A STUDY ON

“GROUND WATER LEVELS IN WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT”

A Social Immersion Project Report Submitted to the Department of Management Studies, Adikavi
Nannaya University, Rajamahendravaram in a Partial Fulfilment for the Award of Degree

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

BY

PACHIGOLLA T N V S S KASI RAJESWAR

[Reg. No: 214108300030]
[B.B.A. FIRST YEAR]

Under the Guidance of

Mr. K. BHANU SURYA TEJA

B.Tech, MBA.
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

SRI ADITYA DEGREE COLLEGE

(AFFILIATED TO ADIKAVI NANNAYA UNIVERSITY)

BHIMAVARAM
(2021-2024)

1
 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
SRI ADITYA DEGREE COLLEGE-BHIMAVARAM
(AFFILIATED TO ADIKAVI NANNAYA UNIVERSITY)

(B.B.A. Programme)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled A STUDY ON “GROUND WATER LEVELS IN WEST GODAVARI
DISTRICT “is a bonfide work of PACHIGOLLA T N V S S KASI RAJESWR Bearing Registered
Number 214108300030 submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Business Administration from Adikavi Nannaya University Rajamahendravaram.

PROJECT GUIDE

2
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Report work entitled “GROUND WATER LEVELS IN WEST GODAVARI
DISTRICT” is a bonafide work of PACHIGOLLA T N V S S KASI RAJESWAR Bearing Registered
Number 214108300030 submitted to Adikavi Nannaya University, Rajamahendravaram is a record of an
original work done by me under the guidance of MR. K. BHANU SURYA TEJA MBA, This project work is
submitted to the fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Business
Administration (BBA). The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other university or
Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Place:

Date:

(PACHIGOLLA T N V S S KASI RAJESWAR)

3
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report work entitled, A STUDY ON “GROUND WATER LEVELS IN WEST

GODAVARI DISTRICT” is a bonafide work of PACHIGOLLA T N V S S KASI RAJESWAR Bearing

Registered Number 214108300030 ,in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of BACHELOR

OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION and completed successfully under my guidance.

Place:

Date:

(K. BHANU SURYA TEJA)

B. Tech, MBA.

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel it is my duty and honour to thank all those who have extended their guidance and warm
support in completing my project work.

Firstly it is my privilege to thank SRI. N. SESHA REDDY, Chairman, Aditya group of

institutions for providing state-of-the-Art facilities, experienced and talented faculty members.

Secondly, I thankSRI.B.E.V.L.NAIDU,Academic Director, Aditya degree colleges for his

continuous support and encouragement in my endeavour.

This is great pleasure for me tobe assigned under the guidance of Smt.A.
ANURADHA,Principal-Aditya Degree College-Bhimavaram. I am very grateful to him for
all his kind cooperation and guidance in preparing this project Report. His valuable
suggestions & guidelines helped me a lot to prepare this report in a well-organized manner.

Finally, I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my beloved parents without
whose support and encouragement, I would not have finished this work. I also express my
sincere thanks to friends and well-wishers too who helped me in preparing the project work
and made me to present it within time.

(PACHIGOLLA T N V S S KASI RAJESWAR)

5
 CONTENTS

Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION 7-11

Chapter-2 INDUSTRY PROFILE 12-17

Chapter-3 COMPANY PROFILE 18-21

Chapter-4 DATA INTERPRETATION 22-46

Chapter-5 CONCLUSION 47-52

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

7
 INTRODUCTION

Water is a unique natural resource among all the resources available on earth. It is one of the most vital
requirements for all the living organisms. One per cent of water loss from the body indicates thirstiness
whereas 10 per cent loss leads to dehydration and death (Water borne diseases, India, article, 2013).
Therefore, it is true that “water is elixir of life” and is a basic commodity on planet earth, without which
life is not possible. It is also essential for all the important activities like food production, industrial
production and energy production. It also plays an important role in shaping the biosphere and regulating
the climate.
Of the total amount of 1400 million cubic kilo meters of global water, 97% of water is saline and is in
oceans (Bower, 2000). The remaining 3% is fresh water available in rivers, streams, aquifers and
glaciers. About 22.6% of the fresh water is present as groundwater in the form of aquifers. Thus, the
available fresh water to human is hardly 0.3-0.5% of the total water available on the earth.
Frequent drought spells in many parts of the world; lack of rain/snowfall, drying of rivers and lakes,
water shortages, water famine, water restrictions and water wars amply reflect the global water crisis.
People in many parts of the world are struggling for lack of fresh, potable water for which industrial
pollution, population explosion and climate change are heavily blamed.
In the last 2000 years, the population has increased fifty folds whereas water remained the same
(Rahmani, 2010). India with 2.4% of the world‟s total area has 18% of the world‟s population but has
only 4% of the total available fresh water (Rahmani, 2010).

Groundwater, which is in aquifers below the surface of the earth, is one of the nation's most important
natural resources. The World Bank estimates that 85 percent of India‟s drinking water supply is
dependent on groundwater The United Nations World water development, 2017). . A recent report by
the United Nations says, more than 3 million people in the world die of water related diseases due to
contaminated
water each year, including 1.2 million children. In India, over one lakh people die of water borne diseases
annually (Vijaya Shankar et al., 2011).

