THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLES ON SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR AND COMPETENCE IN FUNCTION OF STUDENT
LEARNING SUCCESS
Valbona UKA, Mr. Sc.*
Hanife BERISHA, Mr. Sc.
Correspondent Author: *Universi College, Faculty of Nursing, vuka5@live.com
Article history: Abstr ac t
Accepted 31 August 2019
Available online 31 December 2019 Styles of parenting create different social environments in the lives of children inside the home. The
main purpose of this research is to find out the existence of a relationship between parenting,
Keywords: emotional control, prosocial behavior, and student success in learning. The study included a sample
Parenting Styles
of 200 subjects from two low public secondary schools in Kaçanik, 51% female and 49% male.
Social competence
Participants were 15 years of age (28 teenagers), 16 (51 teenagers), 17 (21 teenagers). The tests used
Students
Social behavior in this research are: a question about parenting styles that is standardized for use in our country and
Success a question about social competence. The results showed an authoritative parental stature with 50%
of the parents, followed by the indifferent style of 27%, the authoritative style with 14%, and the
liberal style with 9% of the polled ones. Regarding social competence, dominates the average level
of social maturity by 62%, followed by high social maturity by 24% and low social maturity by 14%
of adolescent sample. The feminine gender of adolescents exhibits higher emotional control versus
the male gender of adolescents with less emotional control than that of the female gender. There is a
significant difference in the appearance of prosocial behaviors according to the level of success. It
was also found that there is a statistically significant difference between the level of emergence of
social competence deriving from the sex of the subject in this research, then the feminine gender of
the adolescents exhibits higher emotional control in spite of the age-old gender, there is a significant
difference in the appearance of prosocial behaviors according to the level of success, as well as the
16-year-old show higher levels of prosocial behavior despite 15 and 17 year-olds in this research.
This study puts emphasis on parents awareness and psycho-education on positive parenting strategies
for the growth of healthy children with a sense of autonomy and confidence.
Introduction problem. Also, the other reason I decided to address this topic is
the lack of information about the importance of parenting style
Being a parent is one of the most difficult tasks we have, it is a
and the effect that parenting types can have on a child's character
never-ending responsibility to be a parent, that is, to carefully
development and personality.
build the character of a child and give him or her a solid
foundation upon which he or she will orient in life. So, starting Also, the other reason I decided to address this topic is the lack of
from this fact and the need to enrich my professional experiences information about the importance of parenting style and the effect
as a psychologist and the actuality and treatment of such topics in that parenting types can have on a child's character development
finding relevant patterns of parenting and thereby achieving the and personality.
structuring of a healthy childhood development especially in our
Albanian lands was the main motive for dealing with this
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Given the scant research and studies so far in our Albanian lands, Research problem - The problematic of the present research is
more studies on parenting styles are needed to uncover the to find a possible association between the three psychosocial
potential interplay between parenting styles and other variables (parental styles and social competence with the latter's
psychosocial traits in adolescent life. special preexisting subscales of emotional control and prosocial
behavior) with students' academic achievement (adolescents). ) In
Parenting is the process of fostering and supporting the physical,
school. As a consequence of the research problems the following
emotional, social and intellectual development of a child from
research questions are structured:
childhood to adulthood. Parenting refers to the activities of
raising a child rather than biological relationships. The goals of
Q.1 How is the distribution or distribution of variables (academic
human parenting are highly debated, usually the parental figure
achievement, parenting styles, social competence and social
providing the child with physical needs, protecting him or her,
maturity in general) in research!
and learning cultural skills and values until they reach adulthood,
Q.2 Is there a link between parenting style, emotional control, and
usually adolescence. The main goal of good parenting is to
prosocial behavior with students' academic achievement!
maximize the potential of the child so that as he or she grows up
Q.3 Is there a link between parenting style and students' social
he becomes a productive and active participant of society.
competences?
Although parenting is one of the most studied fields in the world,
Q4 Is there a link between parenting style and students' academic
raising a happy and healthy child is one of the most thought-
achievement!
provoking tasks a period can have (Davies, Martin, 2000).
Q.5 Is there a link between social competence in general and
students' academic achievement!
