Law Enforcement Operations and

Planning with Crime Mapping

PLAN
• A plan is typically any diagram or list of steps
with details of timing and resources, used to
achieve an objective to do something. It is
commonly understood as a temporal set of
intended actions through which one expects
to achieve a goal.
• A plan is an organize schedule or sequence by
methodical activities intended to attain a goal
and objectives for the accomplishment of
mission or assignment. It is a method or way
of doing something in order to attain
objectives. Plan provides answer to 5W’s and
1 H.
PLANNING
• Planning is the process of thinking
about the activities required to
achieve a desired goal. It is the first
and foremost activity to achieve
desired results. It involves the
creation and maintenance of a plan.
• Hudzik and Cordner defined
planning as “thinking about the
future, thinking about what we
want the future would be, and
thinking about what we need to do
now to achieve it.”
• Planning is a management function concerned with
visualizing future situations, making estimates
concerning them, identifying issues, needs and potential
danger points, analyzing and evaluating the alternative
ways and means for reaching desired goals according to a
certain schedule, estimating the
necessary funds, and resources to do
the work, and initiating action in time
to prepare what may be needed to
cope with the changing conditions
and contingent events.
Plans can be formal or informal:

• Structured and formal plans, used by multiple people, are more likely
to occur in projects, diplomacy, careers, economic
development, military campaigns, combat, sports, games, or in the conduct
of other business. In most cases, the absence of a well-laid plan can have
adverse effects: for example, a non-robust project plan can cost the
organization time and money.
 Plans can be formal or informal:

• Informal or ad-hoc plans are created by individuals in all of their pursuits.

The most popular ways to describe plans are by their breadth, time frame, and
specificity; however, these planning classifications are not independent of one
another. For instance, there is a close relationship between the short- and long-
term categories and the strategic and
operational categories.
What is Police Planning?
• Police Planning is an attempt by
police administrators in trying
to allocate anticipated resources
to meet anticipated service
demands. It is the systematic
and orderly determination of
facts and events as basis for
policy formulation and decision
affecting law enforcement
management.
What is Operational Planning?
• • Operational Planning is the use of rational design or pattern for
all departmental undertaking rather than relying on change in an
operational environment. It is the preparation and development
of procedures and techniques in
accomplishing of each of the
primary tasks and functions of an
organization.
What is Police Operational Planning?
• Police Operational Planning is the act of determining policies and
guidelines for police activities and operations and providing
controls and safeguards for such activities and operations in the
department. It may also be the
process of formulating coordinated
sequence of methodical activities and
allocation of resources to the line
units of the police organization for the
attainment of the mandated objectives
or goals.
What is Police Operational Planning?
• Objectives are a specific commitment to achieve a measurable
result within a specific period of time. Goals are general
statement of intention and typically with time horizon, or it is an
achievable end state that can be measured and observed. Making
choices about goals is one of the most important aspects of
planning.
• The process of police operational planning involves strategies
or tactics, procedures, policies or guidelines. A Strategy is a broad
design or method; or a plan to attain a stated goal or objectives.
Tactics are specific design, method or course of action to attain a
particular objective in consonance with strategy. Procedures are
sequences of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired. A
policy is a product of prudence or wisdom in the management of
human affairs, or policy is a course of action which could be a program
of actions adopted by an individual, group, organization, or
government, or the set of principles on which they are based.
Guidelines are rules of action for the rank and file to show them how
they are expected to obtain the desired effect.
• Programming- It is inherent in planning. Programming is
formulated plan, listing things to be done, when it will be done,
who will do it, and how it will be done. In other words, the plan to
take place accordingly and strictly within the plan and members
must be aware of their respective tasks.
FUNDAMENTALS OF POLICE PLANNING
• • To increase the chances of success by focusing on results and not so
much on the objectives.
• • To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for better
decisions.
• • To establish a framework for decision making consistent with the goal
of the organization.
• • To orient people to action instead of reaction.
• • To modify the day-to-day style of operation to future management.
• • To provide decision making with flexibility.
• • To provide basis for measuring original accomplishments or
individual performance.
• • To increase employee and personnel involvement and to improve
What can be expected in planning?
• Improve analysis of problems
• Provide better information for decision-making
• Help to clarify goals, objectives, priorities
• Result is more effective allocation of resources
• Improve inter-and intradepartmental cooperation and
coordination
• Improve the performance of programs
• Give the police department a clear sense of direction
• Provide the opportunity for greater public support
• Increase the commitment of personnel
What are the characteristics of a good police
plan?
• With clearly defined Objectives or Goals.
• Simplicity, Directness and Clarity
• Flexibility
• Possibility of Attainment
• Must provide Standard of Operation
• Economy in terms of Resources needed for implementation
What are the guidelines in Planning?
• What to do – mission/objective
• Why to do – reason/philosophy
• When to do – date/time
• Where to do – place
• Who will do – people involve
• How to do – strategy