In order to avoid threat of waterborne infections from the surface waters, people from the study area
prefer groundwater for drinking purpose, believing that they are relatively contamination free and
mineral rich. In addition to the households and the mineral water plants, the farmers are also using the
groundwater for aquaculture, agriculture and livestock. Many commercial businesses and industries
depend on groundwater for their processes and operations. However, there is no guarantee of perfect
groundwater quality in the study area owing to geological contribution, percolation and leaching of
pollutants/microbes from sources such as septic tanks, refuse dumps, aqua farms and mines. Salt water
intrusion is also a common phenomenon in some of the sampling sites. Hence, the quality of
groundwater assumes greater importance in the study area.
In spite of the serious nature of topic, no comprehensive work was done in the study area. Hence, “a
study on quality of groundwater resources in Western Deltaic region of West Godavari district”
was taken up as a topic of my Ph.D. programme. The following are the objectives of the study:

 To analyze physico-chemical parameters of the groundwater;

 To study the concentrations of heavy metals in the groundwater;

8
  To determine the Most Probable number (MPN), Total Fecal Coliform (TFC) and E.coli in the
groundwater and
 To assess the present status of drinking water quality in the selected villages of the Western Deltaic
region of the West Godavari district on the basis of BIS / WHO limits and with the water quality index
(WQI).
 Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in the
fractures of rock formations. About 30 percent of all readily available freshwater in the world is
groundwater. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable
quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely
saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from the surface; it may
discharge from the surface naturally at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater
is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating
extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also
called groundwater hydrology.

Groundwater pollution

 Studied the physico-chemical parameters of selected groundwater samples of Vijayawada Rural and
Urban, Krishna district. Based on the results, he concluded that groundwater is polluted due to left
over untreated waste water and agricultural run-off with fertilizers and pesticides drained into river.
Bharat and Bhargava, (2012) carried out an analytical work on physico- chemical characteristics of
groundwater of some villages of Dag block in Jhalawar district, Rajasthan. The investigation indicates
that the quality of underground water varies from hand-pump to hand-pump. Higher values of certain
parameters at certain hand-pumps indicates that water is unfit for drinking.

 Investigated groundwater quality in Iran and the results stated that groundwater quality is acceptable
for drinking and agriculture due to abundant rainfall, low evaporation. Uzoije et al., (2014)
evaluates the groundwater quality of coastal aquifer systems in Buguma city, Rivers State South-
Southern Nigerian and found that large proportions of the water is not potable due to appreciable
saline water intrusion. Yashoda et al., (2014) worked on pre and post- monsoon variations in
physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater quality in Mindi industrial area, Visakhapatnam
and concluded that high concentrations of TDS and chlorides beyond the BIS permissible levels
may be due to over exploitation of groundwater and low groundwater percolation rate into soil

Water quality indices

 Studied the physico-chemical and microbial parameters of commercial drinking water in Chennai,
Tamil Nadu. The water supplying companies claimed that their water is pure, but the results of the
above study showed that they must be tested seriously for quality control. Assessment of water quality
index for the groundwater in Tumkurtaluk, Karnataka state was carried out by Ramakrishnaiah et
al., (2009) and the results revealed that 63.5% of groundwater samples are poor in quality.

 Carried out an analytical work on groundwater quality status by using water quality index method in
Orissa and revealed that the water quality index range is 14-57 in summer season while it is 19-67 in
post-monsoon season. Shivasharanappa et al., (2011) characterized the groundwater quality in Bidar
9
 city based on water quality index and the results showed that the water quality index is in excellent
range.
Climate and rainfall
 In West Godavari district, the climate is moderate both in winter and summer seasons in delta area. In
the non-delta area of the district, the heat in the summer is severe especially in the tracts of upland and
agency areas. The climate is classified as humid subtropical or mild mesothermal, with hot and humid
summer from March to June, and cold and dry winter from November to February. The normal
maximum and minimum temperatures recorded in the district are 32.9 0C to 24.3 0C respectively . The
maximum temperature is usually recorded in the months of April and May.
howing mont Showing monthly average temperatures of West Godavari district

Temperature (ºC)
S. No Month
Maximum Minimum

1 January 30.7 19.3

2 February 31.9 20.4

3 March 33.4 23.4

4 April 34.2 26.3

5 May 36.7 28.5

6 June 32.6 26.6

7 July 35.7 27.5

8 August 33.4 26.4

9 September 32.8 26.4

10 October 33.2 25.3

11 November 30.3 22.4

12 December 29.9 19.8

Average (2000-2015) 32.9 24.3

Water quality index

 As per water quality index with respect to physico-chemical parameters, the groundwater quality in
Nidadavolu (E1) and Chebrolu (E3) was good to excellent category. The groundwater quality in all
the remaining villages of study area was poor to very poor.

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  In some villages such as Kaldhari (A1), Vadluru (A2), Iragavaram (G5), Khandavalli (K3), Nadipudi
(K5) and K.Illindalaparru (N3) the groundwater quality was under unfit category.
 The highest value of WQI (128.84) was observed at Siddantham (K4) in summer season whereas
minimum value of WQI (8.62) was observed at Chebrolu (E3) in rainy season.
 WQI ratings were observed higher in summer than that of winter and rainy seasons during the study
period
Role of Ground Water Department:

1. Technical Support

 Village wise GroundWater budgeting

 Identification of sites for harvesting structures and clearances for execution
 Impart training to partner departments on recharge structures, sites identification, monitoring and
evaluation
 Preparation of Conjunctive use plans for each district
 Preparation of Conjunctive use plans for each district
2. Impact Assessment of WCM activities

 Continuous monitoring of groundwater regime

 Estimation of groundwater recharge
 Estimation of groundwater draft
 Assessment of Net recharge
 Estimation of increase in area under groundwater irrigation and productivity
 With the help of existing monitoring network and by establishing new Observation wells wherever
required.