Q6 Are there any statistical differences between
1. Literature Review
sociodemographic characteristics (gender, residence, academic
When we talk about research in the field of parenting we know achievement and age) and level of social competence!
that it is a new phenomenon of research that has begun to be Q7 Are there any statistical differences between
partially explored in our country as well. Some foreign and sociodemographic characteristics (gender, residence, academic
domestic authors have dealt with this topic which has been of achievement and age) and level of prosocial behavior!
great importance since it is useful to recommend an adequate
parenting style, social behavior, and student success in the Purpose and objectives of the research - The main purpose of
learning process. this study is to determine whether parental styles, emotional
control, and prosocial behaviors (emotional control and prosocial
The literature review focuses on the type of parenting style, social
behaviors are the two sub-variables of the social competence
competence, and learning outcomes achieved by students. In
variable) are positively correlated with adolescents' academic
essence, this research deals with the analysis of psychological
achievement at school. The following are the basic objectives of
factors acting on the type of parenting style and on the
the research:
achievements of students in their educational processes as well as
1. Finding a possible link between parental style, prosocial
in their daily lives, based on the theories and results of previous
behaviors with academic achievement.
research to who presume that parenting style has a potential
2. Finding a potential statistical difference between
association with social competence and academic achievement in
sociodemographic characteristics by parenting style, prosocial
adolescent learning
behaviors, and academic achievement.
2. Research Methods 2.1. Research Hypotheses
H1: Research variables (success, parenting styles, social
Subject of research - In essence, this research deals with the competence and social maturity in general) have normal
analysis of psychological factors that influence students' distribution or distribution to adolescents.
achievements in educational processes as well as their daily lives,
based on the theories and results of prior research on the basic H2: There is a link between parenting style, prosocial behaviors
notions of this research that are presented. as psychological in academic achievement (success)
factors in this case that are supposed to have a potential link with
academic achievement in adolescent learning. H 2.2: There is a positive relationship between parenting style and
academic achievement of students in this research, ie academic
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achievement is related to indifferent and liberal parenting style 3. Results
and is not related to authoritarian and authoritative style. So, in the part of the statistical analysis of the results, from this
paper we came to some very relevant findings, based on
H 2.3: There is a positive relationship between the level of success preliminary research in this field. From the obtained results, in
and social competence in this research, thus, with the increase of detecting parenting styles according to the representative sample
social competence, academic achievement in adolescent learning reporting, it was found that authoritative parenting style
increases. dominates with 50% of parents which according to relevant
researches mentioned above in the theoretical part of research that
H3: There are differences in students' social competences authoritative parenting style, characterized by a high level of
depending on the characteristics of sociodemographic acceptance and involvement, as well as an average level of rigor
characteristics (gender, place of residence, academic achievement and supervision, indicating a high level of life satisfaction and
and age) self-esteem, as well as a low level of depression for adolescents,
the results also showed that adolescents with parents
Research variables - The main variables of the research in authoritarians were more often associated with values-oriented
question are divided into two groups, which according to the crowds of adults.
research questions may eventually be related to each other in this
research, including: Prind Parental style and Sociale Social Whereas the liberal style in this research appears to 9% of
competence. respondents, which according to relevant research was
characterized as parents who set rules and boundaries very little
Research methods and techniques - The basic research and are reluctant to apply the rules. These parents are warm and
technique for collecting data from the subjects is their survey gentle, but they do not like to say anything or disappoint their
based on two standard research questionnaires, the parenting style children. Children of liberal parenting: cannot follow the rules,
questionnaire and the social competence questionnaire have worse self-control, possess egocentric tendencies, encounter
(emotional control and prosocial behaviors). more problems in relationships and social interactions.
Research Questionnaires - a). Questionnaire on parenting styles So all this shows that the average level of social maturity is due
created by Robinson, C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., and to the dominance of authoritative style with 50% of this research,
Hart,C.H.(1995).,Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive which style empowers the child to average and not high social
parenting practices: Developmentof a new measure. maturity.
Psychological Reports ,, consists of 30 items, the questionnaire
consists of only one section and includes demographic data of Regarding the social maturity of the respondents, the average
subjects with the following categorization: gender, place of level of social maturity is dominated by 62%, followed by high
residence, success. social maturity with 24% and low social maturity with 14% of the
adolescent sample in this survey. So all this shows that the
b). The social competence questionnaire consists of 19 items or average level of social maturity is due to the dominance of
assertions, the questions are formulated to be as comprehensible authoritative style with 50% of this research, which style
as possible by the respondent choosing the answer that by empowers the child to average and not high social maturity.
