligation
be able to
Possibility have to Necessity, obligation
Inability Obligation, strong necessity
must
can’t Prohibition Strong belief
Disbelief, deduction mustn’t Prohibition
Past ability don’t have to Lack of obligation / necessity
Polite request needn't Lack of obligation / necessity
could
Polite suggestion Formal request
would
possibility Offer

MODAL PERFECT VERBS

could have Ability to do something in the past, but which wasn’t done in the end.
can't / couldn’t have Certainly that something didn’t happen.
may / might have A guess about a past action.
must have Certainly or logical conclusion about an event in the past.
should / ought to have Criticism or regret after an event.
shouldn't have Criticism or regret after an event.
wouldn't have Willingness or desire to do something, but which wasn’t actually done.

GRAMMAR: SHOULD / HAD BETTER

SUBJECT + HAD BETTER TO + VERB IN BASE FORM

SUBJECT + HAD BETTER + NOT + VERB IN BASE FORM

We use “had better” to express a warning, unlike the “should”.

REPORTED SPEECH
Consisteix en l’estil indirecte, és a dir, a parlar i dir allò que la gent diu. Per fer-ho, calen uns certs canvis:

GENERAL CHANGES
 Verb tenses: es passen a un temps verbal anterior.

 Present Simple → Past simple  Past Simple → Past Perfect Simple

 Present Continuous → Past Continuous  Past Perfect Simple → Past Perfect Simple
 Present Perfect Continuous → Past  Past Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect
Perfect Continuous Continuous
 Past Continuous → Past Perfect  Present Perfect Simple → Past Perfect Simple
Continuous
 Future Simple → Would

 Modal verbs

 Can → could
 May → might
 Must / have to → had to

 Other words and expressions’ changes

 A month ago → the previous month / the  Tomorrow → the following day / the day after
month before / the next day
 Today → that day  Next week → the following week / the week
after
 Tonight → that night  Here → there
 Yesterday → the previous day / the day  This → that
before
 Last week → the previous week / the week  These → those
before
 Now → then

 Reported statements (tant afirmacions positives com negatives)

‘I found your keys last night’ Peter told Ann. → Peter told Ann (that) he had found her keys the previous night.

 Reported qüestions
 Yes / no qüestions:

‘Have you finished your exercicis?’, the teacher asked us. → The teacher asked if we had finished our exercicis.

 Wh- qüestions:
 ‘Where did you buy this dress?’ My friend wanted to know. → My friend wanted to know where I had bought
that dress.

*la pregunta del reported speech deja de ser pregunta y, por lo tarto, no se altera el orden Suj. – V – Compl.
*el sujeto como no queda claro en la primera, te lo inventas en la segunda.

 Reported orders / requests

‘Sit down and don’t talk’, the mother told her children. → The mother told her children to sit down and not to talk.

 Reported suggestions

‘Why don’t we have a party?’ / ‘Let’s have a party’ / ‘Shall we have a party?’ / ‘How about having a party?’, he
suggested. → He suggested having a party.

 Reported verbs

Statements Questions Orders Suggestions Other verbs

- Admit - Explain - Enquire - Demand - Advise - Beg
- Announce - Inform - Request - Order - Invite - Deny
- Answer - Insist - Want to know - Shout - Recommend - Refuse
- Apologise - Mention - Wonder - Warn - Suggest
- Boast - Offer
- Claim - Remind
- Complain - Reply
- Declare - State
RELATIVE CLAUSES
People Who / that
Objects Which / that
Time When / that
Possession Whose
Places Where

DEFINING CLAUSES

 No van entre comes.

 Es poden substituir pel that.
 Aporten información necessària per entendre la frase, són imprescindibles.

NON-DEFINING CLAUSES

 Van entre comes.

 No es poden substituir pel that.
 Es poden suprimir, donen informacio extra.

FORMAL / INFORMAL STRUCTURES

FORMAL: The issue about which you are talking is important.
INFORMAL: The issue which you are talking about is important.

FORMAL: I don’t like the man to whom you were talking.

INFORMAL: I don’t like the man (who) you were talking to.