Objectives of Ground Water Department:

 Systematic and Scientific development of groundwater
 Assessment and Management in different Agro-climatic Zones and Hydrogeological formations for
sustainability

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 CHAPTER-2
INDUSTRY PROFILE

12
 OUR VISION
Optimal sustainable development, maintenance of quality and efficient use of water resources to match with the
growing demands on this precious natural resource of the country.

OUR MISSION
India is endowed with a rich and vast diversity of natural resources, water being one of them. Its development
and management plays a vital role in agriculture production. Integrated water management is vital for poverty
reduction, environmental sustenance and sustainable economic development. National Water Policy envisages
that the water resources of the country should be developed and managed in an integrated manner.

FUNCTION
The Ministry of Water Resources is responsible for laying down policy guidelines and programmes for the
development and regulation of country's water resources. The Ministry has been allocated the following
functions:-
 Overall planning, policy formulation, coordination and guidance in the water resources sector.

 Technical guidance, scrutiny, clearance and monitoring of the irrigation, flood control and multi-purpose
projects (major/medium).

 General infrastructural, technical and research support for development.

 Providing special Central Financial Assistance for specific projects and assistance in obtaining External
Finance from World Bank and other agencies.

 Overall policy formulation, planning and guidance in respect of Minor Irrigation and Command Area
Development, administration and monitoring of the Centrally Sponsored Schemes and promotion of
Participatory Irrigation Management.

 Overall planning for the development of Ground Water Resources, establishment of utilizable resources and
formulation of policies for exploitation, overseeing of and support to State level activities in ground water
development.

 Formulation of national water development perspective and the determination of the water balance of different
basins/sub-basins for consideration of possibilities of inter-basin transfers.

 Coordination, mediation and facilitation in regard to the resolution of differences or disputes relating to Inter-
State Rivers and in some instances overseeing of implementation of inter-state projects.

 Operation of the central network for flood forecasting and warning on inter-state rivers, provision of central
assistance for some State Schemes in special cases and preparation of flood control master plans for rivers
Ganga and Brahmaputra.

 Talks and negotiations with neighboring countries, with regard to river waters, water resources development
projects and the operation of the Indus Water Treaty.

 Ensure effective abatement of pollution and rejuvenation of the river Ganga by adopting a river basin
approach to promote inter-sectoral co-ordination for comprehensive planning and management.

Western Deltaic region of West Godavari district

 The study area Western Deltaic region lies between 16019'05.02'' and 16056'08.37'' N latitudes and
80058'16.10'' and 81051'26.10'' E longitudes and situated in the Southern part of West Godavari

13
 district. It is bounded by Godavari river in the East, North by Eluru canal, West by Upputeru river and
Kolleru lake and South by Bay of Bengal.
 Twenty seven villages were identified and selected for the collection and analysis of the groundwater
samples along with Attili canal Area, Eluru canal Area, Gostani canal Area, Kakaraparru Bank canal
Area and Narsapur canal Area. Majority of the drinking water needs in selected villages of the study
area are met by groundwater resources in the form of hand pumps, bore wells, dug wells, over head
tanks, etc.

 The area experiences back water intrusion deep into inland portions and thus resulting in the pollution
of shallow alluvial aquifers. Various sources of pollution in the area include sewage, pesticides,
fertilizers, heavy metals and toxicants from aggressive agriculture and aquaculture practices.

 The groundwater resources in the western delta of West Godavari region are influenced by geogenic,
marine and anthropogenic activities on aquifer system. Geologically the region is underlined by coarse
sand with black clay at buried channel zone, black slit clay at flood plain zone and gray/ white fine
sand of beach sediment at coastal zone.

 West Godavari is basically an agrarian district with rich natural resources. It has a fertile land assured
of irrigation facilities ties with less natural hazards besides sound functioning of co-operative and
Panchayati Raj Institutions. The district is the first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh as the Government
of India has introduced intensive agricultural district programme popularly known as package
programme. The programme was launched in October, 1960 with the aid from the Government of
India as well as the Ford Foundation of U.S.A. (Groundwater brochure, 2012). The cropping pattern
in all the mandals remains the same. Paddy is grown in almost all the parts of the district. Besides
paddy the principal crops of cultivation in the district are jowar, maize, black gram, chilles, turmeric,
sugarcane, vegetables, groundnut, sesamum, tobacco, etc.

NATIONAL WATER INFORMATICS CENTRE

The availability of reliable and up-to-date water data is essential for the efficient management of water
resources in the country. With the purpose to have a central repository of nationwide water resource data,
National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC) has been set up as a subordinate office under Ministry of Jal
Shakti, Department of Water Resources, RD & GR on 28th March 2018 by the Government. The Centre is
headed by Director NWIC [ a Joint Secretary Level officer].

Vision:

To be a modern state of the art data repository of water resources & allied themes to facilitate informatics-
based sustainable development and management of water resources of the country.