summing the total points (95) three levels of social maturity are
determined, namely, low social maturity, average maturity and In addition, it is worth pointing out that higher success in
high social maturity, but also as an integral part of social adolescents results in higher levels of social maturity in general
competence are its two sub-variables such as emotional control than in adolescents, so with increased school success, adolescents
and prosocial behaviors. exhibit higher levels of social maturity. it is emphasized that this
situation is related to a lower percentage of the subjects surveyed
Population and sample - The research population includes high and this may be closely related to the fact that the authoritarian
school students ie young people as well as their parents, and a style with a frequency of 14% in this research, according to
sample of them was selected from among them 100 adolescents relevant research, shows high levels of sensitivity in children as
surveyed. The research was conducted in two lower secondary well as high success in lessons, recalling a study that analyzed
schools: “Skanderbeg” and “Feriz Guri and the Çaka Brothers” in children's emotional control and their externalizing behavior, they
Kacanik Municipality. The adolescents are 15, 16 years old. found that parents exhibiting elements of empathy as more
warmth and less punishment towards children between the ages
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of seven and twelve, they had children who had more difficult behaviors did not depend on the type or type of adolescent
control and less externalizing problems. Pearson's correlation residence in this research (see Tables 19 and 20). Also for this
coefficient indicates that the highest level of social maturity conclusion in this research would be worth the high suggestion
(adolescence) in adolescents results in the highest level of noted for a field or segment where it is worth exploring especially
emotional control and prosocial behaviors in adolescents, or as its habitat and characteristics as a research base.
adolescence increases social control also increased emotional
control and prosocial behaviors among adolescents in this study
4. Conclusion and Recommendations
(high positive correlation between social competence and
In conclusion, it was found that the success of students -
emotional control (r = 0.703; p <0.01) as well as social
adolescents in this research was in a low positive relationship
competencies and prosocial behavior (r = 0.719; p <0.01).
with social competence in general, or in other words, the higher
the social maturity of adolescents the higher the level of success
The above finding resulted that we can observe that positive
of yes to those teens in lessons. However, this correlation does
Pearson correlation coefficients result only between the variables
not result when separately correlating analyzes of emotional
success and social competence (r = 0.208; p <0.05) thus
control and prosocial behavior as sub-variables of social
significant for the second limit. of reliability, ie, low significant
competence with adolescent success.
correlation, once again in other words we can say that higher
success in adolescents results in higher level of social maturity in
Also in this context, as noted above, it did not appear that any
general than in adolescents, thus increasing success in school the
relevant research emphasizes such a relationship separately for
adolescent exhibits a higher level of social maturity and vice
these two sub-variables, but only the relationship between social
versa.
competence in general and success, ie social maturity with
success.
In addition, it is worth noting the comparison between the sexes
in terms of prosocial behaviors, based on the results that the
On the other hand we can say that this sample consisting of 200
occurrence of prosocial behaviors is not different depending on
subjects where 100 were students and 100 parents of respondents,
the adolescent gender (female adolescents exhibit higher
think it is insignificant and low to determine a high objectivity of
emotional control in spite of male adolescent sex with
the results even though the instruments have high reliability, but
adolescents). lower emotional control versus female gender
the randomly selected sample had features and characteristics of
(21.39> 18.63; p <0.01).
an asymmetric or abnormal distribution or distribution that I
thought should approach a normal distribution according to the
Regarding age differences, it appears that 16-year-olds exhibit
traits of psychosocial phenomena. With the increase in the
higher levels of prosocial behaviors compared to 15- and 17-year-
number of subjects in the sample as well as the distribution of the
olds in this study (see Table 25), more precisely significant
sample at the state level, including other Municipalities at the
difference (p <0.05) depending on their age, ie, there is a
state level, we can achieve more relevant and significant results
significant difference between the two groups by age in the
in terms of the interrelation of the parenting style variable,
occurrence of prosocial behaviors and the significant difference
emotional control, prosocial behavior and academic success of
between the two groups and that in group 1 (first) 17 years old
students at school.
with a mean of 17.14 and 15 years old with a mean of 17.86 and
group 2 (second) with a mean age of 16 years 18.84, or in other
1. Ministry of Education to organize community
words, 16-year-olds exhibit higher levels of prosocial behaviors
outreach and counseling programs to raise awareness,
than 15- and 17-year-olds in this study. So far, according to our
educate and empower parents on various parenting
analysis, we have not been able to find and compare this finding
issues. For example, teach parents to set boundaries
of our research with relevant research and findings where 16 year
and control for their children while still maintaining a
olds are differentiated as “most self-conscious” about the level of
warm and supportive relationship; neglected parents
occurrence of prosocial behaviors, but analyzes of this research
becoming more engaged in their children's lives,
that was more than necessary to make such a detail in terms of
permissive parents setting more rules for their
age, let them be the starting point for other research in this area,
children, and authoritative parents becoming more
especially in this segment.
flexible with their children.
Regarding the type and type of residence of the respondents, the
2. Psychosocial counseling to assist parents in their
level of emotional control and the level of occurrence of prosocial
relationships with children in order to gain a better
94
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