• The five (5) W’s and one (1) H

REPONSIBILITIES INVOLVED IN PLANNING
• • Broad External Policy Planning – is the responsibility of the legislative
branch of the government. The main concern of the police in this broad
external policy planning is assisting the legislature in their determining of
police guideline through the passage of appropriate laws or ordinances for
the police to enforce.
• • Internal Policy Planning – is the responsibility of the C/PNP and other
chiefs of the different units or headquarters within their area of jurisdiction
to achieve the objectives or mission of the police organization. They are
responsible for planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating,
controlling, reporting and budgeting for the police organization within
existing policies and available resources. For maximum police effectiveness,
they shall be responsible for the technical operation of the police
organization and management of its personnel.
What are the approaches in Police Planning?
A variety of approaches are employed in the planning
processes. Each is unique and can be understood as a method of
operationalizing the word planning. There are basically five major
approaches to planning which are:

1. Synoptic Approaches
2. Incremental Approach
3. Transactive Approach
4. Advocacy Approach
5. Radical Approach
What is Synoptic Planning?
Synoptic planning or the rational comprehensive approach
is the dominant tradition in planning. It is also the point of
departure for most other planning approaches.
This model is based on a problem-oriented approach to
planning especially appropriate for police agencies. It relies
heavily on the problem identification and analysis of the planning
process. It can assist police administrators in formulating goals
and priorities in terms that are focused on specific problems and
solutions that often confront law enforcement.
What is Incremental Planning?
• Incrementalism concludes that long range and comprehensive
planning are not only too difficult, but inherently bad. The
problems are seen as too difficult when they are grouped together
and easier to solve when they are taken one at a time and broken
down into gradual adjustments over time.
What is Transactive Planning?
• Transactive planning is carried out in face-to-face interaction with
the people who are to be affected by the plan and not to an
anonymous target community of beneficiaries. Techniques include
field surveys and interpersonal dialogue marked by a process of
mutual learning.
What is Advocacy Planning?
• Beneficial aspects of this approach include a greater sensitivity to
the unintended and negative side effects of plans.
What is Radical Planning?
• The first mainstream involves collective actions to achieve
concrete results in the immediate future. The second mainstream
is critical of large-scale social processes and how they permeate
the character of social and economic life at all levels, which, in
turn, determine the structure and evolution of social problems.
CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICE PLANNING
1. Primary Doctrines

• Fundamental Doctrines – These are the basic principles in planning, organization

and management of the PNP in support of the overall pursuits of the PNP Vision,
Mission and strategic action plan of the attainment of the national objectives.
• Operational Doctrines – These are the principles and rules governing the planning,
organization and direction and employment of the PNP forces in the
accomplishment of basic security operational mission in the maintenance of peace
and order, crime prevention and suppression, internal security and public safety
operation.
• Functional Doctrines – These provide guidance for specialized activities of the PNP
in the broad field of interest such as personnel, intelligence, operations, logistics,
planning, etc.
2. Secondary Doctrines

• Complimentary Doctrines – Formulated jointly by two or more bureaus

in order to effect a certain operation with regard to public safety and
peace and order. These essentially involve the participation of the other
bureaus of the Bureau of Jail and Management and Penology (BJMP),
Bureau of Fire and Protection (BFP), Philippine National Public Safety
College (PPSC), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and other law
enforcement agencies.
• Ethical Doctrines – These define the fundamental principles governing
the rules of conduct, attitude, behavior and ethical norm of the PNP.

• 3. The Principles of Police Organization The principles of

organization are presented in chapter three. These principles are
considered in police planning in order not to violate them but rather
for the effective and efficient development of police plans.
4. The Four (4) Primal Conditions of the Police
Organization

• Authority – The right to exercise, to decide, and to command by

virtue of rank and position.
• Doctrine – It provides for the organizations objectives. It
provides the various actions. Hence, policies, procedures, rules
and regulations of the organization are based on the statement of
doctrines.
• Cooperation or Coordination
• Discipline – It is imposed by command or self-restraint to insure
supportive behavior.
ELEMENTS OF PLANNING
• 1. Objectives- Destinations of all activities are called objectives.
Targets are also the destination points, like objectives, but
determined quantitative objectives for the specific certain time
period are called targets.
• 2. Policies- The principles guiding the decisions are called policies.
• 3. Procedure- Procedure implies the determination of the
sequence of activities for accomplishing any particular work.
• 4. Rules- this is such a schedule which tells, what specific and
certain activity is to be carried out in particular circumstances.
Rules are those schemes, which guide the necessary activities.
• 5. Programme- Programme means the determination of the sequence of
various activities of work. In other words, determination of the sequence
of various works to be done in any Institution and priorities is called
programme.
• 6. Methods- Generally, methods explain the specific ways of the
performance of each activity or stage of procedures. In other words,
methods mean the specified process of performing any function of the
institution.
• 7. Budget- In simple words, budget means advance determined plan for
the targets, efforts, and cost for executing any particular programme.
• 8. Time Schedule- Deciding of time for every stage of the programme is
called a time schedule. If the work is not completed in time, it has no
significance.
• 9. Standards- Standards mean those yardsticks, on whose basis, work
performance is evaluated.
• 10. Strategies- Strategies mean preparing one’s own plans, by keeping the
competitors in view, so that the objectives of the institution may be
achieved, by sustaining the competition.
Importance of Planning
• People become more PRO-ACTIVE not just RE-ACTIVE.
• Doing more with less.
• Foundation of your work.
• Helps make your people become more productive.
• Reflects your competence
• Give the strategic and tactical advantage.