Mission:

To provide a single-window solution for comprehensive, authoritative and consistent data & information of
India's water resources and allied themes in a standard national GIS framework for planning, development
and management of water resources in the country

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Roles & Responsibilties:

Its mandate is to ensure timely and reliable water resources data acquisition, collation, management & its
dissemination and to provide tools for decision-making in the field of water resources management.

Objectives/Activities:

Collect available data from varied sources, generate new databases, organize in standardized GIS format and
provide scalable web-enabled information system

Maintain, update, collate and disseminate water data and information on water resources and allied themes

Sharing of water resources and hydro-meteorological data amongst central and state government
organisations and other stakeholders of water & general public

Provide tools to create value-added maps by way of multilayer stacking of GIS database so as to provide an
integrated view of the water resources scenarios

Collaborate with national/ international research institutes

NWIC is handling the operations & maintenance of two web-enabled water resources data platforms; WIMS
& India-WRIS.

 Water Information Management System (WIMS): WIMS is an integrated web-based data collection
platform through which different agencies update the latest available data on water. The platform is
accessed by the agencies through a unique user ID and password. WIMS has provisions for form-
based manual data entry and integrated with INSAT & GPRS technology for real time telemetry
data. The system has functionalities for managing data entry and processing, storage & management,
data analysis and reporting. The platform offers various module-wise applications for State and
Central agencies for effective database addition, updating and sharing.
 The India Water Resources Information System (India-WRIS): : - India-WRIS is a "single-window"
platform for dissemination of data on water resources and allied themes. It allows users to Search,
Access, Visualize, Understand and Analyse comprehensive and contextual water data for the
assessment, monitoring, planning and development of water resources in the context of Integrated
Water Resources Management (IWRM). The India-WRIS platform provides the users with
information that is segmented on the basis of simplified themes such as Surface Water, Groundwater,
Land Resources, Hydro-Meteorological, Allied Themes & Projects.
 NWIC has recently initiated two other projects i.e., State Water Informatics Centre (SWIC) &
Integrated Water & Crop Management & Information System (IWCIMS).
State Water Informatics Centre (SWIC):

NWIC has prepared a framework for establishing State Water Informatics Centres (SWIC) to act as a
dedicated organization for coordination, collection & dissemination of water resources data at state level for
better planning and management of water resources of the state. The SWIC in collaboration with the NWIC
is planned to serve as a single point of contact for regional and micro-level data amalgamation and
dissemination. NWIC will handhold the states during all the stages of implementation of SWIC and the
development of State-Water Resources Information System (State-WRIS) by providing technical guidance
and support.

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Integrated Water and Crop Information and Management System (IWCIMS):

IWCIMS aims to develop Decision Support Systems for better management & decision-making with
respect to water & crop resources in an integrated approach. The IWCIMS project was awarded to
WAPCOS Ltd., a Govt. of India undertaking, on a turn-key basis. Currently feasibility study (pre-
implementation phase) for the project is ongoing.

NATIONAL WATER DEVELOPMENT AGENCY

The National Water Development Agency (NWDA), a Registered Society under the then Ministry of Irrigation
[now Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) , Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga
Rejuvenation (DoWR, RD&GR)] was set up in the year 1982 to carry out detailed studies, surveys and
investigations in respect of Peninsular Component under National Perspective Plan (NPP) for Water
Resources Development. The functions of NWDA were published under para 4 of the Gazette Notification
No. 1 (7)/80-PP dated 26.08.1981. The Government subsequently modified the functions of NWDA to include
the Himalayan Component of the NPP for Water Resources Development through the Resolution No.
22/27/92-BM dated 11th March, 1994, composition of Society and Governing Body contained in Para 3 & 5
of the Resolution No. 1(7)/80-PP dated 26.08.1981 through the Resolution Nos. 2/9/2002-BM dated 13th Feb,
2003 and 12th March, 2004 and modified the functions of NWDA to include the activity to prepare the
Detailed Project Report (DPR) of River Link proposals under the NPP for Water Resources Development
after concurrence of the concerned States vide Notification No. 2/18/2005-BM dated 30.11.2006. Further,
with the concurrence of the concerned co-basin States the preparation of DPRs of Intra-State links as may be
proposed by the States was added in the functions of NWDA vide Resolution No. 2/18/2005-BM/943 dated
19th May, 2011. Further, two more new functions in the mandate of NWDA were added vide Gazette
Notification No. 2/17/2016-BM dated 07.10.2016 viz., (i) to undertake/
construct/repair/renovate/rehabilitate/implement the projects under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna
(PMKSY) and (ii) to act as a repository of borrowed funds or money received on deposit or loan given on
interest to secure the repayment of any such borrowed funds/money/deposit/loan etc. for the execution of
projects.

1. It has now been decided to further amend the function (d) of NWDA i.e. “To prepare DPR of river
link proposals under the NPP for Water Resources Development after concurrence of the concerned
States” as “To carry out surveys & investigations work and prepare DPRs of river link proposals
under the NPP for Water Resources Development and thereafter approach concerned States for
obtaining concurrence for implementation of the project”.

