attributes associated with design thinking functional requirements

Thinking Diverging-converging Meets non-functional GOOD S OLUTION

Creativity Limitless; several design concepts require.
are
Doesn’t meet BAD S OLUTION
expected
functional requ.
Modeling Imperfect, using realistic
representation
The Functional Analysis Method is associated
Error Learning from errors is accepted with the
Trial- Encouraged Black Box concept, the overall function of the
and- design is expressed in terms of inputs and
error outputs
Work Team work
White Box concept, is the breakdown of the
style
overall function into a set of sub-functions

Meaning of: Whitebox tea making

Creativity generates new ideas
Design shapes ideas
Innovation exploits ideas
Alternative define design.
Design refers to tools/processes that are used Design is sometimes conceived as a mapping
to establish requirements based on human process, explain this with respect to the
needs, transform them into performance Form-Function duality
specification and functions, which are then
mapped and converted subject to constraints As a process whereby all functions to be
into design solutions achieved by the design are defined and
suitable physical components (forms-in design
Use ONLY ONE WORD to describe the speak) are selected
implication of a design that meets functional
requirements. difference between Design Methods and the
Design Process?
Meets S OLUTION/ RELEVANT
Design methods refers to the tools/aids of
fun ction al [2 Marks]
doing design while the Design Process refers
requ….
to the maps, models or trees that show how
Doesn’t NO- to do designs
meet S OLUTION/ IRELEVANT
fun ction al [2 Marks] Descriptive models are SOLUTION BASED.
requ. Why?

And ONLY TWO WORDS to describe the Descriptive models are known for being
implication of a design that meets non solution focused in that one solution concept
is generated and taken through the whole
design process and if it fails the process is
restarted
examples of creative methods of design Objective tree method is associated with the
[What/Why?] and the [How] questions.
Brainstorming: a creativity method whereby
team members individually contribute ideas
leading to a large number of ideas which are
ultimately evaluated to select only a few novel
ones.

Synectic’s: a method that uses comparisons

and analogies to redefine and get new insights
into problems.

Enlarging the search space: a method used to

expand the solution space through
How is the Quality Function Deployment
transformation, posing a series of Whys or
different from the Objective Tree or Function
counter-planning
Diagram?
difference between a condition and a
Objective Trees and Function Diagrams do not
constraint as used in this context?
set precise limits while the QFD does
condition’ is a statement that must be fulfilled
Define the Quality Function Deployment in
if another statement is to be fulfilled
terms of Objectives and Functions
constraint’ is statement restricting or forcibly
QFD: is a quantification of objectives and
preventing another statement
functions.
two attributes represented by the looping
Explain Hall Tests and Product Clinics mean?
line between the question mark and the
dollar sign?
Product clinics: customers get quizzed in
Design problems are ill-defined hence the
detail about what they like and dislike about a
need to loop back for clarity
product
The process is ill-structured/trial and error
Hall tests: competing products get displayed
hence iteration and looping back becomes
in a hall and customers are asked to inspect
necessary
them and give their thoughts
What does requirement engineering entail?
the craft-based process of design is often
Requirements engineering: design teams contrasted with the so-called modern
make their design choices accessible to users process.
who invited to offer suggestions and input.
What would you say, in one word,
What is [Problem-Solution Co-Evolution] as a distinguishes these two processes?
tool for requirements elicitation.
DRAWINGS
Problem-Solution Co-Evolution: a problem Given the above difference, what purpose
decomposition tool in which initial solutions would you say modern design serves?
get generated as a means of understanding
the problem and not necessarily the delivery Modern design communicates a description of
of a definitive solution to the problem the artefact to be made down to the most
detailed dimensions, the surface finish,
materials, colour, quantities, etc. with nothing
left to the discretion of those involved in the While the Ill-structured nature arises from:
process of making the artefact The many conflicts and inconsistencies during
the process of problem solving
However, the output of modern design may
take a form different to the one-word undefined : unknown
separator you gave above. Give one instance
where this different form happens infinite :explosive or too many

Drawings are not needed in instances where

artefacts are produced using sophisticated What are protocol studies?
machines such as robots, numerically
controlled machines/tools like lathers and Methods generated from observing how
milling machines. In such cases the final designers/individuals work
specification of a design might be in the form
of codes and data/machine language Iteration refers to what?

Design problems are ill-defined and ill- a refinement process in which a designer
structured. Moreover, potential design checks his solution/sub-solution for fitness to
solutions also tend to be undefined and the problem/sub-problem and if found
infinite. wanting redo, checks and so on until a
breakthrough is made. Is cyclic or repetitive.
Give two applicable catchphrases often used
to describe how this two-dimensional The models given below show different
situation is handled in design designs to process sorghum grains

This is sometimes referred to as the problem- The three models are an illustration of the
solution co-evolution or problem-and-solution nature of design. It shows that people have
exploration always designed tools and systems to aid in
their daily existence and that as purposes
Briefly explain what the above two change and also as people reflect on the
catchphrases mean generally currently available tools and systems,
refinements are made to the systems and at
The designer makes solution proposals (sub
times completely new ones are conceived and
solutions) and uses that to help him
made The first model represent a stage when
understand what the problem really is and
designs were still manual, low scale and the
what appropriate solutions might be like
whole process of design and manufacture
Give the descriptive name given to the undertaken by a single craftsman. The second
engineering graphics tool used to deal with model on the other hand marks a stage when
the problems-solutions conundrum given in mechanization emerged and designs
the opening statement improved and started involving more
processes to be handled by one person. It is a
Conversational sketches stage in design commonly referred to as
“ill-defined”: Vague initial set goals, design by drawing to show that designing and
constraints or design criteria manufacturing became two separate
operations. While the last model, signifies full
“ill-structured” :Conflicts and inconsistencies automation the stages are related in that the
during the process of problem solving due to second stage improves the first and the third
interconnectedness of solutions improves the second
differences between these two design Explain what combinatorial explosion mean
attributes?
Refers to an explosion of possibilities that
Ill-defined nature of design arises from: Vague arises from a relatively small number of basic
initial set goals, constraints or design criteria elements or components when combined in a
large number of different ways
ideation in design :Generating ideas to given The Objectives Tree Method; ensures that
problems there is agreement between client and design
team. It involves:
How is the voice of the customer vital during
the design process? Preparing a list of design objectives
Help the designer to identify high impact Ordering objectives [high & low]
problems
Drawing a diagrammatic tree of objectives
Using the morphological charts for concept
The Quality Function Deployment method is
generation, which of the following is the
correct order of procedure? associated with the following phrases,
namely Draw a complete Quality Function
List features/functions – list means – draw a Deployment chart to phrases
chart – identify combinations
When using morphological charts, we need to
adhere to one of the following;
Make as many combinations as possible
combinatorial explosion using pentominoes

Design is also conceived as a mapping Integral model

process, explain this with respect to the
Form-Function duality
As a process whereby all functions to be
achieved by the design are defined and
suitable physical components (forms-in design
speak) are selected

What type of a design method is the

morphological chart? Creative method
explain what “combinatorial explosion”
means.
an explosion/massive existence of possibilities
from a relatively small number of basic
elements or components combined in a large
number of different ways
Clarifying Objectives in design is achieved by
The Objectives Tree Method. What purpose
does the objective tree method serve and
what are its three basic steps