2. To enable NWDA to undertake above activities, functions are modified as under:

3. To carry out detailed survey and investigations of possible reservoir sites and interconnecting links
in order to establish feasibility of the proposal of Peninsular Rivers Development and Himalayan
Rivers Development Components forming part of the National Perspective for Water Resources

16
 Development prepared by the then Ministry of Irrigation (now MoJS, DoWR, RD&GR ) and Central
Water Commission.
4. To carry out detailed studies about the quantum of water in various Peninsular River systems and
Himalayan River systems which can be transferred to other basins/States after meeting the
reasonable needs of the basin/States in the foreseeable future.
5. To prepare feasibility report of the various components of the scheme relating to Peninsular Rivers
development and Himalayan Rivers development.
6. To carry out surveys & investigations work and prepare DPRs of river link proposals under the NPP
for Water Resources Development and thereafter approach concerned States for obtaining
concurrence for implementation of the project.
7. To prepare Pre–Feasibility Reports(PFRs)/Feasibility Reports(FRs)/DPRs of the Intra-State links as
may be proposed by the States. The concurrence of the concerned co-basin States for such proposals
may be obtained before taking up their FRs / DPRs.
8. To undertake/construct/repair/renovate/rehabilitate/implement the projects either of its own or
through an appointed Agency/Organizations/PSU or Company and the projects forming part of
Interlinking of Rivers, for completion of projects falling under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna
(PMKSY) of which projects under Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP) are also
included and similar other projects .
9. NWDA to act as a repository of borrowed funds or money received on deposit or loan given on
interest or otherwise in such manner, as directed by MoWR, RD&GR (now MoJS, DoWR,
RD&GR) and to secure the repayment of any such borrowed funds/money deposits/ loan etc. by way
of mortgage, pledge, change or lien upon all or any other property, assets or revenue of the society
both present and future.
10. To do all such other things the Society may consider necessary, incidental, supplementary or
conducive to the attainment of above objectives.

GODAVARI RIVER MANAGEMENT BOARD

 The regulation of supply of water from the projects to the successor States having regard to –– (i)
awards granted by the Tribunals constituted under the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956;
(ii) any agreement entered into or arrangement made covering the Government of existing State of
Andhra Pradesh and any other State or Union territory;
 The regulation of supply of power generated to the authority in-charge of the distribution of power
having regard to any agreement entered into or arrangement made covering the Government of the
existing State of Andhra Pradesh and any other State or Union territory;
 The construction of such of the remaining on-going or new works connected with the development
of the water resources projects relating to the rivers or their tributaries through the successor States
as the Central Government may specify by notification in the Official Gazette;
 Making an appraisal of any proposal for construction of new projects on Godavari river and giving
technical clearance, after satisfying that such projects do not negatively impact the availability of
water as per the awards of the Tribunals constituted under the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act,
1956 for the projects already completed or taken up before the appointed day; and
 Such other functions as the Central Government may entrust to it on the basis of the principles
specified in the Eleventh Schedule of the APRA, 2014.

17
 CHAPTER-3

COMPANY PROFILE

18
Main Functions Of The Department
1. Hydrological assessment of availability of water in the river basins including water allocation to the
Irrigation and other purposes duly assessing the availability in the basin.

2. Planning & design of Irrigation systems.

3. Operations & Maintenance of reservoirs and canal systems

4. Construction of new projects to create irrigation potential for economic development of the state.

5. Stabilization of existing ayacut by rehabilitation of the age-old projects.

6. Modernization of age old Major & Medium Irrigation projects.

7. Improve water management and efficiency by integrated and coordinated and implementation of
operation and maintenance plans for existing Irrigation projects.

8. Flood management.

9. Restoration and maintenance of flood banks.

10. Irrigated area assessment and assessment of water royalty charges for industrial and other utilization.

11. Presentation of data & analysis on water availability, utilization of Interstate river basins to the
respective tribunals.

History of Andhra Pradesh

Geographically, Andhra Pradesh is in peninsular India consisting of coastal belt on the east and
Rayalaseema in the south-west. Therefore, Andhra Pradesh has the advantage of having most of the east
flowing rivers in the state bringing in copious supplies from the Western and Eastern Ghats and up to Bay of
Bengal.

Andhra Pradesh has a heritage of cultivation and irrigation dating back to several centuries. In the
past, ancient Kings and rulers built artificial lakes and reservoirs by constructing bunds and anicuts across
rivers for creating irrigation potential as well as drinking water for the people.

Andhra Pradesh is a riverine state with 40 major, medium and minor rivers. Godavari, Krishna,
Vamsadhara, Nagavali and Pennar are major interstate rivers.

Godavari River enters at Bhurgampad Mandal of state of Andhra Pradesh and flows for a distance
of around 250 kms eastward before joining Bay of Bengal.

The River Tungabhadra is a tributary of Krishna forms boundary between Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh for the length of 58 Kms, from where it flows past Rajolibanda anicut and then the river Tungabhadra
forms border between the States of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh until its confluence with main Krishna at
Srisailam. The River Krishna then forms border between the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh from

19
Srisailam to Pulichintala for about 290 kms flows passing through NSP Dam. The river then flows for a length
of 105 kms through Prakasam barrage at Vijayawada and joins Bay of Bengal after traversing about 90 kms.
Thus the total length of 485 km of Krishna River flows through A.P state.

The total length of the Pennar river from the head to its outfall into the Bay of Bengal in Nellore
district, is 597 Km. (61 km in Karnataka and 536 km in Andhra Pradesh). Pennar River originates in south
west region of Andhra Pradesh with small catchment area of Karnataka and flows eastward before joining
Bay of Bengal.

Besides the above, five interstate rivers north of Godavari viz. Bahuda, Mahendratanaya, Poondi
minor drains, Nagavali & Vamsadhara flows through Orissa and Andhra Pradesh and four rivers south of
Pennar viz Palar, Araniar. Korataliar & Ponniar flows through Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu and two rivers
i.e., Errakalva and Tammileru originate in Khammam district of Telangana and flows down to Andhra Pradesh
state. Apart from the above 14 rivers, 26 medium and minor rivers flows within Andhra Pradesh.

About 70% of the population of Andhra Pradesh depends upon agriculture.

Andhra Pradesh has a heritage of cultivation and irrigation dating back to several centuries. In the
past, rulers paid a good deal of attention to the development of irrigation in their kingdoms for the benefit of
their subjects. Cumbum Tank, Kanigiri Reservoir, Anantapur Tank, Porumamilla Tank in Cuddapah District,
Bukkaraya Samudram, Mopad Tank, Nandyal Tank and anicuts across the Tungabhadra river such as Koregal,
Vallabhapur, Raya, Basavanna, Turtha, Kampli, Bennur, Rampur etc., are some of the monumental irrigation
works inherited by the State from the Vijayanagar kings.

The anicut across the river Godavari at Dowlaiswaram, across Krishna at Vijayawada, across
Pennar at Nellore, Sangam, K.C Canal System taking off from Sunkesula anicut across Tungabhadra, the
regulator across Nagavali near Thotapally and the anicut across Muniyeru at Polampalli are the legacy of the
British Engineers like Sir Arthur Cotton, Sir Charles Alexander Orr and Col. Jhon Penny Cwiquick, who
transformed lakhs of Acres of barren lands in the coastal districts of the State into a big rice bowl during the
Nineteenth Century.
Evaluation of Irrigation Potential Created
The total Irrigation Potential created in 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh is given below.
Irrigation Potential Created (in Acres)
Description
Andhra Region Rayalaseema Region Total

Irrigation Potential Created before 1956

Major & Medium 2701447 271274 2972721

Irrigated area 3.45 7.31

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 Irrigation Potential Created 1956 to 02/2015

Major & Medium 2913010 1022679 3935689

Irrigation Potential Created Since Inception up to 02/2015

Minor Irrigation 1930169 630275 2560444

APSIDC 611681 91746 703426

Grand Total 8156306 2015973 10172280

The total irrigation potential created under major and medium projects before 1956 was 29.73
Lakh Acres, and from 1956 to 02/2015 is 39.35 Lakh Acres. The Irrigation potential created under Minor
irrigation and APSIDC since inception up to 02/2015 is 32.63 Lakh Acres. Thus, the total new irrigation
potential created under Major, Medium & Minor irrigation and APSIDC in the state is 101.72 Lakh Acres.

The main objective of irrigation Department in Andhra Pradesh is to create irrigation potential in
the draught prone areas, upland areas and upkeep of the existing projects to enhance the agriculture
productivity per unit of water.

The irrigation projects are classified based on the irrigated ayacut under the projects.
Major Irrigation Projects : Ayacut above 25000 Ac (10,000 ha.)

Medium Irrigation Projects : Ayacut above 5000 Ac up to 25000 Acres(10000ha.)

Minor Irrigation Projects : Ayacut up to 5000 Acres (2000 ha)

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 CHAPTER-4
DATA INTERPRETATION

22
PRIMARY DATA

Survey report based on respondents:

1.

Interpretation:

In the above data 88 percent of people said Yes and 12 percent of people said No from the above graph

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that most of the people said they are using Wells or Spring. They are
using same wells or spring for household purpose and both are ground water for wells and springs.

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2.

Interpretation:

In this above data presents 50 percent of people are said Yes and 50 percent of people said No from the
above graph.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that some of the people have owned residence and some of the people
have rented in residence.

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3.

Interpretation:

In this above data presents 37.5 percent of people said that we are using in the Kitchen sink and 37.5 percent
of people said that they are using outdoor spigot and 25 percent of people said that they are using for
drinking water.

Conclusion:

From the above data we can scenario that of the people said they are using ground water mostly on kitchen
sink and outdoor spigot and less people said they are using for drinking water.

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4.

Interpretation:

In this above data presents 82.4 percent of people are said Yes and 17.6 percent of people are said No.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that the most of the people said water treatment is require for their
use.

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5.

Interpretation:

In this above data presents 64.7 percent of people said Yes and 35.3 percent of people said No.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that most of people said they colleting sample of water before the
water go to system.

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6.

Interpretation:

In this above data presents 64.3 percent of people said Yes and 35.7 percent of people said No from the
above graph.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we can conclude that most of the people said the ground level water are sampled for
quality and increase the quality of water.

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7.

Interpretation:

From the above data presents 41 percent of people said the water quality is Good, 53 percent of people said
water quality is Average, 6 percent of people said water quality is Bad.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that most of people said water is quality is Average and water
treatment is require for water, to increases the water quality.

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8.

Interpretation:

From the above data presents 71% of people said Yes, 29% of people said No from the above graph.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that most of the people said they noticed that there is a change in
water quality and quantity of their wells.

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9.

Interpretation:

From the above data presents 53 percent of people said Yes and 47 percent of said No from the above data.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that most of the people said water has stain in wells and water has a
stain surface.

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10.

Interpretation:

In this above data presents 65percent of people said that Yes and 35 percent of said that No from the above
data.

Conclusion:

From the above data we can conclude that most of people said their well are properly developed without any
damage and some of the people said their well are not properly developed.

32
11.

Interpretation:

In the above data presents 35% of people said that yes and 65% of people said No from the above data.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that most of the people said that their wells gone Dry in many times,
and there is no water in wells.

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12.

Interpretation:

In this above presents 48% of people said Yes and 48% of people said No and 4% of people didn’t
responded.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that mostly both of the people said this occur after prolonged use in
the water.

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13.

Interpretation:

In this above data presents 30% of people said the depth of well is 50M, 35% of people of said the depth of
the well is 75M, 30 % of people said the depth of the 100M, 5% of people they didn’t know the depth of
well.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that most of the people said 75M above we can find the water in the
well.

35
14.

Interpretation:

In this above data presents 35% of people are using water for watering livestock, 58% of people are using
water for their household, 7% of people are using water for Drinking water.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that most of the people are using ground water for household purpose

And less people are using ground water for water livestock and drinking water.

36
15.

Interpretation:

In this above data presents 95% of male gender are responded 3% of female gender are responded, 2% of
people didn’t responded to the survey.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that most male gender are responded to survey.

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16.

Interpretation:

In this above data presents 67% of respodents are between 15-20, 26% of respondent are between 21-25, 3%
of people are between 26-30, 4% of respondents didn’t not responded to survey.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that most of people of 15-20 are from age are responded the survey.

38
17.

Interpretation:

In this above data presents 22% of respondents are studying secondary, 61% of respondents are studying
graduation, 10% of respondents are studying post-graduation.

Conclusion:

From the above scenario we conclude that most of the respondents are studying graduation.

39
SECONDARY DATA:
PH in groundwater is lower in the rainy season than that of summer, because rainfall combines with carbon
dioxide can influence the water towards acidity. Ocheri and Ahola (2012) observed the same in groundwaters
of Nigeria. Eighty-eight per cent (88%) villages in summer season shows slightly alkaline nature and it is
correlated with observations of Parihar et al., (2012), Satyavani et al., (2013), Shahida Perween and Fatima
(2015), Prasad et al., (2015), Madhu Smita Sahoo et al., (2016), Nageswara Rao (2017) and Nalini Jebastina
and Prince Arulrag (2017). pH shows increasing trend from winter to summer and might be due to increase in
temperature. It is also pointed out by Madhu Smita Sahoo et al., (2016) and Sri Bala and Niharika, (2016).

40
 In untreated groundwater used for drinking, 1 ppt salinity is found in only one village (i.e.
Badampudi-E2) in winter, three villages (i.e. Attili-A5, Badampudi-E2, Vedangi-N6) in summer and
one village (i.e. Badampudi-E2) in rainy season. The graphical representation of the salinity values.

 Seasonal variations reveal that, salinity values are high in summer when compared to other seasons.
Similar results were observed by Gaida Felisa et al., (2013) in coastline of Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

41
 Seasonal variations of TDS concentration in groundwater of Western Deltaic region of West
Godavari district

Seasonal variations of “EC concentration in groundwater of Western Deltaic region” of West Godavari
district

42
Seasonal variations of “total hardness concentration in groundwater of Western Deltaic region” of
West Godavari district

43
Seasonal variations of calcium hardness concentration in groundwater of Western Deltaic region of
West Godavari district

44
WATER USAGE PIE CHART

45
46
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION

47
CONCLUSION:
Finally, I conclude

The WQI of groundwater samples were in the range of 33 to 2768, whereas WQI of surface waters were in
the range of 17 to 106. The majority of the groundwater samples and some surface water samples are falling
under poor water quality to unsuitable for drinking purposes; these phenomena may be due to various
anthropogenic activities such as oil & gas exploration, aqua culture and geological formations of the area. To
improve the quality of waters in the study area measures to be taken are in alluvium areas the fresh water
repositories are to be protected from over pumping. Optimum utilisation of surface and ground water may be
considered locally after micro level surveys considering quality constraint. Environmental protection
measures are to be followed in aqua culture practices and during oil & gas exploration. The Aqua culture
development should be restricted to areas close to the coast only. In the limited groundwater potential area,
modern irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler irrigation should be adopted. Artificial recharge measures
should be adopted in the urban areas, in the deltaic area and areas with considerable exploitation of
groundwater for improving the ground water situation.

Groundwater was not good probably due to high TDS, hardness, alkalinity and chlorides. Microbiological
parameters are unsafe in rainy- and winter- season than that of summer season may be due to groundwater
recharge with contaminated surface waters. Concentration of heavy metals such as manganese in the villages
of Chivatam (G2), Relangi (G3), Natta Rameswaram (G4) and Achanta (G6); iron in Relangi (G3) and
aluminum in the villages of Relangi (G3) and Achanta (G6) was exceeded the standard limits. Groundwater
extracted from shallow aquifers (<40 feet depth) was proved to be unsafe because of seepage from poultry
farms, aquaculture ponds, dumpsites, farm practices and geological formations near sampling sites.

The quality of groundwater in the selected five villages (( Kaldhari (A1), Vadluru (A2), Pydiparru (A3),
Gummampadu (A4) and Attili (A5) )) of Attili canal area was not potable because of extracting groundwater
from a shallow depth of 30- 40 feet where the groundwater has a chance of getting contaminated from
industrial wastes, poultry farms and house hold septic tanks.

The quality of groundwater in the selected four villages (( Nidadavolu (E1), Badampudi (E2), Chebrolu (E3)
and Kaikaram (E4) )) of Eluru canal area was good and potable and it may be due to extraction of
groundwater at a greater depth of 150- 300 feet where the groundwater has no chance of getting
contaminated.

The quality of groundwater in the selected six villages (( Undrajavaram (G1), Chivatam (G2), Relangi (G3),
Natta Rameswaram (G4), Iragavaram (G5) and Achanta (G6) )) of Gostani canal area was relatively good in
winter and rainy seasons based on WQI rating of physico-chemical parameters. In summer, quality of

48
groundwater was not good probably due to high TDS, hardness, alkalinity and chlorides. Microbiological
parameters are unsafe in rainy- and winter- season than that of summer season may be due to groundwater
recharge with contaminated surface waters. Concentration of heavy metals such as manganese in the villages
of Chivatam (G2), Relangi (G3), Natta Rameswaram (G4) and Achanta (G6); iron in Relangi (G3) and
aluminum in the villages of Relangi (G3) and Achanta (G6) was exceeded the standard limits. Groundwater
extracted from shallow aquifers (<40 feet depth) was proved to be unsafe because of seepage from poultry
farms, aquaculture ponds, dumpsites, farm practices and geological formations near sampling sites.

The quality of groundwater in selected six villages (( Settipeta (K1), Tadiparru (K2), Khandavalli (K3),
Siddantham (K4), Nadipudi (K5) and Burugupalli (K6) )) of Kakaraparru canal area was very poor.
Microbiological contamination was relatively safe. Only manganese was found exceeding the BIS limit in
Tadiparru (K2) and Siddantham (K4). Extraction of groundwater from less than 30 feet depth, was proved to
be unsafe because of seepage from waste landfills, livestock excrements, house hold septic tanks and farm
practices might be the reason.

The quality of groundwater in Peravali (N1), Kapavaram (N2), K.Illindalaparru (N3), Ayitampudi (N4),
Kavitam (N5) and Vedangi (N6) of Narsapur canal area was not potable. Manganese in Kapavaram (N2),
Ayitampudi (N4) and Vedangi (N6) and iron in Kapavaram (N2) was found exceeding the BIS limit.
Withdrawal of groundwater from less than 30-40 ft depth, was proved to be unsafe and it might be due to
seepage from agricultural and aqua cultural wastes, house hold septic tanks, waste landfills and industrial
wastes are close proximity to the sampling location.

With respect to total analyzed (46) parameters, the percentage of exceeding parameters was less than 20% in
8 villages such as Kaikaram-E4 (09%), Ayitampudi- N4 (13%), Chebrolu-E3 (16%), Kapavaram-N2 (17%),
Gummampadu-A4 (20%),

Nidadavolu-E1 (20%), Undrajavaram-G1 (20%) and Nadipudi-K5 (20%). The groundwater quality of these
villages was found relatively good and the same was reflected from water quality indices .

The highest percentage of exceeding parameters out of total 46 was above 28% in 6 villages such as
Pydiparru-A3 (33%), Attili-A5 (33%), Tadiparru-K2 (35%),

Vadluru-A2 (28%), Chivatam-G2 (28%) and Siddantham-K4 (28%) and groundwater quality of these
villages was found poor and was also confirmed by water quality indices.

49
Suggestion:

Finally, I suggested

 It requires reverse osmosis and UV treatment before drinking.

 The drainage canals and septic tanks must be constructed far away from the wells. Good
sanitation practices should be implemented near open well and tap water sources.
 In place of chlorination is recommended.
 Infrastructure, like water treatment plants, drainage canals, public toilets and leak proof septic
tanks should be developed immediately to abate groundwater contamination.
 Awareness programs should be conducted on drinking water quality for the local residents and
the information should be displayed at all major gathering points.
 Open wells should be lined with cement to avoid pollutants from runoff.
 Gram panchayats should take the responsibility of supplying of treated groundwater to the
public.

50
QUESTIONNARE:

1. Dose any other household use the same spring or well?

2. Is the residence.

3. Sample location of your well or spring.

4. Is water treatment a requirement?

5. Is there a way to sample water before if goes through the system?

6. Has the well or spring ever been sampled for quality.

7. In your opinion, what is the quality of the water.

8. Has you ever noticed a change in water quality/ quantity of the water in well.

9. Does the water stain any surface.

10. The well is properly developed.

11. The well or spring ever gone dry?

12. Does this occur after prolonged use.

13. What is the depth of well.

14. Current use of the well or spring?

15. What is your gender?

16. What is your age?

17. What is your current educational level?

51
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
https://getfoureyes.com/s/bvG1Z/

https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/home

http://jalshakti-dowr.gov.in/

https://www.google.co.in/

http://cgwb.gov.in/aboutcgwb.html#:~:text=Central%20Ground%20Water%20Board%20(CGWB)%2C%20
a%20subordinate%20office%20of,of%20ground%20water%20resources%20of

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